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{{short description|Water channel controlled at its head by a gate}} | {{short description|Water channel controlled at its head by a gate}} | ||
{{redirect|Sluiced|the linguistic phenomenon|sluicing}} | {{redirect|Sluiced|the linguistic phenomenon|sluicing}} | ||
{{ | {{For|the town|Sluis}}{{Other uses}}[[File:Ss sluice2.jpg|thumb|right|A sluice gate]] | ||
[[File:Ss sluice2.jpg|thumb|right|A sluice gate]] | |||
A '''sluice''' ({{IPAc-en|s|l|u|s}} {{respell|SLOOS}}) is a [[Channel (geography)|water channel]] containing a '''sluice gate''', a type of [[Lock (water navigation)|lock]] to manage the water flow and water level. There are various types of sluice gates, including flap sluice gates and fan gates. Different depths are calculated when design sluice gates. | A '''sluice''' ({{IPAc-en|s|l|u|s}} {{respell|SLOOS}}) is a [[Channel (geography)|water channel]] containing a '''sluice gate''', a type of [[Lock (water navigation)|lock]] to manage the water flow and water level.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} There are various types of sluice gates, including flap sluice gates and fan gates. Different depths are calculated when design sluice gates. | ||
Sluices are used for channeling water toward a [[water mill]], including for transporting logs from steep hillsides. Different terms are used regionally for sluices; the terms ''sluice'', ''sluice gate'', '''''knife gate''''', and '''''slide gate''''' are used interchangeably in the water and [[wastewater]] control industry. | Sluices are used for channeling water toward a [[water mill]], including for transporting logs from steep hillsides. Different terms are used regionally for sluices; the terms ''sluice'', ''sluice gate'', '''''knife gate''''', and '''''slide gate''''' are used interchangeably in the water and [[wastewater]] control industry.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} | ||
==Etymology== | |||
The term "sluice" originates from the Middle English word scluse, which derived from the Old French ''escluse'' (modern French: ''écluse''). This, in turn, came from the Late Latin ''exclusa'', a shortening of ''aqua exclusa'', meaning "excluded water" or "a shut-off water channel". The Latin ''exclusa'' is the feminine past participle of ''excludere'' ("to shut out, exclude"), from ''ex-'' ("out") and ''claudere'' ("to close").<ref>Oxford English Dictionary (OED). "sluice, n." Oxford University Press. Retrieved from www.oed.com.</ref> | |||
===Regional names=== | |||
* In the [[Somerset Levels]], sluice gates are known as ''clyse''<ref>{{cite web | title=FOCUS on Industrial Archaeology No. 68, June 2007 | work=Hampshire Industrial Archaeology Society website | url=http://www.hias.hampshire.org.uk/Focus68/focus68.htm | access-date=2007-10-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071110121504/http://www.hias.hampshire.org.uk/Focus68/focus68.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-11-10}}</ref> or ''clyce''.<ref name="dunning">Dunning R. W. (2004). ''History of the County of Somerset: Volume 8: The Poldens and the Levels'' ([[Victoria County History]]). Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|1-904356-33-8}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title='Huntspill', A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 8: The Poldens and the Levels | work=British History Online | url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15110#s20 | access-date=2007-10-30}}</ref> | |||
* Most of the inhabitants of [[Guyana]] refer to sluices as ''kokers''.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} | |||
* The Sinhala people in Sri Lanka, who had an ancient civilization based on harvested rain water, refer to sluices as ''Horovuwa''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.slageconr.net/slsnet/9thicsls/individual/abs164.pdf | page = 1 | title = The water regulation technology of ancient Sri Lankan reservoirs: The Bisokotuwa sluice | work = slageconr.net | access-date =14 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
A sluice is a [[Channel (geography)|water channel]] containing a sluice gate, a type of [[Lock (water navigation)|lock]] to manage the water flow and water level. | {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2025}} | ||
