Yana (Buddhism) - Revision history

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	==Usage==		==Usage==
	In [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]], both ''yāna'' and [[Four Noble Truths\|''mārga'']] (road or path) are [[metaphor]]s depicting spiritual practice as a path or journey. Ancient texts in both religions discuss doctrines and practices associated with various ''yānas''. In Buddhism, ''yāna'' often expands the metaphor of the spiritual path with the idea of various vehicles that convey a person along that path. The ''yāna / mārga'' metaphor pervasive within Buddhism and other traditions is an analogue to the Chinese metaphor of the [[Tao]]: The Tao though is the Way as the endgoal and not just the art of wayfinding. The dialogic spiritual traditions of Indian and Chinese culture hold common cultural [[meme]]s.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Tan\|first1=Piya\|title=Paharada Sutta\|url=http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/45.18-Paharada-S-a8.19-piya.pdf\|website=The Dharmafarers\|access-date=25 May 2015\|quote=Paharada, just as the great ocean slopes gradually, slides gradually, inclines gradually, not abruptly7 like a precipice, so, too, Paharada, in this Dharma-Vinaya, the training is gradual, the task is gradual, the way is gradual—there is no sudden penetration of final knowledge at all.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Abe\|first1=Masao\|title=A Study of Dogen: His Philosophy and Religion\|date=1992\|publisher=SUNY Press\|isbn=9780791494080\|page=30\|quote=In other words, Dogen's view of the oneness of practice and attainment, that is, the ever-circulating way of continuous practice...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Trungpa\|first1=Chogyam\|title=The Tantric Path of Indestructible Wakefulness\|date=8 April 2013\|publisher=Shambhala Publications\|isbn=9781590308042\|quote=...invite the Indian teacher Kamalashila to Tibet in order to debate with the Chinese Ch'an master, Hashang Mahayana. Through the intelligence work of the king and Kamalashila, it was discovered that generally Chinese masters had no understanding of the vajrayana emphasis on the gradual path.}}</ref>		In [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]], both ''yāna'' and [[Four Noble Truths\|''mārga'']] (road or path) are [[metaphor]]s depicting spiritual practice as a path or journey. Ancient texts in both religions discuss doctrines and practices associated with various ''yānas''. In Buddhism, ''yāna'' often expands the metaphor of the spiritual path with the idea of various vehicles that convey a person along that path. The ''yāna / mārga'' metaphor pervasive within Buddhism and other traditions is an analogue to the Chinese metaphor of the [[Tao]]: The Tao though is the Way as the endgoal and not just the art of wayfinding. The dialogic spiritual traditions of Indian and Chinese culture hold common cultural [[meme]]s.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Tan\|first1=Piya\|title=Paharada Sutta\|url=http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/45.18-Paharada-S-a8.19-piya.pdf\|website=The Dharmafarers\|access-date=25 May 2015\|quote=Paharada, just as the great ocean slopes gradually, slides gradually, inclines gradually, not abruptly7 like a precipice, so, too, Paharada, in this Dharma-Vinaya, the training is gradual, the task is gradual, the way is gradual—there is no sudden penetration of final knowledge at all.\|archive-date=25 May 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525103305/http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/45.18-Paharada-S-a8.19-piya.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Abe\|first1=Masao\|title=A Study of Dogen: His Philosophy and Religion\|date=1992\|publisher=SUNY Press\|isbn=9780791494080\|page=30\|quote=In other words, Dogen's view of the oneness of practice and attainment, that is, the ever-circulating way of continuous practice...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Trungpa\|first1=Chogyam\|title=The Tantric Path of Indestructible Wakefulness\|date=8 April 2013\|publisher=Shambhala Publications\|isbn=9781590308042\|quote=...invite the Indian teacher Kamalashila to Tibet in order to debate with the Chinese Ch'an master, Hashang Mahayana. Through the intelligence work of the king and Kamalashila, it was discovered that generally Chinese masters had no understanding of the vajrayana emphasis on the gradual path.}}</ref>

