imported>Notcharizard: removed euphemism: "passed away" -> "died", removed extra space

2025-04-24T09:40:55Z

removed euphemism: "passed away" -> "died", removed extra space

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{{For|her niece and daughter-in-law|Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia
| image = Johann Friedrich August Tischbein - Portret van Frederika Sophia Wilhelmina, prinses van Pruisen (1751-1820), echtgenote van Willem V, prins van Oranje.jpg
| caption = Painting by [[Johann Friedrich August Tischbein]] (1789)
| succession = [[Princess consort of Orange]]
| reign = 4 October 1767 – 9 April 1806
| full name = Friederike Sophie Wilhelmine
| birth_date = {{birth date|1751|8|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Berlin]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1820|6|9|1751|8|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Het Loo Palace]], [[Het Loo]]
| house = [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]]
| father = [[Prince Augustus William of Prussia]]
| mother = [[Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[William V, Prince of Orange]]|1767|1806|end=d}}
| issue = [[Princess Louise of Orange-Nassau|Louise, Hereditary Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]<br/>[[William I of the Netherlands]]<br/>[[Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau|Prince Frederik]]}}
{{House of Hohenzollern (Prussia)|frederickwilliam1g}}

'''Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia''' (''Frederika Sophia Wilhelmina''; 7 August 1751 – 9 June 1820) was the consort of [[William V of Orange]] and the [[de facto]] leader of the dynastic party and counter-revolution in the Netherlands. She was the daughter of [[Prince Augustus William of Prussia]] and [[Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]. Wilhelmina was the longest-serving princess consort of Orange.

==Background==
Wilhelmina was brought up by her grandmother. On 4 October 1767 in [[Berlin]], she was married to [[William V of Orange]], the last [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Stadtholder]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VdwDwAAQBAJ&q=Wilhelmina|title=History of Holland|last=Edmundson|first=George|date=2018-09-21|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7340-5543-0|pages=304|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcSTJaqBzK4C&dq=Wilhelmina+of+Prussia%2C+Princess+of+Orange&pg=PA199|title=The Princes of Orange: The Stadholders in the Dutch Republic|last=Rowen|first=Herbert H.|date=1990-09-20|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39653-0|pages=199|language=en}}</ref> [[Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Duke Louis Ernest]] was instrumental in arranging the marriage of Prince William V with his niece.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IKWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Wilhelmina+of+Prussia%2C+Princess+of+Orange&pg=PA293|title=The Dutch in the Early Modern World: A History of a Global Power|last1=Onnekink|first1=David|last2=Rommelse|first2=Gijs|date=2019-06-06|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-12581-0|pages=237|language=en}}</ref> He immediately observed that the princess craved joint rule, and so was starting to undermine Louis Ernest's dominant position. In long letters she complained about him to her other uncle, King [[Frederick II of Prussia]]. As a person, she was proud and politically ambitious; as a princess consort, she dominated her spouse and exerted both overt and covert influence on the politics of state.

== The revolution ==
{{Main|Batavian Revolution}}
[[File:Wilhelmina of Prussia (1751-1820) by Tethart Philipp Christian Haag.jpg|thumb|Equestrian portrait of Wilhelmina by [[Tethart Philipp Christian Haag]] hangs in the [[Rijksmuseum]] in [[Amsterdam]].]]

She was deeply involved in the revolutionary political conflict in the Netherlands from 1781 onwards – not only a supporter and partner, but as a main driving power behind the party of her spouse. She disliked her uncle [[Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], Captain-General of the Netherlands. From 1782 she was recognized openly as the true leader of the dynastic Stadtholder party, a role its followers actively encouraged her to take. She was in heavy correspondence with foreign powers and used foreign supporters to influence Dutch internal policy. In 1785, her spouse was forced to leave [[the Hague]] and put under a demand to abdicate. Wilhelmina persuaded William not to give in, and subsequently went to Friesland – officially to visit a jubilee, but in reality she aimed to gain support in the ongoing political conflict. In 1786, the family moved from the capital at [[the Hague]] to Nijmegen. After the revolution proper broke out in 1787 and William had moved his court to [[Guelders]], she attempted to return to [[the Hague]]; on 28 June 1787, she was stopped at [[Goejanverwellesluis]], waiting for permission to continue to her destination; she went back to William after two days as permission was denied.

Both Wilhelmina and her brother, King [[Frederick William II of Prussia]] perceived the occurrences as an insult. A request to the States to apologize led to two ultimatums, the first on 6 August and the second starting on 10 September. Then Wilhelmina asked her brother for a military intervention. Frederick, despite having been in power for only a year, attacked the Dutch Republic on 13 September 1787. William was restored to power two weeks later and many rebels fled to [[Pas de Calais]] (France), and Brussels in early October. At the end of the year, the princess demanded the replacement of a large number of regents.