A ''sluice'' is a [[Channel (geography)|water channel]] containing a ''sluice gate'', a movable gate allowing water to flow under it. Sluices are a type of [[Lock (water navigation)|lock]] to manage the water flow and water level. When a sluice is lowered, water may spill over the top, in which case the gate operates as a [[weir]]. Usually, a mechanism drives the sluice up or down. This may be a simple, hand-operated, chain pulled/lowered, [[worm drive]] or [[Rack and pinion|rack-and-pinion drive]], or it may be electrically or [[hydraulics|hydraulically]] powered. A flap sluice, however, operates automatically, without external intervention or inputs. | |||
== | == Basic design == | ||
[[File:Sluice Gate.png|alt=The important parameters in designing sluice gates|thumb|321x321px|The important parameters in designing sluice gates.]] | |||
[[File: | |||
Sluice gates are one of the most common hydraulic structures <ref>{{Cite book|last=White|first=Frank M.|title=Fluid mechanics|date=2011|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-742241-7|edition=7th |location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=548423809}}</ref> used to control or measure the flow in open channels.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=Carlos Otero|last2=Rijo|first2=Manuel|date=June 2017|title=Flow Rate Measurements under Sluice Gates|url=http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29IR.1943-4774.0001177|journal=Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering|language=en|volume=143|issue=6|pages=06017001|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001177|bibcode=2017JIDE..143R7001S |issn=0733-9437|hdl=10174/22465|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Vertical rising sluice gates are the most common in open channels and can operate under two flow regimes: free flow and submerged flow. The most important depths in the designing of sluice gates are: | |||
{{block indent |left=1.5 |text={{plainlist}} | {{block indent |left=1.5 |text={{plainlist}} | ||
* <math>Y_U</math>: upstream depth | * <math>Y_U</math>: upstream depth | ||
| Line 35: | Line 33: | ||
{{endplainlist}}}} | {{endplainlist}}}} | ||
== | == Types == | ||
{{main|Gate valve}} | |||
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2025}} | |||
[[File:Vannsluse.svg|thumb|303x303px|Plan view of a fan sluice (flow from bottom to top of diagram) (Note: gray areas are the inner empty spaces in which water can flow.)<br />1: Tube connecting the chamber to the high water side of the sluice <br />2: Gates to regulate the water level in the chamber. Only one gate may be opened at a time <br />3: Tube connecting the chamber to the low water side of the sluice <br />4: The chamber in which the water level can be controlled <br />5: Door with larger surface <br />6: Door with smaller surface. <br />When the tube to the high water level side (1) is opened, the water level in the chamber (4) will rise to this same level. As there is no height difference across the larger gate (5), it exerts no force. However, the smaller gate (6) has a higher level on the upstream side, which exerts a force to close the gate (counter-clockwise). When the tube to the low water side (3) is opened, the water level in the chamber (4) will fall, and a force will be exerted on the large door (5) in the opening direction (clockwise). The pressure difference on both doors is the same, but the surface area is not. This ensures that the opening force (on 5) overcomes the closing one (on 6), which causes the gate to turn clockwise and open.]] | |||
=== | ; Fan gate: ({{langx|nl|waaiersluis}}) This type of gate was invented by the Dutch [[Hydraulic engineering|hydraulic engineer]] {{ill|Jan Blanken|nl}} in 1808. He was Inspector-General for ''Waterstaat'' ([[Water resource management]]) of the [[Kingdom of Holland]] at the time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Blanken J. Jz.