	==Vedic origins of ''-yāna'' as a spiritual journey==		==Vedic origins of ''-yāna'' as a spiritual journey==
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	* [http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebsut047.htm Simile of the Dhamma Chariot (Dhammayana)] (scroll downto the 5th entry) Partial translation of Samyutta Nikaya IV.4		* [http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebsut047.htm Simile of the Dhamma Chariot (Dhammayana)] (scroll downto the 5th entry) Partial translation of Samyutta Nikaya IV.4
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100724141611/http://aa2411s.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/sktdic/ Sanskrit Dictionary based on ''The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' of Vaman Shivaram Apte] Enter ''yaana'' in the search box		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100724141611/http://aa2411s.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/sktdic/ Sanskrit Dictionary based on ''The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' of Vaman Shivaram Apte] Enter ''yaana'' in the search box
	* [http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/tamil/mwd_search.html Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Project]. Enter ''yana'' in the search box		* [http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/tamil/mwd_search.html Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Project] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050613082539/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/tamil/mwd_search.html \|date=2005-06-13 }}. Enter ''yana'' in the search box
	* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:508.pali Entry for ''yāna'' in the ''Pali-English Dictionary''], Chipstead, Pali Text Society, 1921–1925,		* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:508.pali Entry for ''yāna'' in the ''Pali-English Dictionary'']{{Dead link\|date=August 2025 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}, Chipstead, Pali Text Society, 1921–1925,
	* [http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/alak-zenkar/nine-yanas The Nine Yānas] by Alak Zenkar Rinpoche		* [http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/alak-zenkar/nine-yanas The Nine Yānas] by Alak Zenkar Rinpoche
	* [https://archive.today/20050314024656/http://www.uwec.edu/greider/WorldReligions/Buddhism/three.yanas.overview.htm Buddhism: Three Yānas (Vehicles)]		* [https://archive.today/20050314024656/http://www.uwec.edu/greider/WorldReligions/Buddhism/three.yanas.overview.htm Buddhism: Three Yānas (Vehicles)]

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2025-03-10T01:59:21Z

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{{Short description|Method of spiritual practice}}
{{Other uses|Yana (disambiguation)}}
{{Primary|date=February 2018}}
{{buddhism}}
'''Yāna''' ([[Sanskrit]]: यान and [[Pāli]]: "vehicle") refers to a mode or method of spiritual practice in [[Buddhism]]. It is claimed they were all taught by the [[Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] in response to the various capacities of individuals. On an outwardly conventional level, the teachings and practices may appear contradictory, but ultimately they all have the same goal.<ref>The Venerable Thrangu Rinpoche,"The Three Vehicles of Buddhist Practice" https://www.rinpoche.com/teachings/3vehicles.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701140924/https://www.rinpoche.com/teachings/3vehicles.pdf |date=2021-07-01 }}</ref>

==Nomenclature, etymology and orthography==
In form, '''yāna''' is a neuter noun derived from the Sanskrit root '''yā-''' meaning to "go to" or "move" or "reach". The suffix employed to form this noun may have different values: while primarily yāna is understood to refer to the means (kara.na) through which one goes to/ reaches a location, it may technically also refer to the action itself (bhāva). Yāna is therefore primarily a "vehicle", in most contexts relevant to the Buddhist doctrine of three yānas.

"Vehicle" is often used as a preferred translation as the word that provides the least in the way of [[presuppositions]] about the mode of travel.

In specifically Buddhist contexts, the word '''yāna''' acquires many metaphorical meanings, discussed below.

==Teaching story and metaphor==


In the ''[[Mahāparinibbāna Sutta]]'' (1.33-34), [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] relates a story on ''vehicles'' of conveyance utilizing the sacred river [[Ganges]], all of which may be engaged as a [[metaphor]] for ''yana'' and a gradual or direct path:
<blockquote>
1.33 And then the Lord came to the River Ganges. And just then, the river was so full that a crow could drink out of it. And some people were looking for a boat, and some were looking for a raft, and some were binding together a raft of reeds to get to the other side. But the Lord, as swiftly as a strong man might stretch out his flexed arm or flex it again, vanished from this side of the Ganges and reappeared with his order of monks on the other shore. 
1.34 And the Lord saw those people who were looking for a boat, looking for a raft, and binding together a raft of reeds to get to the other side. And seeing their intentions, he uttered this verse on the spot:
::'When they want to cross the sea, the lake or pond,
::People make a bridge or raft - the wise have crossed already.'<ref>Maurice Walshe (1995). ''The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya''. Boston: Wisdom Publications, "[DN] 16: ''{{IAST|Mahāparinibbāna Sutta}}'': The Great Passing, The Buddha's Last Days," pp. 238-239.</ref><ref>In Buddhist countries throughout Southeast Asia and the Himalaya, the crow is sacred as it voices the sacred syllable "Ah". The crow drinks of the river which is a metaphor for the continuum of mind, the [[mindstream]].</ref>
</blockquote>

These two verses are meant to teach that all vehicles, teachings and doctrine are skillful means (Skt.''[[upāya]]'').

