Non-binary: Difference between revisions
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{{split|Non-binary|Genderqueer|date=May 2025}} | {{split|Non-binary|Genderqueer|date=May 2025}} | ||
{{Short description|Gender identities that are neither exclusively male nor female}} | {{Short description|Gender identities that are neither exclusively male nor female}} | ||
{{Redirect|Genderqueer|the book|Gender Queer{{!}}''Gender Queer''}} | {{Redirect|Genderqueer|the book|Gender Queer: A Memoir{{!}}''Gender Queer: A Memoir''}} | ||
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} | {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} | ||
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} | {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} | ||
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{{Transgender sidebar|identities}} | {{Transgender sidebar|identities}} | ||
'''Non-binary'''{{efn|name="spelling"|Also spelled '''nonbinary'''. The term '''enby''', derived from the abbreviation '''NB''', is also used.<ref name="BergmanBarker">{{cite book |last1=Bergman |first1=S. Bear |last2=Barker |first2=Meg-John |editor1-last=Richards |editor1-first=Christina |editor2-last=Bouman |editor2-first=Walter Pierre |editor3-last=Barker |editor3-first=Meg-John |title=Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders |date=2017 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-137-51052-5 |page=43 |chapter=Non-binary Activism |series=Critical and Applied Approaches in Sexuality, Gender and Identity}}</ref>}} | '''Non-binary'''{{efn|name="spelling"|Also spelled '''nonbinary'''. The term '''enby''', derived from the abbreviation '''NB''', is also used.<ref name="BergmanBarker">{{cite book |last1=Bergman |first1=S. Bear |last2=Barker |first2=Meg-John |editor1-last=Richards |editor1-first=Christina |editor2-last=Bouman |editor2-first=Walter Pierre |editor3-last=Barker |editor3-first=Meg-John |title=Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders |date=2017 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-137-51052-5 |page=43 |chapter=Non-binary Activism |series=Critical and Applied Approaches in Sexuality, Gender and Identity}}</ref>}} or '''genderqueer''' [[Gender identity|gender identities]] are those that are outside the male/female [[gender binary]].<ref name=richardsetal/><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/15532739.2018.1538841| issn = 1553-2739| volume = 20| issue = 2–3| pages = 126–131| last = Monro| first = Surya| title = Non-binary and genderqueer: An overview of the field| journal = The International Journal of Transgenderism| date = 2019-01-21| pmid = 32999600| pmc = 6830997}}</ref> Non-binary identities often fall under the [[transgender]] umbrella since non-binary people typically identify with a [[gender]] that is different from the [[Sex assignment|sex assigned to them at birth]],<ref name=aap>{{cite web |title=Supporting & Caring for Transgender Children |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/solgbt_resource_transgenderchildren.pdf |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724123917/https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/solgbt_resource_transgenderchildren.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> although some non-binary people do not consider themselves transgender.<ref name="Ennis2021">{{cite news |last1=Ennis |first1=Dawn |title=New Research Reveals Insights Into America's Nonbinary Youth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dawnstaceyennis/2021/07/13/new-research-reveals-insights-into-americas-nonbinary-youth |access-date=January 6, 2022 |work=[[Forbes]] |date=July 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106234315/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dawnstaceyennis/2021/07/13/new-research-reveals-insights-into-americas-nonbinary-youth |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or separate [[third gender]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |title=Genderqueer |last=Beemyn |first=Brett Genny |year=2008 |encyclopedia=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |access-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081046/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |archive-date=April 25, 2012}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> identify with more than one gender<ref name="Bosson-2018"/><ref name=Whyte/> or no gender, or have a [[Genderfluid|fluctuating gender identity]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Transgender Diversity: A Sensible Explanation of Sexual and Gender Identities |last=Winter |first=Claire Ruth |year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace |location=Scotts Valley, California |isbn=978-1-4563-1490-3 |oclc=703235508}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> Gender identity is separate from [[sexual orientation|sexual]] or [[romantic orientation]];<ref name="glaad_transgender">{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |title=Transgender Glossary of Terms |work=GLAAD Media Reference Guide |publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] |access-date=May 25, 2011 |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061657/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |url-status=live}}</ref> non-binary people have various sexual orientations.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Susan Stryker |title=Transgender History |last=Stryker |first=Susan |publisher=[[Seal Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-58005-224-5 |location=[[Berkeley, California]] |oclc=183914566}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> | Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or separate [[third gender]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |title=Genderqueer |last=Beemyn |first=Brett Genny |year=2008 |encyclopedia=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |access-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081046/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |archive-date=April 25, 2012}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> identify with more than one gender<ref name="Bosson-2018"/><ref name=Whyte/> or no gender, or have a [[Genderfluid|fluctuating gender identity]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Transgender Diversity: A Sensible Explanation of Sexual and Gender Identities |last=Winter |first=Claire Ruth |year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace |location=Scotts Valley, California |isbn=978-1-4563-1490-3 |oclc=703235508}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> Gender identity is separate from [[sexual orientation|sexual]] or [[romantic orientation]];<ref name="glaad_transgender">{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |title=Transgender Glossary of Terms |work=GLAAD Media Reference Guide |publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] |access-date=May 25, 2011 |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061657/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |url-status=live}}</ref> non-binary people have various sexual orientations.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Susan Stryker |title=Transgender History |last=Stryker |first=Susan |publisher=[[Seal Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-58005-224-5 |location=[[Berkeley, California]] |oclc=183914566}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> | ||
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The term "genderqueer" first appeared in [[queer]] [[zine]]s of the 1980s, preceding the more widely used "non-binary."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Hendrie |editor1-first=Theo |title=X Marks the Spot: An Anthology of Nonbinary Experiences |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-0809-6803-9 |page=238|publisher=Independently Published }}</ref> It gained prominence in the 1990s through activists,<ref name="Tobia" /> such as [[Riki Wilchins|Riki Anne Wilchins]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilchins |first1=Riki |title=Get to Know the New Pronouns: They, Theirs, and Them |url=https://www.pride.com/identities/2017/3/14/get-know-new-pronouns-they-theirs-and-them |website=Pride |date=March 14, 2017 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218052059/https://www.pride.com/identities/2017/3/14/get-know-new-pronouns-they-theirs-and-them |url-status=live}}</ref> who used it in a 1995 essay and a 1997 autobiography to describe individuals deviating from traditional gender norms.<ref name="genderqueerid">{{cite web |url=http://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |title=Genderqueer History |access-date=November 2, 2018 |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112060956/http://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilchins |first1=Riki |title=A Note from your Editrix |journal=In Your Face |date=Spring 1995 |issue=1 |page=4 |url=http://www.gendertalk.com/pubs/InYourFace1.pdf |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005123140/http://www.gendertalk.com/pubs/InYourFace1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> By 2002, the term had further dissemination through the anthology ''Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=GenderQueer: voices from beyond the sexual binary |publisher=[[Alyson Books]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-55583-730-3 |editor1-last=Nestle |editor1-first=Joan |editor2-last=Howell |editor2-first=Clare |editor3-last=Wilchins |editor3-first=Riki Anne |edition=1st |oclc=50389309|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555837303}}</ref> The rise of the internet and public identification by celebrities brought the term "genderqueer" into mainstream awareness during the 2010s.<ref name="Tobia" /> | The term "genderqueer" first appeared in [[queer]] [[zine]]s of the 1980s, preceding the more widely used "non-binary."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Hendrie |editor1-first=Theo |title=X Marks the Spot: An Anthology of Nonbinary Experiences |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-0809-6803-9 |page=238|publisher=Independently Published }}</ref> It gained prominence in the 1990s through activists,<ref name="Tobia" /> such as [[Riki Wilchins|Riki Anne Wilchins]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilchins |first1=Riki |title=Get to Know the New Pronouns: They, Theirs, and Them |url=https://www.pride.com/identities/2017/3/14/get-know-new-pronouns-they-theirs-and-them |website=Pride |date=March 14, 2017 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218052059/https://www.pride.com/identities/2017/3/14/get-know-new-pronouns-they-theirs-and-them |url-status=live}}</ref> who used it in a 1995 essay and a 1997 autobiography to describe individuals deviating from traditional gender norms.<ref name="genderqueerid">{{cite web |url=http://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |title=Genderqueer History |work=Tumblr |access-date=November 2, 2018 |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112060956/http://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilchins |first1=Riki |title=A Note from your Editrix |journal=In Your Face |date=Spring 1995 |issue=1 |page=4 |url=http://www.gendertalk.com/pubs/InYourFace1.pdf |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005123140/http://www.gendertalk.com/pubs/InYourFace1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> By 2002, the term had further dissemination through the anthology ''Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=GenderQueer: voices from beyond the sexual binary |publisher=[[Alyson Books]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-55583-730-3 |editor1-last=Nestle |editor1-first=Joan |editor2-last=Howell |editor2-first=Clare |editor3-last=Wilchins |editor3-first=Riki Anne |edition=1st |oclc=50389309|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555837303}}</ref> The rise of the internet and public identification by celebrities brought the term "genderqueer" into mainstream awareness during the 2010s.<ref name="Tobia" /> | ||