|title=Nieuw ontwerp tot het bouwen van minkostbare sluizen, welke alle de vereischten der bekende sluizen bezitten, en daarenboven de steeds ontbrekende, meer uitgebreide nuttigheden van dezelve vervullen kunnen|date=1808|language=nl}}; {{cite book|author=Goudriaan, Adrianus Franciscus|title=Verhandeling over het ontwerp van sluizen, volgens de uitgave van den heer inspecteur generaal bij den waterstaat van het Koningrijk Holland, J. Blanken Jansz., het eerste aan de Benschopper Sluis beproefd: opgesteld ter aanleiding tot eene naauwkeurige overweginge van hetzelve, in vergelijking met zijnen over dit onderwerp gedrukten brief, en het antwoord door eerstgenoemden daar op uitgegeven|date=1809|publisher=Van Esveldt-Holtrop|place=Amsterdam|language=nl}}</ref> The fan door has the special property that it can open in the direction of high water solely using water pressure. This gate type was primarily used to purposely [[Inundation|inundate]] certain regions, for instance in the case of the [[Hollandic Water Line]]. Nowadays this type of gate can still be found in a few places, for example in [[Gouda, South Holland|Gouda]]. A fan gate has a separate chamber that can be filled with water and is separated on the high-water-level side of the sluice by a large door. When a tube connecting the separate chamber with the high-water-level side of the sluice is opened, the water level, and with that the water pressure in this chamber, will rise to the same level as that on the high-water-level side. As there is no height difference across the larger gate, it exerts no force. However the smaller gate has a higher level on the upstream side, which exerts a force to close the gate. When the tube to the low water side is opened the water level in the chamber will fall. Due to the difference in the surface areas of the doors there will be a net force opening the gate. | ||
; Flap sluice gate: A fully automatic type, controlled by the pressure head across it; operation is similar to that of a [[check valve]]. It is a gate hinged at the top. When pressure is from one side, the gate is kept closed; a pressure from the other side opens the sluice when a threshold pressure is surpassed. | |||
In the mountains of the United States, sluices transported logs from steep hillsides to downslope [[sawmill]] ponds or yarding areas. Nineteenth-century [[logging]] was traditionally a winter activity for men who spent summers working on farms. Where there were freezing nights, water might be applied to logging sluices every night so a fresh coating of slippery ice would reduce friction of logs placed in the sluice the following morning.<ref>{{cite book| title=Two Feet Between the Rails (Volume 1 - The Early Years) |author=Jones, Robert C. |publisher=Sundance Books |year=1979 |isbn=0-913582-17-4}}</ref> | ; Logging sluices: In the mountains of the United States, sluices transported logs from steep hillsides to downslope [[sawmill]] ponds or yarding areas. Nineteenth-century [[logging]] was traditionally a winter activity for men who spent summers working on farms. Where there were freezing nights, water might be applied to logging sluices every night so a fresh coating of slippery ice would reduce friction of logs placed in the sluice the following morning.<ref>{{cite book| title=Two Feet Between the Rails (Volume 1 - The Early Years) |author=Jones, Robert C. |publisher=Sundance Books |year=1979 |isbn=0-913582-17-4}}</ref> {{xref|(See also [[Log driving]] and [[Timber rafting]])}} | ||
; Mill race: A [[mill race]], [[Leat|leet]], [[flume]], [[penstock]] or [[Mill race|lade]] is a sluice channeling water toward a [[water mill]]. | |||
; Needle sluice: A sluice formed by a number of thin needles held against a solid frame through water pressure as in a [[needle dam]]. | |||
; Radial sluice gate: A structure, where a small part of a cylindrical surface serves as the gate, supported by radial constructions going through the cylinder's radius. On occasion, a counterweight is provided. | |||
; Rising sector sluice gate: Also a part of a cylindrical surface, which rests at the bottom of the channel and rises by rotating around its centre. | |||
; Vertical rising sluice gate: A plate sliding in the vertical direction, which may be controlled by machinery. | |||
==Gallery== | == Gallery == | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:MagomeSluice.jpg|A small wooden sluice in [[Magome-juku|Magome]], Japan, used to power a [[waterwheel]] | File:MagomeSluice.jpg|A small wooden sluice in [[Magome-juku|Magome]], Japan, used to power a [[waterwheel]] | ||
| Line 55: | Line 54: | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==See also== | == See also == | ||
* [[Canal]] | |||
** [[List of canals by country]] | |||
* [[ | |||
* | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[Hydraulic engineering]] | * [[Hydraulic engineering]] | ||
* [[ | ** [[Control lock]] | ||
* [[ | ** [[Gatehouse (waterworks)]] – An (elaborate) structure to house a sluice gate | ||