==Introduction and qualification of the term yana==
The ''[[Bodhipathapradīpa]]'' of [[Atisha]] (980-1054 CE), quoted in [[Gampopa]]'s (1079-1153 CE) [[Jewel Ornament of Liberation]]<ref>Dam chos yid bźin nor bu thar pa rin po che'i rgyan</ref> rendered into English by [[Herbert Guenther|Günther]], makes reference to people of three capacities:
<blockquote>
Man is to be known in three ways: 
As inferior, mediocre and excellent.<ref>Sgam-po-pa (author) Guenther, Herbert V. (trans) (1959, 1986). ''The Jewel Ornament of Liberation''. Boston, Massachusetts, US: Shambhala Publications., Inc. {{ISBN|1-570-62614-6}}(pbk.) p.17</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
He who by any means whatsoever 
Provides for the pleasures of Saṃsāra 
For himself alone, 
Is called an inferior man.<ref name="Sgam-po-pa 1959, p.18">Sgam-po-pa (author) Guenther, Herbert V. (trans) (1959, 1986). ''The Jewel Ornament of Liberation''. Boston, Massachusetts, US: Shambhala Publications., Inc. {{ISBN|1-570-62614-6}}(pbk.) p.18</ref> 
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
He who turns his back to the pleasures of the world 
And abstains from evil deeds, 
But provides only for his own peace, 
Is called a mediocre man.<ref name="Sgam-po-pa 1959, p.18" /> 
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
He who seriously wants to dispel 
All the misery of others, 
Because in the stream of his own being he has understood the nature of misery, 
Is an excellent man.<ref name="Sgam-po-pa 1959, p.18" /> 
</blockquote>

Yana is determined by capacity and propensity of the "precious human body" wrought by [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]], not by a specific teaching or lineage, as Gampopa states:
<blockquote>
Therefore, because of the difficulty of its attainment, of the uneasiness of its breaking down, and of its great usefulness, we should think of the body as a boat and by its means escape from the ocean of Saṃsāra. As is written:
:Standing in the boat of the human body,
:You should cross the great flood of misery.
:Since later this boat is difficult to get,
:Do not sleep now, you fool.<ref>Sgam-po-pa (author) Guenther, Herbert V. (trans) (1959, 1986). ''The Jewel Ornament of Liberation''. Boston, Massachusetts, US: Shambhala Publications., Inc. {{ISBN|1-570-62614-6}}(pbk.) p.19</ref>
</blockquote>

[[Empowerment]], [[initiation]], intention and endeavour may leaven capacity and propensity as may a [[wiktionary:grace|grace]]ful [[benediction]] of a person (in the sense of [[mindstream]]), object or place endowed or invested with holiness. In the teaching story abovementioned, Shakyamuni Buddhi and his sangha traverse the continuum directly in the body<ref>'Body' is to be read as [[Trikaya]].</ref> of their own experience rather than constructing a gradual vehicle for passage.