Genderqueer serves as both an umbrella term for non-binary identities and an adjective describing those who challenge or diverge from conventional gender distinctions, regardless of how they personally identify. It encompasses a range of expressions that transcend the binary gender categories of man and woman.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Susan |last2=Lee |first2=Janet |date=April 23, 2014 |title=Women's Voices Feminist Visions: Classic and Contemporary Readings |edition=Sixth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |pages=130; 135 |isbn=978-0-07-802700-0 |oclc=862041473}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dahir |first=Mubarak |date=May 25, 1999 |title=Whose Movement Is It? |magazine=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]] |page=52 |publisher=[[Here Media]] |location=San Francisco, California}}</ref> | Genderqueer serves as both an umbrella term for non-binary identities and an adjective describing those who challenge or diverge from conventional gender distinctions, regardless of how they personally identify. It encompasses a range of expressions that transcend the binary gender categories of man and woman.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Susan |last2=Lee |first2=Janet |date=April 23, 2014 |title=Women's Voices Feminist Visions: Classic and Contemporary Readings |edition=Sixth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |pages=130; 135 |isbn=978-0-07-802700-0 |oclc=862041473}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dahir |first=Mubarak |date=May 25, 1999 |title=Whose Movement Is It? |magazine=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]] |page=52 |publisher=[[Here Media]] |location=San Francisco, California}}</ref> | ||
Additionally, being genderqueer is associated with [[gender ambiguity]] | Additionally, being genderqueer is associated with [[gender ambiguity]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men |last=Girshick |first=Lori B. |year=2008 |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire]] |isbn=978-1-58465-645-6 |oclc=183162406}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}. [[Androgyny|Androgyny]] (also "androgyne") is often used to describe a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Susan M. |last2=Lee |first2=Janet |date=April 23, 2014 |title=Women's Voices Feminist Visions: Classic and Contemporary Readings |edition=Sixth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-802700-0 |oclc=862041473}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} However, not all genderqueer individuals identify as androgynous; some may identify with traditionally masculine or feminine traits or use alternative descriptors such as "masculine woman" or "feminine man."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Walsh |first1=Reuben |date=December 2010 |title=More T, vicar? My experiences as a genderqueer person of faith |magazine=All God's Children |publisher=[[Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement]] |volume=2 |issue=3}}</ref> The term "enby," derived from the acronym NB for non-binary, is also commonly used.<ref>{{cite book |first=Vanessa |last=Sheridan |title=Transgender in the Workplace: The Complete Guide |date=2018 |isbn=978-1440858062 |page=11|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Sam |last=Hope |title=Person-Centred Counselling for Trans and Gender Diverse People |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |location=London, England |date=2019 |isbn=978-1784509378 |page=218}}</ref> | ||
Being non-binary is also not the same as being [[intersex]]. Most intersex people identify as either men or women,<ref name="intersex-2016">{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2016 |title=Understanding Non-Binary People: How to Be Respectful and Supportive |url=https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406081742/https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |access-date=June 17, 2020 |website=National Center for Transgender Equality}}</ref> although some identify as only non-binary, some identify as non-binary and genderfluid, while others identify as non-binary men or non-binary women. A national UK survey conducted in 2017 found that, of 1,980 intersex respondents, 38% identified as women, 32% as men, and 25% as non-binary.<ref>Government Equalities Office (2018). [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-lgbt-survey-summary-report National LGBT survey]. Annex 10.</ref> | Being non-binary is also not the same as being [[intersex]]. Most intersex people identify as either men or women,<ref name="intersex-2016">{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2016 |title=Understanding Non-Binary People: How to Be Respectful and Supportive |url=https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406081742/https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |access-date=June 17, 2020 |website=National Center for Transgender Equality}}</ref> although some identify as only non-binary, some identify as non-binary and genderfluid, while others identify as non-binary men or non-binary women. A national UK survey conducted in 2017 found that, of 1,980 intersex respondents, 38% identified as women, 32% as men, and 25% as non-binary.<ref>Government Equalities Office (2018). [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-lgbt-survey-summary-report National LGBT survey]. Annex 10.</ref> | ||
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=== Agender === | === Agender === | ||
{{See also|Postgenderism}} | {{hatnote group|{{Dist|Asexuality}}{{See also|Postgenderism}}}} | ||
'''{{visanc|Agender}}''' individuals, also known as genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2013 |title=LGBTQ Needs Assessment|url=http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234412/http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Encompass Network |pages=52–53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gender alphabet |url=http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Safe Homes |page=1 |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415040555/http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> have no gender at all.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vargo |first=Marc E. |year=2011 |title=A Review of "Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism" |journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=493–494 |doi=10.1080/1550428x.2011.623982 |s2cid=142815065}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cronn-Mills |first=Kirstin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |year= 2014 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202005115/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Schorn" /> This group represents a spectrum of identities that diverge from conventional [[gender norms]]. According to scholar Finn Enke, not all agender individuals may self-identify as transgender.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!-- no author -->|title=Transfeminist Perspectives In and Beyond Transgender and Gender Studies|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4399-0748-1|editor=Anne Enke|pages=16–20 [18–19]|chapter=Note on terms and concepts}}</ref> While there is no universally accepted set of pronouns for agender people, [[singular they]] is commonly used, but it is not the default.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sojwal|first=Senti|date=September 16, 2015|title=What Does 'Agender' Mean? 6 Things to Know About People With Non-Binary Identities|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|access-date=February 22, 2016|website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|archive-date=February 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222202333/http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|url-status=live}}</ref> "Agender" and "Neutrois" were among the custom gender options added to Facebook in February 2014 and to OkCupid since November 2014.<ref name="Telegraph2014">{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Sparkes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|title=Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you?|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=February 14, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-date=May 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104128/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 17, 2014|title=OkCupid expands gender and sexuality options|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/ | '''{{visanc|Agender}}''' individuals, also known as genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2013 |title=LGBTQ Needs Assessment|url=http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234412/http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Encompass Network |pages=52–53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gender alphabet |url=http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Safe Homes |page=1 |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415040555/http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> have no gender at all.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vargo |first=Marc E. |year=2011 |title=A Review of "Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism" |journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=493–494 |doi=10.1080/1550428x.2011.623982 |s2cid=142815065}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cronn-Mills |first=Kirstin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |year= 2014 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202005115/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Schorn" /> This group represents a spectrum of identities that diverge from conventional [[gender norms]]. According to scholar Finn Enke, not all agender individuals may self-identify as transgender.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!-- no author -->|title=Transfeminist Perspectives In and Beyond Transgender and Gender Studies|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4399-0748-1|editor=Anne Enke|pages=16–20 [18–19]|chapter=Note on terms and concepts}}</ref> While there is no universally accepted set of pronouns for agender people, [[singular they]] is commonly used, but it is not the default.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sojwal|first=Senti|date=September 16, 2015|title=What Does 'Agender' Mean? 6 Things to Know About People With Non-Binary Identities|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|access-date=February 22, 2016|website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|archive-date=February 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222202333/http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|url-status=live}}</ref> "Agender" and "Neutrois" were among the custom gender options added to Facebook in February 2014 and to OkCupid since November 2014.<ref name="Telegraph2014">{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Sparkes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|title=Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you?|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=February 14, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-date=May 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104128/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 17, 2014|title=OkCupid expands gender and sexuality options|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options|access-date=November 18, 2014|archive-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119184104/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