==References== | ** [[Floodgate]] | ||
** [[Lock (water transport)|Lock]] | |||
** [[Rhyne]], drainage ditch in coastal areas | |||
* Sluice related family names | |||
** [[Zijlstra]] – A [[Dutch (ethnic group)|Dutch]] [[Family name|name]] referring to one who lives near a sluice | |||
** [[Van der Sluijs]] – A [[Dutch name]] originating from the Sluice | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
==Further reading== | == Further reading == | ||
* {{cite book| title=The Maine Scenic Route |author=Crittenden, H. Temple |publisher=McClain Printing |year= 1976}} | * {{cite book| title=The Maine Scenic Route |author=Crittenden, H. Temple |publisher=McClain Printing |year= 1976}} | ||
* {{cite book| title=The Maine Two-Footers |author=Moody, Linwood W. |publisher=Howell-North |year=1959}} | * {{cite book| title=The Maine Two-Footers |author=Moody, Linwood W. |publisher=Howell-North |year=1959}} | ||
* {{cite book| title=Ride the Sandy River |author1=Cornwall, L. Peter |author2=Farrell, Jack W. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Pacific Fast Mail |year=1973}} | * {{cite book| title=Ride the Sandy River |author1=Cornwall, L. Peter |author2=Farrell, Jack W. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Pacific Fast Mail |year=1973}} | ||
==External links== | == External links == | ||
{{commons category|Sluices}} | {{commons category|Sluices}} | ||
{{Wiktionary}} | {{Wiktionary}} | ||
Latest revision as of 14:20, 24 June 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote".
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A sluice (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a water channel containing a sluice gate, a type of lock to manage the water flow and water level.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". There are various types of sluice gates, including flap sluice gates and fan gates. Different depths are calculated when design sluice gates.
Sluices are used for channeling water toward a water mill, including for transporting logs from steep hillsides. Different terms are used regionally for sluices; the terms sluice, sluice gate, knife gate, and slide gate are used interchangeably in the water and wastewater control industry.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Etymology
The term "sluice" originates from the Middle English word scluse, which derived from the Old French escluse (modern French: écluse). This, in turn, came from the Late Latin exclusa, a shortening of aqua exclusa, meaning "excluded water" or "a shut-off water channel". The Latin exclusa is the feminine past participle of excludere ("to shut out, exclude"), from ex- ("out") and claudere ("to close").[1]
Regional names
- In the Somerset Levels, sluice gates are known as clyse[2] or clyce.[3][4]
- Most of the inhabitants of Guyana refer to sluices as kokers.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- The Sinhala people in Sri Lanka, who had an ancient civilization based on harvested rain water, refer to sluices as Horovuwa.[5]
Description
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A sluice is a water channel containing a sluice gate, a movable gate allowing water to flow under it. Sluices are a type of lock to manage the water flow and water level. When a sluice is lowered, water may spill over the top, in which case the gate operates as a weir. Usually, a mechanism drives the sluice up or down. This may be a simple, hand-operated, chain pulled/lowered, worm drive or rack-and-pinion drive, or it may be electrically or hydraulically powered. A flap sluice, however, operates automatically, without external intervention or inputs.
Basic design
Sluice gates are one of the most common hydraulic structures [6] used to control or measure the flow in open channels.[7] Vertical rising sluice gates are the most common in open channels and can operate under two flow regimes: free flow and submerged flow. The most important depths in the designing of sluice gates are: Template:Block indent
Types
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
1: Tube connecting the chamber to the high water side of the sluice
2: Gates to regulate the water level in the chamber. Only one gate may be opened at a time
3: Tube connecting the chamber to the low water side of the sluice
4: The chamber in which the water level can be controlled
5: Door with larger surface
6: Door with smaller surface.