==Usage==
In [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]], both ''yāna'' and [[Four Noble Truths|''mārga'']] (road or path) are [[metaphor]]s depicting spiritual practice as a path or journey. Ancient texts in both religions discuss doctrines and practices associated with various ''yānas''. In Buddhism, ''yāna'' often expands the metaphor of the spiritual path with the idea of various vehicles that convey a person along that path. The ''yāna / mārga'' metaphor pervasive within Buddhism and other traditions is an analogue to the Chinese metaphor of the [[Tao]]: The Tao though is the Way as the endgoal and not just the art of wayfinding. The dialogic spiritual traditions of Indian and Chinese culture hold common cultural [[meme]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tan|first1=Piya|title=Paharada Sutta|url=http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/45.18-Paharada-S-a8.19-piya.pdf|website=The Dharmafarers|access-date=25 May 2015|quote=Paharada, just as the great ocean slopes gradually, slides gradually, inclines gradually, not abruptly7 like a precipice, so, too, Paharada, in this Dharma-Vinaya, the training is gradual, the task is gradual, the way is gradual—there is no sudden penetration of final knowledge at all.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Abe|first1=Masao|title=A Study of Dogen: His Philosophy and Religion|date=1992|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791494080|page=30|quote=In other words, Dogen's view of the oneness of practice and attainment, that is, the ever-circulating way of continuous practice...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Trungpa|first1=Chogyam|title=The Tantric Path of Indestructible Wakefulness|date=8 April 2013|publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=9781590308042|quote=...invite the Indian teacher Kamalashila to Tibet in order to debate with the Chinese Ch'an master, Hashang Mahayana. Through the intelligence work of the king and Kamalashila, it was discovered that generally Chinese masters had no understanding of the vajrayana emphasis on the gradual path.}}</ref>

==Vedic origins of ''-yāna'' as a spiritual journey==
{{POV-section|date=October 2023}}
The use of ''yāna'' to use as a name or to refer to a spiritual journey may date to the [[Rig Veda|''{{IAST|Ṛgveda}}'']], possibly composed circa 1500 BCE, whose 10th Mandala makes several references to ''devayāna'', (translators usually render this as the "path of the gods" or similar) and one reference to ''{{IAST|pitṛyāna}}'' ("path of the fathers"). The first verse of the {{IAST|Ṛgveda}}'s burial hymn (10.18) translates approximately as "O Death, take the other path, which is distinct from the way of the gods" (''{{IAST|paraṃ mṛtyo anu parehi panthāṃ yaste sva itaro devayānāt}}''). The "other path" is the ''{{IAST|pitṛyāna}}'', referred to in hymn 10.2 and alluded to in 10.14 and 10.16. {{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

The ''devayāna'' and ''{{IAST|pitṛyāna}}'' evolved from the ancient Rig Vedic concern for [[immortality]] to the classical [[Hindu]] concern with ending [[samsara|{{IAST|saṃsāric}}]] existence. The [[Upanishads|{{IAST|Upaniṣads}}]], which comment on the [[Vedas]], make further reference to ''devayāna'' and ''{{IAST|pitṛyāna}}''. Among other distinctions, the pitryana was said to refer the religious practices of villagers, and the devayāna was said to refer to the practices of recluses living in the forest. The [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209031402/http://sanskrit.gde.to/doc_upanishhat/brinew-proofed.itx {{IAST|Bṛhadaraṇyaka Upaniṣad}}] (II.iv.11 and IV.v.12) also makes reference to [[ekayana|''ekayāna'']], notably in the phrase ''{{IAST|vedānāṃ [[saraswati|vāk]] ekayānam}}'', where ''ekayānam'' [[connotation|connotes]] "one journey". The phrase translates approximately to " Sacred Vedas - intonation - (is the) one journey/destination", in the same sense that a river's journey is to the ocean. {{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

== Yāna in early Buddhist texts ==
Yāna is one of ten suggested gifts ([[Dana (Buddhism)|''dana'']]) that a lay person can appropriately give a monk or recluse, in the sense of providing a vehicle or transportation (e.g., see DN 7.33/PTS: A iv 59 and DN 10.177/PTS: A v 269).

The earliest explicit Buddhist use of -yāna in a metaphorical sense of a journey to [[bodhi|awakening]] may be the term ''dhammayānam'', "[[dharma]] chariot" (SN IV.4), where the vehicle itself serves as an extended metaphor for the [[Noble Eightfold Path|Eightfold Path]]. Various parts of the chariot represent aspects of the Path (''magga''), e.g. axles represent meditation, the charioteer represents mindfulness, and so on.

Thus, metaphorical usage of yāna in the sense of a vehicle (as distinct from a path) emerged from a Buddhist context, and it did so relatively early in the evolution of Buddhism. Nevertheless, while the Pali Canon are very rich in images of wheels (''cakka'') and paths (''magga'') as metaphors for the journey to awakening, the Pali Canon rarely uses the term ''yāna'' for that purpose.