=== Bigender === | |||
{{Anchor|Trigender}}{{redirect|Bigender|the sexual attraction to more than one gender|Bisexual}} | {{Anchor|Trigender}}{{redirect|Bigender|the sexual attraction to more than one gender|Bisexual}} | ||
'''Bigender''' individuals possess two distinct gender identities that can manifest simultaneously or fluctuate between masculine and feminine expressions.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Ruth Dudley|last=Edwards|url=https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/ruth-dudley-edwards/asexual-bigender-transexual-or-cis-cant-we-all-just-be-kind-to-each-other-30513083.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218121523/https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/ruth-dudley-edwards/asexual-bigender-transexual-or-cis-cant-we-all-just-be-kind-to-each-other-30513083.html|title=Asexual, bigender, transexual or cis, can't we all just be kind to each other?|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-third-gender-x-oregon-and-california-are-breaking-mf-binary-626551|title=Oregon becomes first state to allow option "X" to end gender binary|first=Sofia Lotto|last=Persio|date=June 16, 2017|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218161158/https://www.newsweek.com/what-third-gender-x-oregon-and-california-are-breaking-mf-binary-626551|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/nonbinary-definition-pronouns|title=Everything you ever wanted to know about being nonbinary|date=September 28, 2017|website=The Daily Dot|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=September 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928222022/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/nonbinary-definition-pronouns|url-status=live}}</ref> This differs from [[genderfluid]] identities, which may not involve fixed gender states but rather a fluid range across the gender spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid|title=Billy Dee Williams: What is gender fluid?|date=December 2, 2019|website=Monsters and Critics|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218123528/https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary|title=This is the term for people who aren't exclusively male or female|date=April 26, 2018|website=PinkNews|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218124825/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[American Psychological Association]] recognizes bigender identity as part of the broader transgender category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation|title=Sexual orientation and gender identity|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102055739/https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation|url-status=live}}</ref> Surveys and studies, including a 1999 San Francisco Department of Public Health survey and a 2016 Harris poll, have documented the prevalence of bigender identification, particularly within younger generations.<ref>Clements, K. [http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02 San Francisco Department of Public Health] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915140217/http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02 |date=September 15, 2006}}, 1999</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/eeoc-now-gives-nonbinary-people-a-way-to-be-counted-in-workplace-6cd48e1cc804|title=EEOC now gives nonbinary people a way to be counted in workplace|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=August 20, 2019 |access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218123520/https://thinkprogress.org/eeoc-now-gives-nonbinary-people-a-way-to-be-counted-in-workplace-6cd48e1cc804|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf|title=Accelerating Acceptance 2017|publisher=[[GLAAD]]|access-date=December 27, 2019|archive-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106041601/https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Trigender''' people shift among [[male]], [[female]], and [[third gender]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&q=Trigender&pg=PT54 |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |date=January 17, 2018 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194904/https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&q=Trigender&pg=PT54 |url-status=live}}</ref> | '''Bigender''' individuals possess two distinct gender identities that can manifest simultaneously or fluctuate between masculine and feminine expressions.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Ruth Dudley|last=Edwards|url=https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/ruth-dudley-edwards/asexual-bigender-transexual-or-cis-cant-we-all-just-be-kind-to-each-other-30513083.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218121523/https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/ruth-dudley-edwards/asexual-bigender-transexual-or-cis-cant-we-all-just-be-kind-to-each-other-30513083.html|title=Asexual, bigender, transexual or cis, can't we all just be kind to each other?|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-third-gender-x-oregon-and-california-are-breaking-mf-binary-626551|title=Oregon becomes first state to allow option "X" to end gender binary|first=Sofia Lotto|last=Persio|date=June 16, 2017|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218161158/https://www.newsweek.com/what-third-gender-x-oregon-and-california-are-breaking-mf-binary-626551|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/nonbinary-definition-pronouns|title=Everything you ever wanted to know about being nonbinary|date=September 28, 2017|website=The Daily Dot|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=September 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928222022/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/nonbinary-definition-pronouns|url-status=live}}</ref> This differs from [[genderfluid]] identities, which may not involve fixed gender states but rather a fluid range across the gender spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid|title=Billy Dee Williams: What is gender fluid?|date=December 2, 2019|website=Monsters and Critics|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218123528/https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary|title=This is the term for people who aren't exclusively male or female|date=April 26, 2018|website=PinkNews|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218124825/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[American Psychological Association]] recognizes bigender identity as part of the broader transgender category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation|title=Sexual orientation and gender identity|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102055739/https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation|url-status=live}}</ref> Surveys and studies, including a 1999 San Francisco Department of Public Health survey and a 2016 Harris poll, have documented the prevalence of bigender identification, particularly within younger generations.<ref>Clements, K. [http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02 San Francisco Department of Public Health] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915140217/http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02 |date=September 15, 2006}}, 1999</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/eeoc-now-gives-nonbinary-people-a-way-to-be-counted-in-workplace-6cd48e1cc804|title=EEOC now gives nonbinary people a way to be counted in workplace|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=August 20, 2019 |access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218123520/https://thinkprogress.org/eeoc-now-gives-nonbinary-people-a-way-to-be-counted-in-workplace-6cd48e1cc804|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf|title=Accelerating Acceptance 2017|publisher=[[GLAAD]]|access-date=December 27, 2019|archive-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106041601/https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Trigender''' people shift among [[male]], [[female]], and [[third gender]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&q=Trigender&pg=PT54 |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |date=January 17, 2018 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194904/https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&q=Trigender&pg=PT54 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
=== Demigender === | |||
{{Dist|Demisexuality}} | |||
Individuals identifying as '''demigender''' feel a partial connection to one gender while also identifying with another gender or none at all (agender).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Sarah |title=Gender Diversity and Non-Binary Inclusion in the Workplace: The Essential Guide for Employers |last2=Fernandez |first2=J. |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |location=London |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78450-523-3 |pages=25}}</ref><ref name="Kenney">{{Cite book |last1=Brill |first1=Stephanie |title=The Transgender Teen |last2=Kenney |first2=Lisa |publisher=[[Cleis Press]] |location=Berkeley, California |year=2016 |isbn=978-1627781749 |page=311}}</ref> Subcategories include demi-boy or demi-man, who partially identify as male, and demi-girl, who are partly female and partly non-binary. Demiflux people experience a stable non-binary identity with varying intensities of other gender identities.<ref name="Kenney" /> | Individuals identifying as '''demigender''' feel a partial connection to one gender while also identifying with another gender or none at all (agender).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Sarah |title=Gender Diversity and Non-Binary Inclusion in the Workplace: The Essential Guide for Employers |last2=Fernandez |first2=J. |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |location=London |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78450-523-3 |pages=25}}</ref><ref name="Kenney">{{Cite book |last1=Brill |first1=Stephanie |title=The Transgender Teen |last2=Kenney |first2=Lisa |publisher=[[Cleis Press]] |location=Berkeley, California |year=2016 |isbn=978-1627781749 |page=311}}</ref> Subcategories include demi-boy or demi-man, who partially identify as male, and demi-girl, who are partly female and partly non-binary. Demiflux people experience a stable non-binary identity with varying intensities of other gender identities.<ref name="Kenney" /> | ||
=== | === Genderfluid === | ||
{{main|Gender fluidity}} | |||