== Exile and later life ==

However, the Dutch [[Patriottentijd|patriots]] returned in 1795, with support from the French, and William fled to his ally, his cousin King [[George III]] of Great Britain. During their exile, the couple lived in [[Kew]] until 1802, and subsequently went to Germany, where they lived in [[Nassau, Germany|Nassau]] and [[Braunschweig]] (where William died in 1806). Thereafter, Wilhelmina and her daughter – both having been widowed in 1806 – lived together <ref>{{cite book|date=1908|first=Johanna Wilhelmina Antoinette|language=nl|last=Naber|pages=247|publisher=Meulenhoff|title=Prinses Wilhelmina, gemalin van Willem v, prins van Oranje|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l30vAAAAYAAJ&q=1806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l30vAAAAYAAJ&q=1806|title=Prinses Wilhelmina, gemalin van Willem v, prins van Oranje|last=Naber|first=Johanna Wilhelmina Antoinette|date=1908|publisher=Meulenhoff|pages=248–249|language=nl}}</ref> at various places in the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], Weimar, Oranienburg and Berlin.

William, the son of William V and Wilhelmina, went with them into exile, but returned to the Netherlands in 1813 to become King [[William I of the Netherlands]], the founder of the present Dutch monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands/The-period-of-French-dominance-1795-1813|title=Netherlands - Napoleonic, Batavian, Revolution {{!}} Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref> Wilhelmina and her daughter returned to the Netherlands in 1814 <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l30vAAAAYAAJ&q=1814|title=Prinses Wilhelmina, gemalin van Willem v, prins van Oranje|last=Naber|first=Johanna Wilhelmina Antoinette|date=1908|publisher=Meulenhoff|pages=290|language=nl}}</ref> and settled in [[Villa Welgelegen]]. She received Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] in Haarlem in 1815.

== Death ==
On 9 June 1820, Wilhelmina died at Het Loo at 68 years old. The Princess Mother was buried at Church of Apeldoorn.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l30vAAAAYAAJ&q=+1820|title=Prinses Wilhelmina, gemalin van Willem v, prins van Oranje|last=Naber|first=Johanna Wilhelmina Antoinette|date=1908|publisher=Meulenhoff|pages=304|language=nl}}</ref> On 27 November 1822, she was reburied at [[Royal Crypt of House of Oranje-Nassau|Royal Crypt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/overlijden/koninklijke-grafkelder|title=Koninklijke grafkelder - Overlijden - Het Koninklijk Huis|last=Zaken|first=Ministerie van Algemene|date=2022-12-12|website=www.koninklijkhuis.nl|language=nl-NL|access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref>

==Children==
Wilhelmina and William V of Orange were parents to five children: <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bookofkingsroyal01mcna|title=The book of kings : a royal genealogy|last=McNaughton|first=Arnold|date=1973|publisher=[New York] : Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-8129-0280-8|pages=95}}</ref>

*An unnamed son (23 – 24 March 1769)
*[[Frederica Louise Wilhelmina of Orange|Frederika Luise Wilhelmina]] (28 November 1770 in [[The Hague]] – 15 October 1819 in The Hague), married in The Hague on 14 October 1790 to [[Karl Georg August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Karl, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick (1766–1806)]], a son of [[Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg]] and [[Princess Augusta of Great Britain]], without issue.
*An unnamed son (born and deceased on 6 August 1771)
*[[William I of the Netherlands|William I, King of the Netherlands]] (24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843)
*[[Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau|Willem Georg ''Frederik'', Prince of Orange-Nassau]] (15 February 1774 The Hague – 6 January 1799 in [[Padua]]), unmarried and without issue.

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref>{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusively of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA17|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=17}}</ref>
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia'''
|2= 2. [[Prince Augustus William of Prussia]]
|3= 3. [[Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|4= 4. [[Frederick William I of Prussia]]
|5= 5. [[Sophia Dorothea of Hanover|Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover]]
|6= 6. [[Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|7= 7. [[Duchess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|8= 8. [[Frederick I of Prussia]]
|9= 9. [[Sophia Charlotte of Hanover|Princess Sophia Charlotte of Hanover]]
|10= 10. [[George I of Great Britain]]
|11= 11. [[Sophia Dorothea of Celle|Princess Sophia Dorothea of Celle]]
|12= 12. [[Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern]]
|13= 13. [[Princess Christine of Hesse-Eschwege]]
|14= 14. [[Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|15= 15. [[Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Hohenzollern]]|7 August|1751|9 June|1820}}
|-
{{S-roy|nl}}
|-
{{S-vac|last=[[Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Anne, Princess Royal]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Princess of Orange (by marriage)|Princess consort of Orange]]|years=1767–1806}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Wilhelmine of Prussia (1774–1837)|Wilhelmine of Prussia]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Prussian princesses by birth}}
{{Princess Consorts of Orange}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilhelmina Of Prussia 1751-1820, Princess}}
[[Category:Princesses of Orange]]
[[Category:House of Hohenzollern]]
[[Category:House of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:1751 births]]
[[Category:1820 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Dutch politicians]]
[[Category:Prussian princesses]]
[[Category:Burials in the Royal Crypt at Nieuwe Kerk, Delft]]
[[Category:Royal reburials]]
[[Category:Mothers of Dutch monarchs]]

Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange - Revision history

imported>Notcharizard: removed euphemism: "passed away" -> "died", removed extra space