According to Fujita Kotatsu the term Three Vehicles does not occur in the Pâli tripitaka, however corresponding terms (''trîni yânâni'', ''triyâna'', ''yânatraya'') are used in the [[Ekottara Agama]], the [[Mahavastu]], and the [[Mahavibhasa|Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra]]. In these texts the Three Vehicles include the ''srâvakayâna'', ''pratyekabuddhayâna'', and ''buddhayâna''.<ref name="Kotatsu">{{cite journal|last1=Kotatsu|first1=Fujita|last2=Hurvitz|first2=Leon , trans.|title=One Vehicle or Three?|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|date=1975|volume=3|issue=1/2|pages=92–93|doi=10.1007/bf00157332|s2cid=170267103}}</ref>

==Enumeration of ''yānas'' in Mahayana texts==
Mahayana texts are very rich in images of vehicles that serve in metaphors for journeys to awakening.

===The three carts of expedient means: the parable of the burning house===
The tradition of [[Mahayana]] texts employing the image of different types of vehicles and conveyances as salient metaphor for the journey of novice to the awakening of adept may have begun with the ''[[Lotus Sutra|Lotus Sūtra]]''. The Lotus Sūtra holds a parable of a devoted father with three small children entranced in childhood play within the family home, oblivious that tongues of flame are ravenously engulfing the house. The father entices the children from the burning home with the half-truth gilded promise of special carts for each of them. The carts though are only an expedient means for luring the children from the house.<ref>Pye, Michael (2003), Skilful Means - A concept in Mahayana Buddhism, Routledge. pp. 37-39</ref>

Katō ''et al.'' render thus into English a tract of the ''[[Saddharma Puṇḍarīka]]'' pertaining to the cart of expedient means and the parable of the burning house:
<blockquote>
"Śāriputra! Even as that elder, though with power in body and arms, yet does not use it but only by diligent tact resolutely saves <nowiki>[his]</nowiki> children from the calamity of the burning house and then gives each of them great carts made of precious things, so it is with the Tathāgata; though he has power and fearlessness, he does not use them, but only by his wise tact does he remove and save all living creatures from the burning house of the triple world, preaching the three vehicles: the śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, and Buddha vehicle.<ref>Katō, Bunnō (translator); revised by: Soothill, W. E.; Schiffer, Wilhelm; Tamura, Yoshirō (1975, 2004). 'The Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law' (Saddharma-Puṇḍarīka; Myōhō-Renge-Kyō) in: Katō, Bunnō; Tamura, Yoshirō; and Miyasaka, Kōjirō; with revisions by: Soothill, W.E.; Schiffer, Wilhelm; and Del Campana, Pier P. (1975, 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019124924/http://www.rk-world.org/publications/ThreefoldLotusSutra.pdf ''The Threefold Lotus Sutra'']: Innumerable Meanings, The Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law, and Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. {{ISBN|4-333-00208-7}}, p. 89</ref>
</blockquote>

In the parable, the carts are explicitly identified as corresponding to the [[three types of Buddha]]: the goat-cart represents the practices leading to the attainment of [[Arhat]]ship; the deer-cart, [[Pratyekabuddha]]hood; and the bullock-cart, [[Samyaksambuddha]]hood. The sutra goes on to say these that the teachings of the three vehicles are merely expedient means ([[Upaya|upāya]]). Their purpose is to direct people toward ''ekayāna'', the one vehicle, depicted in the parable as a jeweled cart driven by a white ox.