==== | [[Genderfluid]] individuals do not adhere to a fixed gender identity; their genders change depending on time, place and situation, combining elements from one or more genders at different times.<ref name="Cronn-Mills">{{cite book |last1=Cronn-Mills |first1=Kirstin |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |date=2015 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |isbn=978-0-7613-9022-0 |page=24}}</ref><ref name="McGuire2015">{{cite news|last1=McGuire|first1=Peter|title=Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|access-date=December 1, 2015|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=November 9, 2015|archive-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121336/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|url-status=live}}</ref> This identity can overlap with bigender, trigender, polygender or pangender expressions.<ref name="Bosson-2018">{{cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |access-date=August 4, 2019 |year= 2018 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks, California |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |page=54 |oclc=1038755742 |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528040645/https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Whyte">{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Stephen |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert C. |last3=Torgler |first3=Benno |title=Man, Woman, "Other": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|location=Heidelberg, Germany|date=September 25, 2018 |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2397–2406 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3 |pmid=30255409 |s2cid=52823167 |quote=2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.}}</ref> | ||
{{ | |||
=== Pangender === | |||
{{Dist|Pansexuality}} | |||
'''{{visanc|Pangender|Polygender|Omnigender}}''' individuals identify with multiple or all genders, sometimes experiencing all these identities simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ginicola |first1=Misty M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8bDgAAQBAJ&q=polygender&pg=PA366|title=Affirmative Counseling with LGBTQI+ People |last2=Smith |first2=Cheri |last3=Filmore |first3=Joel M. |date=February 10, 2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-37549-4 |pages=366 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194905/https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8bDgAAQBAJ&q=polygender&pg=PA366 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Queer Undefined |url=https://www.queerundefined.com/search/pangender |access-date=October 10, 2020 |website=Queer Undefined |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121135730/https://www.queerundefined.com/search/pangender |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== | === Polygender === | ||
{{ | {{Dist|Polysexuality|Plurisexuality}} | ||
''Polygender'', ''plurigender'' or ''multigender'' is a non-binary identity in which the person experiences multiple genders.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moreno|first=Nik|date=2016-03-15|title=Polygender: Many Genders in One|url=https://wearyourvoicemag.com/polygender-many-genders-one/|access-date=2020-12-04|website=Wear Your Voice|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114000439/https://wearyourvoicemag.com/polygender-many-genders-one/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pangender]], [[bigender]], and [[trigender]] are examples of multi-gender identities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McKinney|first1=Rob|last2=Desposito|first2=Michael|last3=Yoon|first3=Eunhui|date=2020-08-03|title=Promoting Identity Wellness in LGBTGEQIAP+ Adolescents Through Affirmative Therapy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2020.1790464|journal=Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling|volume=14|issue=3|pages=176–190|doi=10.1080/15538605.2020.1790464|s2cid=221142691|issn=1553-8605}}</ref> sometimes along with [[androgyne]], associated with [[demigender]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harrison|first1=Jack|last2=Grant|first2=Jaime|last3=Herman|first3=Jody L.|date=2012-04-01|title=A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and OtherWise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zj46213|journal=LGBTQ Public Policy Journal at the Harvard Kennedy School|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=13}}</ref> | |||
=== Two-spirit === | === Two-spirit === | ||
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=== Xenogender === | === Xenogender === | ||
'''Xenogender''' encompasses a variety of gender identities that are defined using non-traditional concepts often drawn from natural, inanimate, or abstract sources, representing a departure from the typical human gender binary.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beattie |first1=Michael |author2=Penny Lenihan |author3=Robin Dundas |author4=Christiane Sanderson |date=2018 |title=Counselling skills for working with gender diversity and identity |location=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-78450-481-6 |oclc=1028945173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morin |first=Florentin Félix |date=April 3, 2017 |title=EGO HIPPO: the subject as metaphor |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |journal=[[Angelaki]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |s2cid=149400086 |issn=0969-725X |access-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304131420/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |url-status=live}}</ref> People who identify with a xenogender may not have the words to describe their gender, so instead they compare it to something else.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=LGBTQ |date=2022-03-02 |title=What you need to know about xenogender |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/03/need-know-xenogender/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=LGBTQ Nation |language=en |archive-date=August 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801004706/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/03/need-know-xenogender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | '''Xenogender''' encompasses a variety of gender identities that are defined using non-traditional concepts often drawn from natural, inanimate, or abstract sources, representing a departure from the typical human gender binary.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beattie |first1=Michael |author2=Penny Lenihan |author3=Robin Dundas |author4=Christiane Sanderson |date=2018 |title=Counselling skills for working with gender diversity and identity |location=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-78450-481-6 |oclc=1028945173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morin |first=Florentin Félix |date=April 3, 2017 |title=EGO HIPPO: the subject as metaphor |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |journal=[[Angelaki]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |s2cid=149400086 |issn=0969-725X |access-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304131420/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |url-status=live}}</ref> People who identify with a xenogender may not have the words to describe their gender, so instead they compare it to something else.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=LGBTQ |date=2022-03-02 |title=What you need to know about xenogender |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/03/need-know-xenogender/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=LGBTQ Nation |language=en |archive-date=August 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801004706/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/03/need-know-xenogender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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[[Alberta]] legislator [[Estefan Cortes-Vargas]] openly identified as non-binary during a 2015 legislative session, marking a significant moment in political recognition of non-binary identities.<ref name="Macleans 2015">[//www.macleans.ca/news/canada/for-the-record-an-alberta-mla-on-battling-gender-identity/ "An Alberta MLA on battling gender identity"]. ''[[Maclean's]]'', December 1, 2015</ref> | [[Alberta]] legislator [[Estefan Cortes-Vargas]] openly identified as non-binary during a 2015 legislative session, marking a significant moment in political recognition of non-binary identities.<ref name="Macleans 2015">[//www.macleans.ca/news/canada/for-the-record-an-alberta-mla-on-battling-gender-identity/ "An Alberta MLA on battling gender identity"]. ''[[Maclean's]]'', December 1, 2015</ref> | ||
On January 20, 2025, immediately after being sworn in for his second term, [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]] signed an [[executive order]] titled "Defending Women from Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government". This order established that the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] would recognize only two sexes—[[male]] and [[female]]—defined strictly by [[Biology|biological]] characteristics assigned at birth. It explicitly rejected the concept of gender identity as a basis for legal recognition for non-binary people. | On January 20, 2025, immediately after being sworn in for his second term, [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]] signed an [[executive order]] titled "[[Defending Women from Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government]]". This order established that the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] would recognize only two sexes—[[male]] and [[female]]—defined strictly by [[Biology|biological]] characteristics assigned at birth. It explicitly rejected the concept of gender identity as a basis for legal recognition for non-binary people. | ||
==Pronouns and titles== | ==Pronouns and titles== | ||
| Line 127: | Line 123: | ||
==Legal recognition== | ==Legal recognition== | ||
{{main|Legal recognition of non-binary gender}} | {{main|Legal recognition of non-binary gender}} | ||
[[File:Third-gender-recognition-equaldex-2024-map.svg|thumb|Third gender recognition world map]] | [[File:Third-gender-recognition-equaldex-2024-map.svg|thumb|Third gender recognition world map (2024)|263x263px]] | ||