When the tube to the high water level side (1) is opened, the water level in the chamber (4) will rise to this same level. As there is no height difference across the larger gate (5), it exerts no force. However, the smaller gate (6) has a higher level on the upstream side, which exerts a force to close the gate (counter-clockwise). When the tube to the low water side (3) is opened, the water level in the chamber (4) will fall, and a force will be exerted on the large door (5) in the opening direction (clockwise). The pressure difference on both doors is the same, but the surface area is not. This ensures that the opening force (on 5) overcomes the closing one (on 6), which causes the gate to turn clockwise and open.
- Fan gate
- (Template:Langx) This type of gate was invented by the Dutch hydraulic engineer Template:Ill in 1808. He was Inspector-General for Waterstaat (Water resource management) of the Kingdom of Holland at the time.[8] The fan door has the special property that it can open in the direction of high water solely using water pressure. This gate type was primarily used to purposely inundate certain regions, for instance in the case of the Hollandic Water Line. Nowadays this type of gate can still be found in a few places, for example in Gouda. A fan gate has a separate chamber that can be filled with water and is separated on the high-water-level side of the sluice by a large door. When a tube connecting the separate chamber with the high-water-level side of the sluice is opened, the water level, and with that the water pressure in this chamber, will rise to the same level as that on the high-water-level side. As there is no height difference across the larger gate, it exerts no force. However the smaller gate has a higher level on the upstream side, which exerts a force to close the gate. When the tube to the low water side is opened the water level in the chamber will fall. Due to the difference in the surface areas of the doors there will be a net force opening the gate.
- Flap sluice gate
- A fully automatic type, controlled by the pressure head across it; operation is similar to that of a check valve. It is a gate hinged at the top. When pressure is from one side, the gate is kept closed; a pressure from the other side opens the sluice when a threshold pressure is surpassed.
- Logging sluices
- In the mountains of the United States, sluices transported logs from steep hillsides to downslope sawmill ponds or yarding areas. Nineteenth-century logging was traditionally a winter activity for men who spent summers working on farms. Where there were freezing nights, water might be applied to logging sluices every night so a fresh coating of slippery ice would reduce friction of logs placed in the sluice the following morning.[9] Template:Xref
- Mill race
- A mill race, leet, flume, penstock or lade is a sluice channeling water toward a water mill.
- Needle sluice
- A sluice formed by a number of thin needles held against a solid frame through water pressure as in a needle dam.
- Radial sluice gate
- A structure, where a small part of a cylindrical surface serves as the gate, supported by radial constructions going through the cylinder's radius. On occasion, a counterweight is provided.
- Rising sector sluice gate
- Also a part of a cylindrical surface, which rests at the bottom of the channel and rises by rotating around its centre.
- Vertical rising sluice gate
- A plate sliding in the vertical direction, which may be controlled by machinery.
Gallery
-
A small wooden sluice in Magome, Japan, used to power a waterwheel
-
Sluice gates near Henley, on the River Thames
-
The Korenbrugsluice in Gorinchem is a fan sluice
See also
- Canal
- Hydraulic engineering
- Control lock
- Gatehouse (waterworks) – An (elaborate) structure to house a sluice gate
- Floodgate
- Lock
- Rhyne, drainage ditch in coastal areas
- Sluice related family names
- Zijlstra – A Dutch name referring to one who lives near a sluice
- Van der Sluijs – A Dutch name originating from the Sluice
References
Further reading
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External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary (OED). "sluice, n." Oxford University Press. Retrieved from www.oed.com.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Dunning R. W. (2004). History of the County of Somerset: Volume 8: The Poldens and the Levels (Victoria County History). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.
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