===The relationship of Dharma (Law) and Yana===
Tamura ''et al.'' render a section of the ''[[Innumerable Meanings Sutra]]'' (Wu-liang-i ching) that relates the relationship of the Law (Dharma) and various teachings as fundamentally determined by the audience and context:
<blockquote>
      "Good sons! The Law is like water that washes off dirt. As a well, a pond, a stream, a river, a valley stream, a ditch, or a great sea, each alike effectively washes off all kinds of dirt, so the Law-water effectively washes off the dirt of all delusions of living beings. 
      "Good sons! The nature of water is one, but a stream, a river, a well, a pond, a valley stream, a ditch, and a great sea are different from one another. The nature of the Law is like this. There is equality and no differentiation in washing off the dirt of delusions, but the three laws, the four merits, and the two ways§ are not one and the same. 
      "Good sons! Though each washes equally as water, a well is not a pond, a pond is not a stream or a river, nor is a valley stream or a ditch a sea. As the Tathāgata, the world's hero, is free in the Law, all the laws preached by him are also like this. Though preaching at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end all alike effectively wash off the delusions of living beings, the beginning is not the middle, and the middle is not the end. Preaching at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end are the same in expression but different from one another in meaning.<ref>Tamura, Yoshirō (translator); revised by: Schiffer, Wilhelm; and Del Campana, Pier P. (1975, 2004). 'The Sutra of Innumerable Meanings' (Wu-liang-i-ching-hsü) in: Katō, Bunnō; Tamura, Yoshirō; and Miyasaka, Kōjirō; with revisions by: Soothill, W.E.; Schiffer, Wilhelm; and Del Campana, Pier P. (1975, 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019124924/http://www.rk-world.org/publications/ThreefoldLotusSutra.pdf ''The Threefold Lotus Sutra'']: Innumerable Meanings, The Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law, and Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. {{ISBN|4-333-00208-7}}. pp. 14-15</ref></blockquote>

§ The three laws are the Four Noble Truths, the Twelve Causes, and the Six Pāramitās...; the four merits are srota-āpanna, sakṛdāgāmin, anāgāmin, and arhat...; and the two ways the [[great vehicle]], or Mahayana, and the [[lesser vehicle]], or Hinayana.

===Ekayāna (one yana)===

Mahayana texts such as the [[Lotus Sutra]] and the [[Avatamsaka Sutra]] sought to unite all the different teachings into a single great way. These texts serve as the inspiration for using the term ''[[Ekayāna]]'' in the sense of "one vehicle". This "one vehicle" became a key aspect of the doctrines and practices of [[Tiantai]] and [[Tendai]] Buddhist sects, which subsequently influenced [[Chán]] and [[Zen]] doctrines and practices. In [[Japan]], the one-vehicle teaching of the Lotus Sutra also inspired the formation of the [[Nichiren]] sect.

===Two yānas===
Traditionally, the '''two vehicles''' in [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] [[Buddhism]] consist of [[Śrāvakayāna]] and [[Pratyekabuddhayāna]]. Mahāyāna Buddhists take a vow to become the third type, namely [[bodhisattvas]]. Therefore, Mahayana Buddhist texts sometimes use terms like "followers of the two vehicles" to refer to Buddhists who do not accept the Mahayana sutras.

Some Mahāyāna sutras consider that the two vehicles together comprise the ''[[Hinayana|Hīnayāna]]'' – literally, inferior vehicle; sometimes, small vehicle. Modern texts sometimes refer to Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna as "two vehicles". But referring to an "inferior vehicle" is often felt to be disrespectful to those Buddhists who do not consider the Mahāyāna sutras to be ''[[buddhavacana]]''.

===Three yānas===
Mahāyāna Buddhists often express two different schemata of three yanas. First, here are three paths to liberation that culminate as one of the [[three types of Buddha]]:

*[[Śrāvakayāna]]: The Hearer vehicle: A path that meets the goals of an [[arhat]] who achieves liberation after listening to the teachings of a [[samyaksambuddha]] (fully enlightened buddha).
*[[Pratyekabuddhayāna]]: The [[Pratyekabuddha]] achieves liberation, but does not teach other beings. Pratyekabuddhas do not depend on a teacher and can discover the Dharma even if they do not encounter a buddha. They are sometimes said to remain silent and solitary.
*[[Bodhisattvayāna]]: The bodhisattva attains liberation and wishes to benefit as many beings as possible. A bodhisattva who has accomplished this goal is called a samyaksambuddha. A samyaksambuddha can establish the Dharma and lead disciples to enlightenment.

A second classification came into use with the rise of the Vajrayāna, which created a hierarchy of the teachings with the [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] being the highest path.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Trungpa|first1=Chögyam|title=The Tantric Path of Indestructible Wakefulness|date=8 April 2013|publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=9781590308042|page=27|quote=But if you cannot understand the hinayana and the mahayana, you cannot understand the vajrayana. ... The vajrayana is an extension of the mahayana ... first you should become accomplished on the hinayana level ... begin to understand innate buddha nature ... qualified to listen to the teachings of the ultimate result in the vajrayana.}}</ref> The Vajrayāna itself became multilayered especially in [[Tibetan Buddhism]].