Many non-binary/genderqueer people use the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business, as many institutions and forms of identification—such as passports and driver's licenses—only accept, in the sense of recorded recognition, binary gender identities. But with the increasing acceptance of non-binary gender identities and the rise in wider societal recognition, this is slowly changing, as more governments and institutions recognize and allow non-binary identities.<ref name=richardsetal>{{Cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=Christina |last2=Bouman |first2=Walter Pierre |last3=Seal |first3=Leighton |last4=Barker |first4=Meg John |last5=Nieder |first5=Timo O. |last6=T'Sjoen |first6=Guy |date=2016 |title=Non-binary or genderqueer genders |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=95–102 |pmid=26753630 |doi=10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446 |s2cid=29985722 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7279758 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626224658/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7279758|url-status=live|hdl=1854/LU-7279758 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | Many non-binary/genderqueer people use the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business, as many institutions and forms of identification—such as passports and driver's licenses—only accept, in the sense of recorded recognition, binary gender identities. But with the increasing acceptance of non-binary gender identities and the rise in wider societal recognition, this is slowly changing, as more governments and institutions recognize and allow non-binary identities.<ref name=richardsetal>{{Cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=Christina |last2=Bouman |first2=Walter Pierre |last3=Seal |first3=Leighton |last4=Barker |first4=Meg John |last5=Nieder |first5=Timo O. |last6=T'Sjoen |first6=Guy |date=2016 |title=Non-binary or genderqueer genders |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=95–102 |pmid=26753630 |doi=10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446 |s2cid=29985722 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7279758 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626224658/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7279758|url-status=live|hdl=1854/LU-7279758 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | ||
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Various countries throughout history have criminalized transgender and non-binary gender identities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wareham |first=Jamie |title=New Report Shows Where It's Illegal To Be Transgender In 2020 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/09/30/this-is-where-its-illegal-to-be-transgender-in-2020 |access-date=April 30, 2021 |website=[[Forbes]] |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430203254/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/09/30/this-is-where-its-illegal-to-be-transgender-in-2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 28, 2017 |title=Trans Legal Mapping Report |url=https://ilga.org/trans-legal-mapping-report |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[ILGA]] |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127223133/https://ilga.org/trans-legal-mapping-report |url-status=live }}</ref> | Various countries throughout history have criminalized transgender and non-binary gender identities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wareham |first=Jamie |title=New Report Shows Where It's Illegal To Be Transgender In 2020 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/09/30/this-is-where-its-illegal-to-be-transgender-in-2020 |access-date=April 30, 2021 |website=[[Forbes]] |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430203254/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/09/30/this-is-where-its-illegal-to-be-transgender-in-2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 28, 2017 |title=Trans Legal Mapping Report |url=https://ilga.org/trans-legal-mapping-report |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[ILGA]] |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127223133/https://ilga.org/trans-legal-mapping-report |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In the U.S., 13% of respondents to the 2008 [[National Transgender Discrimination Survey]] chose "a gender not listed here".{{Efn|Q3 asked "What is your primary gender identity today?". Possible answers were male, female, "part time as one gender, part time as another", and "a gender not listed here, please specify".}} The "not listed here" respondents were | In the U.S., 13% of respondents to the 2008 [[National Transgender Discrimination Survey]] chose "a gender not listed here".{{Efn|Q3 asked "What is your primary gender identity today?". Possible answers were male, female, "part time as one gender, part time as another", and "a gender not listed here, please specify".}} The "not listed here" respondents were more likely than the general sample (36% compared to 27%) to report forgoing healthcare due to fear of discrimination. 90 percent reported experiencing anti-trans bias at work, and 43 percent reported having attempted suicide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf |title=A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and OtherWise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey |last1=Harrison |first1=Jack |last2=Grant |first2=Jaime |last3=Herman |first3=Jody L. |access-date=April 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725182217/http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf |archive-date=July 25, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
The reported discrimination non-binary people face includes disregard, disbelief, condescending interactions, and disrespect.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/01/they-them-and-theirs |title=They, Them, and Theirs |website=harvardlawreview.org |date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205005233/https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/01/they-them-and-theirs |url-status=live}}</ref> Non-binary people are also often viewed as partaking in a trend and thus deemed insincere or attention-seeking. As an accumulation, erasure is often a significant form of discrimination non-binary people face.<ref name=":6" /> | The reported discrimination non-binary people face includes disregard, disbelief, condescending interactions, and disrespect.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/01/they-them-and-theirs |title=They, Them, and Theirs |website=harvardlawreview.org |date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205005233/https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/01/they-them-and-theirs |url-status=live}}</ref> Non-binary people are also often viewed as partaking in a trend and thus deemed insincere or attention-seeking. As an accumulation, erasure is often a significant form of discrimination non-binary people face.<ref name=":6" /> | ||
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Healthcare professionals are often uninformed about nonbinary people's specific health needs, sometimes requiring nonbinary patients to educate them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kcomt |first1=Luisa |last2=Gorey |first2=Kevin M. |last3=Barrett |first3=Betty Jo |last4=McCabe |first4=Sean Esteban |date=August 1, 2020 |title=Healthcare avoidance due to anticipated discrimination among transgender people: A call to create trans-affirmative environments |journal=SSM – Population Health |volume=11 |pages=100608 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100608 |issn=2352-8273 |pmc=7276492 |pmid=32529022}}</ref> Some providers may believe that nonbinary people do not require transition-related treatment,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vincent |first=Ben |title=Non-Binary Genders: Navigating Communities, Identities, and Healthcare |publisher=[[Policy Press]] |year=2020 |doi=10.56687/9781447351931|isbn=9781447351931 }}</ref> while others may not understand the difference between their identity and the identities of binary transgender patients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Jessica |last2=Zalewska |first2=Agnieszka |last3=Gates |first3=Jennifer Joan |last4=Millon |first4=Guy |date=July 3, 2019 |title=An exploration of the lived experiences of non-binary individuals who have presented at a gender identity clinic in the United Kingdom |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |volume=20 |issue=2–3 |pages=195–204 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1445056 |issn=1553-2739 |pmc=6831017 |pmid=32999606}}</ref> Nonbinary patients report lower rates of respect from healthcare providers than binary transgender people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kattari |first1=Shanna K. |last2=Bakko |first2=Matthew |last3=Hecht |first3=Hillary K. |last4=Kattari |first4=Leonardo |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Correlations between healthcare provider interactions and mental health among transgender and nonbinary adults |journal=SSM – Population Health |volume=10 |pages=100525 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100525 |issn=2352-8273 |pmc=6909214 |pmid=31872041}}</ref> | Healthcare professionals are often uninformed about nonbinary people's specific health needs, sometimes requiring nonbinary patients to educate them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kcomt |first1=Luisa |last2=Gorey |first2=Kevin M. |last3=Barrett |first3=Betty Jo |last4=McCabe |first4=Sean Esteban |date=August 1, 2020 |title=Healthcare avoidance due to anticipated discrimination among transgender people: A call to create trans-affirmative environments |journal=SSM – Population Health |volume=11 |pages=100608 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100608 |issn=2352-8273 |pmc=7276492 |pmid=32529022}}</ref> Some providers may believe that nonbinary people do not require transition-related treatment,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vincent |first=Ben |title=Non-Binary Genders: Navigating Communities, Identities, and Healthcare |publisher=[[Policy Press]] |year=2020 |doi=10.56687/9781447351931|isbn=9781447351931 }}</ref> while others may not understand the difference between their identity and the identities of binary transgender patients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Jessica |last2=Zalewska |first2=Agnieszka |last3=Gates |first3=Jennifer Joan |last4=Millon |first4=Guy |date=July 3, 2019 |title=An exploration of the lived experiences of non-binary individuals who have presented at a gender identity clinic in the United Kingdom |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |volume=20 |issue=2–3 |pages=195–204 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1445056 |issn=1553-2739 |pmc=6831017 |pmid=32999606}}</ref> Nonbinary patients report lower rates of respect from healthcare providers than binary transgender people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kattari |first1=Shanna K. |last2=Bakko |first2=Matthew |last3=Hecht |first3=Hillary K. |last4=Kattari |first4=Leonardo |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Correlations between healthcare provider interactions and mental health among transgender and nonbinary adults |journal=SSM – Population Health |volume=10 |pages=100525 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100525 |issn=2352-8273 |pmc=6909214 |pmid=31872041}}</ref> | ||
Beliefs that affirm the existence of gender/sex diversity are associated negatively with prejudices toward non-binary people.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101499| issn = 2352-250X| volume = 48| pages = 101499| last1 = Schudson| first1 = Zach C.| last2 = Morgenroth| first2 = Thekla| title = Non-binary gender/sex identities| journal = Current Opinion in Psychology| access-date = 2025-06-17| date = 2022-12-01| pmid = 36401906| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X22002202 |quote=Research on gender/sex diversity affirming ontological beliefs has found that they are negatively associated with both implicit and explicit prejudice toward people with androgynous gender expressions, suggesting important links to positive attitudes toward non-binary and gender/sex diverse people.}}</ref> | |||
===Transgender health care=== | ===Transgender health care=== | ||