* [[Hinayana|Hīnayāna]]
* [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]]
* [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]]

When the historical [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha Shakyamuni]] taught, he gave teachings appropriate to the individual capacities of his students. The Hinayana was taught to those with lesser capacity with an emphasis on actions of body and speech. Mahayana was taught to those with greater capacity with an emphasis on actions of mind and Vajrayana was taught to those exceptional beings who were able to directly realise the nature of mind. Outwardly on a conventional level, these teachings and practices may appear contradictory but on an ultimate level, they all have the same goal.<ref>The Venerable Thrangu Rinpoche, "The Three Vehicles of Buddhist Practice" https://www.rinpoche.com/teachings/3vehicles.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701140924/https://www.rinpoche.com/teachings/3vehicles.pdf |date=2021-07-01 }}</ref>

===Four yānas===
Mahayana Buddhists sometimes refer to four yanas that subsume the two different schemes of the three yanas:
* [[Śrāvakayāna]]
* [[Pratyekabuddhayāna]]
* [[Mahāyāna]]
* [[Vajrayāna]]

===Five yānas===
This is a Mahāyāna list which is found in East Asian Buddhism.

* Puruṣayāna - the human vehicle. This is the very beginning of the spiritual path
* Devayāna - the practice of ethics and meditation
* [[Śrāvakayāna]] - the practice of renunciation and the [[Four Noble Truths]]
* [[Pratyekabuddhayāna]] - practice concerned with dependent arising (''[[pratitya-samutpada]]'')
* [[Bodhisattvayāna]] - practice of the [[Six Perfections]]

===Six yānas===
The five yānas plus the [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]]. This schema is associated with [[Shingon Buddhism]] in [[Japan]]. It was invented by [[Kūkai]] in order to help to differentiate the Vajrayāna teachings that he imported from [[China]] in the early 9th century. Kūkai wanted to show that the new teachings were entirely new.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Weaving of Mantra: Kūkai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse|last=Abé|first=Ryūichi|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780231528870|pages=196|quote=In short, Kūkai presents his transmission as unique and in sharp contrast to all the other forms of Buddhist teaching known to the Buddhist communities of early Heian society under the conventional classifications of yānas as described in Mahāyāna texts: the “three vehicles” (Skt. ''triyāna''; Jpn. ''sanjō''), the three separate teachings prepared by Śākyamuni Buddha for the śrāvaka (śrāvaka-yāna) and the pratyekabuddhas (pratyekabuddha-yāna) and the bodhisattvas (bodhisattva-yāna); the “five vehicles” (Skt. ''pañca-yāna''; Jpn. ''gojō''), the expanded version of the three vehicles with the addition of the teachings for humans (maṇuṣa-yāna) and for celestial denizaens (deva-yāna) by the Śākyamuni Buddha; and the “Buddha vehicle” (Skt. ''buddha-yāna''; Jpn. ''butsujō'') expounded by a Buddha of Nirmāṇakāya or Saṁbhogakāya manifestation to communicate his enlightenment to other Buddhas and advanced bodhisattvas destined to attain Buddhahood. In the Tendai (T’ien-t’ai) and Kegon (Hua-yen) doctrines, the Buddha vehicle is often identified with the “one unifying vehicle” (Skt. ''ekayāna''; Jpn. ''ichijō''), the ultimate Mahāyāna that integrates within itself all the three and five vehicles. Kūkai, however, presents his transmission not even as the ekayāna; his transmission defies all these categorizations within the established framework of Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna; it has to be classified as a new category, that of the Vajrayāna, the lightning-fast vehicle for those who are endowed with the Dharmakāya’s adamantine vajra-like quality of enlightenment.}}</ref>