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Many flags have been used in non-binary and genderqueer communities to represent various identities. There are distinct non-binary and genderqueer pride flags. The genderqueer pride flag was designed in 2011 by Marilyn Roxie. Lavender represents androgyny or queerness, white represents agender identity, and green represents those whose identities which are defined outside the binary.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |first=Lynn |last=Deater |url=http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they |title=He, She or They? » The Commuter |website=ncccommuter.org |access-date=December 20, 2016 |date=April 29, 2015 |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090439/http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf |title=Flags and Symbols |publisher=[[Amherst College]] |location=Amherst, Massachusetts |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=May 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510154054/https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.davidmariner.com/flags |title=Gender and Sexuality Awareness Flags |date=October 26, 2015 |newspaper=David Mariner |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203153557/http://www.davidmariner.com/flags |url-status=live}}</ref> The non-binary pride flag was created in 2014 by [[Kye Rowan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know |title=8 Things Non-Binary People Need to Know |date=March 15, 2015 |website=Let's Queer Things Up! |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222123705/https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know |url-status=live}}</ref> Yellow represents people whose gender exists outside the binary, purple represents those whose gender is a mixture of—or between—male and female, black represents people who have no gender, and white represents those who embrace many or all genders.<ref name="nbflagtumblr">{{cite web |title=After counting up all the 'votes' for each variation of my nonbinary flag (to be separate from the genderqueer flag), it seems this is the most loved! Yay! |url=http://thejasmineelf.tumblr.com/post/77007286542/after-counting-up-all-the-votes-for-each |website=genderweird |publisher=[[Tumblr]] |access-date=June 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624214236/http://thejasmineelf.tumblr.com/post/77007286542/after-counting-up-all-the-votes-for-each |archive-date=June 24, 2018}}</ref> | Many flags have been used in non-binary and genderqueer communities to represent various identities. There are distinct non-binary and genderqueer pride flags. The genderqueer pride flag was designed in 2011 by Marilyn Roxie. Lavender represents androgyny or queerness, white represents agender identity, and green represents those whose identities which are defined outside the binary.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |first=Lynn |last=Deater |url=http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they |title=He, She or They? » The Commuter |website=ncccommuter.org |access-date=December 20, 2016 |date=April 29, 2015 |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090439/http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf |title=Flags and Symbols |publisher=[[Amherst College]] |location=Amherst, Massachusetts |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=May 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510154054/https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.davidmariner.com/flags |title=Gender and Sexuality Awareness Flags |date=October 26, 2015 |newspaper=David Mariner |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203153557/http://www.davidmariner.com/flags |url-status=live}}</ref> The non-binary pride flag was created in 2014 by [[Kye Rowan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know |title=8 Things Non-Binary People Need to Know |date=March 15, 2015 |website=Let's Queer Things Up! |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222123705/https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know |url-status=live}}</ref> Yellow represents people whose gender exists outside the binary, purple represents those whose gender is a mixture of—or between—male and female, black represents people who have no gender, and white represents those who embrace many or all genders.<ref name="nbflagtumblr">{{cite web |title=After counting up all the 'votes' for each variation of my nonbinary flag (to be separate from the genderqueer flag), it seems this is the most loved! Yay! |url=http://thejasmineelf.tumblr.com/post/77007286542/after-counting-up-all-the-votes-for-each |website=genderweird |publisher=[[Tumblr]] |access-date=June 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624214236/http://thejasmineelf.tumblr.com/post/77007286542/after-counting-up-all-the-votes-for-each |archive-date=June 24, 2018}}</ref> | ||
Several symbols have been proposed for nonbinary people, to complement the [[Mars symbol]] for men and [[Venus symbol]] for women. One popular symbol is a circle with a stem above it, crossed by an X, in reference to [[Legal recognition of non-binary gender|the use of Xs]] as a gender marker for nonbinary people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=<!--staff--> |title=All about the nonbinary symbol |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/07/all-about-the-nonbinary-symbol/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[LGBTQ Nation]] |date=2022-07-30 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
Genderfluid people, who fall under the genderqueer umbrella, also have their own flag. Pink represents femininity, white represents lack of gender, purple represents mixed gender or androgyny, black represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary |title=Gender-fluid added to the Oxford English Dictionary |newspaper=[[LGBTQ Nation]] |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=October 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025023342/http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary |url-status=live}}</ref> | Genderfluid people, who fall under the genderqueer umbrella, also have their own flag. Pink represents femininity, white represents lack of gender, purple represents mixed gender or androgyny, black represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary |title=Gender-fluid added to the Oxford English Dictionary |newspaper=[[LGBTQ Nation]] |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=October 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025023342/http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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=== Brazil === | === Brazil === | ||
A 2021 representative survey estimated that about 1.19% of Brazilian adults identify as non-binary.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil|last1=Spizzirri|first1=Giancarlo|last2=Eufrásio|first2=Raí|last3=Pereira Lima|first3=Maria Cristina|last4=de Carvalho Nunes|first4=Hélio Rubens|last5=Kreukels|first5=Baudewijntje P.C.|last6=Steensma|first6=Thomas D.|last7=Abdo|first7=Carmita H.N.|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|year=2021|pages=2240|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-81411-4|pmid=33500432 }}</ref> This corresponds to roughly 1.9 million adults at the time of the survey. | A 2021 representative survey estimated that about 1.19% of Brazilian adults identify as non-binary.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil|last1=Spizzirri|first1=Giancarlo|last2=Eufrásio|first2=Raí|last3=Pereira Lima|first3=Maria Cristina|last4=de Carvalho Nunes|first4=Hélio Rubens|last5=Kreukels|first5=Baudewijntje P.C.|last6=Steensma|first6=Thomas D.|last7=Abdo|first7=Carmita H.N.|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|year=2021|issue=1 |pages=2240|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-81411-4|pmid=33500432 |pmc=7838397 |hdl=11449/207170|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This corresponds to roughly 1.9 million adults at the time of the survey. | ||
=== Canada === | === Canada === | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* {{Wiktionary inline|non-binary}} | * {{Wiktionary inline|non-binary}} | ||
* | * [https://www.thetrevorproject.org/trvr_support_center/trans-gender-identity The Trevor Project] a suicide prevention and crisis intervention nonprofit organization for LGBTQ+ young people | ||
{{Navboxes | {{Navboxes | ||
Latest revision as of 02:09, 25 June 2025
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Pp-vandalism Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox gender and sexual identity Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Template:Transgender sidebar
Non-binaryTemplate:Efn or genderqueer gender identities are those that are outside the male/female gender binary.[1][2] Non-binary identities often fall under the transgender umbrella since non-binary people typically identify with a gender that is different from the sex assigned to them at birth,[3] although some non-binary people do not consider themselves transgender.[4]
Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or separate third gender,[5] identify with more than one gender[6][7] or no gender, or have a fluctuating gender identity.[8] Gender identity is separate from sexual or romantic orientation;[9] non-binary people have various sexual orientations.[10]
Non-binary people as a group vary in their gender expressions, and some may reject gender identity altogether.[11] Some non-binary people receive gender-affirming care to reduce the mental distress caused by gender dysphoria, such as gender-affirming surgery or hormone replacement therapy.[12]
Terms and definitions
Script error: No such module "anchor". The term "genderqueer" first appeared in queer zines of the 1980s, preceding the more widely used "non-binary."[13] It gained prominence in the 1990s through activists,[14] such as Riki Anne Wilchins,[15] who used it in a 1995 essay and a 1997 autobiography to describe individuals deviating from traditional gender norms.[16][17] By 2002, the term had further dissemination through the anthology Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary.[18] The rise of the internet and public identification by celebrities brought the term "genderqueer" into mainstream awareness during the 2010s.[14]
Genderqueer serves as both an umbrella term for non-binary identities and an adjective describing those who challenge or diverge from conventional gender distinctions, regardless of how they personally identify. It encompasses a range of expressions that transcend the binary gender categories of man and woman.[19][20]
Additionally, being genderqueer is associated with gender ambiguity[21]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".. Androgyny (also "androgyne") is often used to describe a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits.[22]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". However, not all genderqueer individuals identify as androgynous; some may identify with traditionally masculine or feminine traits or use alternative descriptors such as "masculine woman" or "feminine man."[23] The term "enby," derived from the acronym NB for non-binary, is also commonly used.[24][25]
Being non-binary is also not the same as being intersex. Most intersex people identify as either men or women,[26] although some identify as only non-binary, some identify as non-binary and genderfluid, while others identify as non-binary men or non-binary women. A national UK survey conducted in 2017 found that, of 1,980 intersex respondents, 38% identified as women, 32% as men, and 25% as non-binary.[27]
The term "transgender" often includes those who are genderqueer or non-binary, reflecting a broad spectrum of gender diversity.[11][28][29] This inclusive usage dates back to at least 1992, with significant contributions from figures such as Leslie Feinberg[14] and Kate Bornstein, who emphasized the shared experiences of "gender outlaws."[30] Organizations such as the Human Rights Campaign and Gender Spectrum use "gender-expansive" to denote a broader range of gender identities and expressions than those typically associated with the binary gender system.[31]
Identities
Agender
Template:Hatnote group Template:Visanc individuals, also known as genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,[32][33] have no gender at all.[34][35][11] This group represents a spectrum of identities that diverge from conventional gender norms. According to scholar Finn Enke, not all agender individuals may self-identify as transgender.[36] While there is no universally accepted set of pronouns for agender people, singular they is commonly used, but it is not the default.[37] "Agender" and "Neutrois" were among the custom gender options added to Facebook in February 2014 and to OkCupid since November 2014.[38][39]
Bigender
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Bigender individuals possess two distinct gender identities that can manifest simultaneously or fluctuate between masculine and feminine expressions.[40][41][42] This differs from genderfluid identities, which may not involve fixed gender states but rather a fluid range across the gender spectrum.[43][44] The American Psychological Association recognizes bigender identity as part of the broader transgender category.[45] Surveys and studies, including a 1999 San Francisco Department of Public Health survey and a 2016 Harris poll, have documented the prevalence of bigender identification, particularly within younger generations.[46][47][48] Trigender people shift among male, female, and third gender.[49]
Demigender
Template:Dist Individuals identifying as demigender feel a partial connection to one gender while also identifying with another gender or none at all (agender).[50][51] Subcategories include demi-boy or demi-man, who partially identify as male, and demi-girl, who are partly female and partly non-binary. Demiflux people experience a stable non-binary identity with varying intensities of other gender identities.[51]
Genderfluid
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Genderfluid individuals do not adhere to a fixed gender identity; their genders change depending on time, place and situation, combining elements from one or more genders at different times.[52][53] This identity can overlap with bigender, trigender, polygender or pangender expressions.[6][7]
Pangender
Template:Dist Template:Visanc individuals identify with multiple or all genders, sometimes experiencing all these identities simultaneously.[54][55]
Polygender
Template:Dist Polygender, plurigender or multigender is a non-binary identity in which the person experiences multiple genders.[56] Pangender, bigender, and trigender are examples of multi-gender identities,[57] sometimes along with androgyne, associated with demigender.[58]
Two-spirit
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Originating from a 1990 Indigenous LGBTQ gathering in Winnipeg, the term two-spirit refers to individuals within Indigenous North American communities who embody qualities or fulfill roles across traditional gender distinctions.[59]
Xenogender
Xenogender encompasses a variety of gender identities that are defined using non-traditional concepts often drawn from natural, inanimate, or abstract sources, representing a departure from the typical human gender binary.[60][61] People who identify with a xenogender may not have the words to describe their gender, so instead they compare it to something else.[62]
History
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Non-binary gender, often included within the concept of third gender, has historical roots that extend well before the modern term was established.[66] For instance, the Public Universal Friend, who emerged in 1776, was a genderless evangelist who renounced their birth name and gendered pronouns, representing an early instance of non-binary gender expression in America.[67][68][69]
In 1781, Jens Andersson from Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, faced imprisonment and a trial after marrying a woman. When questioned, Andersson stated, "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ('He believes he belongs to both parts'), indicating a recognition of his dual gender identity.[70]
Judith Butler's Gender Trouble, published in 1990, challenged the fixed male/female binary and advocated for a broader understanding of gender as a spectrum, a view Butler has expanded upon since coming out as non-binary in 2019.[71][72][65][73]
The term "genderqueer" surfaced in the mid-1990s, notably used by activist Riki Wilchins in the newsletter In Your Face in 1995, and later in their 1997 autobiography. Wilchins contributed significantly to the discourse, particularly with the 2002 anthology GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the Sexual Binary.[74][75][76][77]
Jim Sinclair, an autism-rights activist and a founder of Autism Network International, publicly embraced a gender-neutral identity in 1997, declaring a physical and social neuter status in an introduction to the Intersex Society of North America.[78]
In Japan, the expression "X-gender" (Template:Transliteration) has been recognized since the late 1990s, describing a non-binary identity, with notable individuals such as manga artists Yūki Kamatani and Yuu Watase identifying as such.[79][80]
In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project began advocating for more inclusive gender options on official documents, a milestone realized when Elisa Rae Shupe became the first person in the U.S. to obtain official documents with a non-binary gender marker.[81][82]
Alberta legislator Estefan Cortes-Vargas openly identified as non-binary during a 2015 legislative session, marking a significant moment in political recognition of non-binary identities.[83]
On January 20, 2025, immediately after being sworn in for his second term, President Donald Trump signed an executive order titled "Defending Women from Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government". This order established that the U.S. federal government would recognize only two sexes—male and female—defined strictly by biological characteristics assigned at birth. It explicitly rejected the concept of gender identity as a basis for legal recognition for non-binary people.
Pronouns and titles
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Many non-binary people use gender-neutral pronouns with the singular "they", "their" and "them" being used most commonly in English. Some non-binary individuals opt for neopronouns such as
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Template:Redirect template, and ey.[84][85][86][87] Others may use traditional gender-specific pronouns such as "he" or "she", switch between them, or prefer to use their name without pronouns.[88] The title Mx. is also increasingly used as a gender-neutral honorific.[89][90]
A significant 2015 study by the National Center for Transgender Equality surveyed nearly 28,000 transgender people in the United States, finding that 35% identified as non-binary or genderqueer. Among them, 84% used pronouns different from those associated with the gender on their birth certificates. The breakdown of preferred pronouns was 37% for "he/him", 37% for "she/her", and 29% for "they/them". Additionally, 20% did not request specific pronouns be used for them, and 4% used pronouns not listed in the survey.[91]
In the 2024 Gender Census, a record 48,645 participants shared how they describe their gender and their preferences for titles and pronouns. The most commonly selected identity labels were nonbinary (60.4%, down 2.7% from 2023), queer (53.6%, down 1.2%), trans (44.7%, down 2.0%), a category described as a person/human/[my name]/“I’m just me” (39.1%, down 3.4%), and transgender (38.8%, down 1.5%). Regarding titles, 42.2% preferred no title at all (up 2.1%), followed by Mx (17.4%, down 1.3%), Mr (11.3%, down 0.2%), non-gendered professional/academic titles (9.2%, down 0.2%), and Ms (5.8%, up 0.3%). Pronoun preferences were led once again by "they/them" at 75.5% (up 1.0%), followed by "he/him" at 42.0% (down 0.5%), "she/her" at 36.0% (up 3.3%), "it/its" at 20.3% (up 0.9%), and a preference for avoiding pronouns or using names at 13.9% (up 0.7%). These findings continue to illustrate the rich and evolving diversity of language within the nonbinary community.[92]
Legal recognition
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Many non-binary/genderqueer people use the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business, as many institutions and forms of identification—such as passports and driver's licenses—only accept, in the sense of recorded recognition, binary gender identities. But with the increasing acceptance of non-binary gender identities and the rise in wider societal recognition, this is slowly changing, as more governments and institutions recognize and allow non-binary identities.[1]
Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. Some non-Western societies have long recognized transgender people as a third gender, although this may not (or may only recently)[93] include formal legal recognition. In Western societies, Australia may have been the first country to legally recognize a classification of sex outside of "male" and "female" on legal documentation, with the recognition of Alex MacFarlane's intersex status in 2003.[94] The wider legal recognition of non-binary people—following the recognition of intersex people in 2003—in Australian law followed between 2010 and 2014, with legal action taken against the New South Wales Government Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages by transgender activist Norrie May-Welby to recognize Norrie's legal gender identity as "non-specific". India's Supreme Court formally recognized transgender and non-binary people as a distinct third gender in 2014, following legal action taken by transgender activist Laxmi Narayan Tripathi.[95] In July 2021, Argentina incorporated non-binary gender in its national ID card, becoming the first country in South America to legally recognize non-binary gender on all official documentation; non-binary people in the country will have the option to renew their ID with the letter "X" under gender.[96][97]
United States
Legal recognition of non-binary gender identities in the United States has varied significantly across time and jurisdictions. In June 2016, a court in Oregon issued the first known ruling in the U.S. recognizing a non-binary gender.[98] In subsequent years, several states, beginning with California in 2017, enacted legislation or adopted policies allowing residents to select a non-binary or “X” gender marker on official documents such as driver's licenses and birth certificates.[99] As of early 2025, over 20 states and the District of Columbia continue to offer non-binary gender markers on some state-issued documents.