===Nine yānas===
The [[Nyingma]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] has nine yanas, a list made by combining the first type of three yanas, and adding the [[Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism|six classes of tantras.]]
*[[Hinayana|Hīnayāna]]
** 1. [[Śrāvakayāna]]
** 2. [[Pratyekabuddhayāna]]
* Mahāyāna '' consisting of:''
** 3. [[Bodhisattvayāna]]
** Vajrayāna,'' consisting of:''
*** ''Outer Tantras''
**** 4. [[Kriyatantra]]
**** 5. [[Upatantra]] ([[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] spyod rgyud) ‘practice tantra’ and the Ubhayatantra (gnyis ka’i rgyud), ‘dual tantra’, because it practices the view of the next vehicle, Yogatantra, together with the action of the former.
**** 6. [[Yogatantra]]
***''Inner Tantras''
**** 7. [[Mahayoga|Mahāyoga]]
**** 8. [[Anuyoga]]
****9. [[Atiyoga]] (also [[Dzogchen]])

The head of the Nyingma school, [[Dudjom Rinpoche]] emphasizes the eight lower vehicles are intellectually fabricated and contrived:

{{quote|The eight lower levels have intellectually fabricated and contrived that which is changeless solely due to fleeting thoughts that never experience what truly is. They apply antidotes to and reject that which is not to be rejected. They refer to as flawed that in which there is nothing to be purified, with a mind that desires purification. They have created division with respect to that which cannot be obtained by their hopes and fears that it can be obtained elsewhere. And they have obscured wisdom, which is naturally present, by their efforts in respect to that which is free from effort and free from needing to be accomplished. Therefore, they have had no chance to make contact with genuine, ultimate reality as it is (rnal ma'i de kho na nyid).<ref>Dudjom Rinpoche. ''Wisdom Nectar''. Snow Lion 2005.</ref>}}

===Twelve yānas===
Another schema associated with Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna sources:

# [[Shravakayana|Śrāvakayāna]]
# [[Pratyekabuddha|Pratyekabuddhayāna]]
# [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattvayāna]]
# [[Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism#Kriyā|Kriyayoga]]
# [[Charyayoga]] (or [[Upayoga]])
# [[Yogatantra]]
# [[Mahayoga]]
# [[Anuyoga]]
# [[Atiyoga]]<ref>The Sanskrit "Atiyoga" may be rendered as "primordial" (''ati'') "communion" (''yoga'') and is also known by the Sanskrit: [[Mahāsandhiyoga]] and in Tibetan: ''Dzogpa Chenpo'' and often rendered as [[Dzogchen]] in English.</ref>
## [[Semde]]
## [[Longdé]]
## [[Mengagde]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Masters of Meditation and Miracles: Lives of the Great Buddhist Masters of India and Tibet|last=Thondup|first=Tulku|publisher=Shambhala Publications|year=1999|isbn=9780834824829|pages=35|quote=Atiyoga itself has three divisions: Semde, Longde, and Me-ngagde.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Navayana]]
* [[Vahana]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/3Samyutta-Nikaya/Samyutta5/44-Magga-Samyutta/01-Avijjavaggo-p.html Brahmana Sutra] (metta.lk) in Pali, Samyutta Nikaya IV.4 (scroll to middle of page, or Find... the word dhammayànaü)
* [http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebsut047.htm Simile of the Dhamma Chariot (Dhammayana)] (scroll downto the 5th entry) Partial translation of Samyutta Nikaya IV.4
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100724141611/http://aa2411s.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/sktdic/ Sanskrit Dictionary based on ''The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' of Vaman Shivaram Apte] Enter ''yaana'' in the search box
* [http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/tamil/mwd_search.html Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Project]. Enter ''yana'' in the search box
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:508.pali Entry for ''yāna'' in the ''Pali-English Dictionary''], Chipstead, Pali Text Society, 1921–1925,
* [http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/alak-zenkar/nine-yanas The Nine Yānas] by Alak Zenkar Rinpoche
* [https://archive.today/20050314024656/http://www.uwec.edu/greider/WorldReligions/Buddhism/three.yanas.overview.htm Buddhism: Three Yānas (Vehicles)]
* [https://archive.today/20050914170809/http://www.uwec.edu/greider/Buddha/Buddhism.Course/notes_on_western_buddhism.htm Developing Buddhist Traditions in America and the West: The Seven Waves by Brett Greider]

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Comparative Buddhism]]
[[Category:Vajrayana|*]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Pali words and phrases]]