At the federal level, non-binary recognition advanced during the early 2020s. In 2021, the U.S. Department of State issued the first passport bearing an “X” gender marker,[100] and beginning in April 2022, this option became available to all applicants without medical documentation.[101][102][103] However, this policy was reversed in January 2025 when President Donald Trump issued an executive order directing federal agencies to recognize only male and female categories.[104][105] The U.S. Department of State subsequently suspended all new passport applications requesting an “X” marker,[106] though previously issued passports with an “X” designation remain valid until expiration.[107]
Legal protections for non-binary individuals under U.S. federal law remain limited. While Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has been interpreted to prohibit employment discrimination based on gender nonconformity and transgender status, there are no explicit nationwide protections that specifically name non-binary individuals or ensure their rights across areas such as identification, healthcare, housing, or public services. As a result, access to recognition and protection continues to depend heavily on state and local laws and policies.[108][109]
Discrimination
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In the U.S., 13% of respondents to the 2008 National Transgender Discrimination Survey chose "a gender not listed here".Template:Efn The "not listed here" respondents were more likely than the general sample (36% compared to 27%) to report forgoing healthcare due to fear of discrimination. 90 percent reported experiencing anti-trans bias at work, and 43 percent reported having attempted suicide.[112]
The reported discrimination non-binary people face includes disregard, disbelief, condescending interactions, and disrespect.[113] Non-binary people are also often viewed as partaking in a trend and thus deemed insincere or attention-seeking. As an accumulation, erasure is often a significant form of discrimination non-binary people face.[113]
Misgendering, intentional or not, is also a problem that many face. In the case of intentional misgendering, transphobia is a driving force. Additionally, the use of they/them pronouns is lumped intoTemplate:Clarify the larger, controversial, subject of safe spaces and political correctness,[114] causing pushback and intentional misgendering by some people.[115]
Non-binary and transgender identifying people also face discrimination in sports participation. Non-binary identifying athletes have an immediate barrier as most sports competitions are divided into men's and women's categories.[116]
Healthcare
Nonbinary people may report significantly worse health and general wellbeing than binary transgender people, although current research demonstrates conflicting perspectives on this topic.[117] These health disparities may be exacerbated by minority stress by breaking gender and social norms.[118][119]
Healthcare professionals are often uninformed about nonbinary people's specific health needs, sometimes requiring nonbinary patients to educate them.[120] Some providers may believe that nonbinary people do not require transition-related treatment,[121] while others may not understand the difference between their identity and the identities of binary transgender patients.[122] Nonbinary patients report lower rates of respect from healthcare providers than binary transgender people.[123]
Beliefs that affirm the existence of gender/sex diversity are associated negatively with prejudices toward non-binary people.[124]
Transgender health care
Some nonbinary people desire gender-affirming health care, including hormone replacement therapy or surgery.[125] Others do not,[126] and the ratio of those who desire care to those who do not is unclear. The factors that lead to this decision are complex and unique to each person.[127]
Nonbinary patients seeking gender-affirming care typically begin treatment earlier than binary transgender patients.[128]
Mental health care
Nonbinary people are likely to face more mental stress than binary transgender people.[91][129] This can be for many reasons including worse mental health and being discouraged from using the bathroom of their choice. According to the Trevor Project, 54% of non-binary and transgender youth have considered suicide and 58% have been discouraged from using the bathroom corresponding to their gender identity.[130]
Symbols and observances
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Many flags have been used in non-binary and genderqueer communities to represent various identities. There are distinct non-binary and genderqueer pride flags. The genderqueer pride flag was designed in 2011 by Marilyn Roxie. Lavender represents androgyny or queerness, white represents agender identity, and green represents those whose identities which are defined outside the binary.[133][134][135] The non-binary pride flag was created in 2014 by Kye Rowan.[136] Yellow represents people whose gender exists outside the binary, purple represents those whose gender is a mixture of—or between—male and female, black represents people who have no gender, and white represents those who embrace many or all genders.[137]
Several symbols have been proposed for nonbinary people, to complement the Mars symbol for men and Venus symbol for women. One popular symbol is a circle with a stem above it, crossed by an X, in reference to the use of Xs as a gender marker for nonbinary people.[138]
Genderfluid people, who fall under the genderqueer umbrella, also have their own flag. Pink represents femininity, white represents lack of gender, purple represents mixed gender or androgyny, black represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.[134][139]
Agender people, who also sometimes identify as genderqueer, have their own flag. This flag uses black and white stripes to represent an absence of gender, and a green stripe to represent non-binary genders.[140]
International Non-Binary People's Day is celebrated on July 14.[141][142][143][144] Other observances with non-binary participation include International Transgender Day of Visibility, observed on March 31,[145][146] and International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia, and Transphobia, observed on May 17.[147]Script error: No such module "Gallery".
Population figures
Argentina
According to provisional results from Argentina’s 2022 national census, 8,293 people (about 0.018% of the total population) identified as non-binary.[148]
Brazil
A 2021 representative survey estimated that about 1.19% of Brazilian adults identify as non-binary.[149] This corresponds to roughly 1.9 million adults at the time of the survey.
Canada
Statistics Canada reported that in the 2021 Census, 41,355 Canadians aged 15 or older (about 0.14% of that age group) identified as non-binary.[150]
Switzerland
A nationwide survey conducted in late 2021 found that roughly 0.4% of Swiss adults described themselves as non-binary.[151]
United Kingdom
According to the 2021 census (England and Wales), 30,000 people identified as non-binary, about 0.06% of the population.[152]
United States
Recent U.S. surveys suggest roughly 1–2% of American adults identify as non-binary. For example, a 2024 Gallup poll found between 1% and 2% of U.S. adults reported a non-binary gender identity.[153]
See also
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- Genderqueer fashion
- Gender neutrality
- Gender transitioning
- Gender variance
- Include Mx
- List of fictional non-binary characters
- List of people with non-binary gender identities
- Postgenderism
- Queer heterosexuality
- Transcending Boundaries Conference
Explanatory notes
References
Further reading
- Barker, Meg-John; Scheele, Julia (2016). Queer: A Graphic History. London: Icon Books. Template:ISBN. Template:OCLC.
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- Richards, C., Bouman, W. P., & Barker, M.-J. (2017). Genderqueer and non-binary genders. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Template:ISBN. Template:OCLC.
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External links
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- The Trevor Project a suicide prevention and crisis intervention nonprofit organization for LGBTQ+ young people
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