http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_GermanicWeser–Rhine Germanic - Revision history2026-05-30T13:17:50ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.1http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic&diff=5591017&oldid=previmported>Theknightwho at 18:17, 28 May 20252025-05-28T18:17:03Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Language group}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates |date=January 2025}}<br />
{{use shortened footnotes |date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Redirect|Istvaeonic|text=This article is about a hypothetical branch of the Germanic proto-language. For the Germanic tribes described by Pliny and Tacitus, see [[Istvaeones]]}}<br />
{{Infobox language family<br />
| name = Weser–Rhine Germanic<br />
| altname = Rhine–Weser Germanic, Istvaeonic<br />
| region = Around the [[Weser]] and [[Rhine]] rivers<br />
| familycolor = Indo-European<br />
| fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]<br />
| fam3 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]<br />
| child1 = [[Central German]]<br />
| child2 = [[Low Franconian]]<br />
| mapcaption = The distribution of the primary [[Germanic languages]] in Europe {{Circa|AD 1}}:<br />
{{legend|Blue|[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]]}}<br />
{{legend|Red|[[North Sea Germanic]], or Ingvaeonic}}<br />
{{legend|Orange|'''Weser–Rhine Germanic''', or Istvaeonic}}<br />
{{legend|Yellow|[[Elbe Germanic]], or Irminonic}}<br />
{{legend|Green|[[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] †}}<br />
| map = Germanic dialects ca. AD 1.png<br />
}}<br />
'''Weser–Rhine Germanic''' is a proposed subgrouping of [[West Germanic languages]], which includes both [[Central German]] dialects and [[Low Franconian]], the ancestor of [[Dutch language|Dutch]].{{sfn |Wells |1987 |p=39 |loc=Fig. 3 }}{{sfn |Sonderegger |1979 |p=71 }} The term was introduced by the German linguist [[Friedrich Maurer (linguist)|Friedrich Maurer]] as a replacement for the older term '''Istvaeonic''', with which it is essentially synonymous. The term ''[[Rhine]]–[[Weser]] Germanic'' is sometimes preferred.{{sfn |Henriksen |van der Auwera |2013 |p=9 }}<br />
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== Nomenclature == <br />
The term ''Istvaeonic'' is derived from the [[Istvaeones|Istvæones]] (or Istvaeones), a culturo-linguistic grouping of [[Germanic tribes]], mentioned by [[Tacitus]] in his ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]''.{{sfn |Tacitus |2025 |loc=chapter 2}} [[Pliny the Elder]] further specified its meaning by claiming that the Istævones lived near the [[Rhine]].{{sfn |Pliny the Elder |2025 |loc=chapter 28}} Maurer used Pliny to refer to the dialects spoken by the [[Franks]] and [[Chatti]] around the northwestern banks of the [[Rhine]], which were presumed to be descendants of the earlier Istvaeones.{{sfn |Maurer |1952 }} The [[Weser]] is a river in Germany, east of and parallel to the Rhine. The terms ''Rhine–Weser'' or ''Weser–Rhine'', therefore, both describe the area between the two rivers as a meaningful cultural-linguistic region.<br />
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== Theory ==<br />
{{Main|Friedrich Maurer (linguist)}}<br />
[[Image:Einteilung der Germanen nach Maurer.de.svg|thumb|Maurer's classification of Germanic dialects]]<br />
Maurer asserted that the [[Cladistics|cladistic]] [[tree model]], ubiquitously used in 19th and early 20th century linguistics, was too inaccurate to describe the relation between the modern [[Germanic languages]], especially those belonging to its Western branch. Rather than depicting [[Old English]], [[Old Dutch]], [[Old Saxon]], [[Old Frisian]] and [[Old High German]] to have simply 'branched off' a single common 'Proto-West Germanic', he proposed that there had been much more distance between the languages and the dialects of the Germanic regions.{{sfn |Hoops |Beck |Geuenich |1989 |pp=113–114 }}<br />
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Weser–Rhine Germanic seems to have been transitional between [[Elbe Germanic]] and [[North Sea Germanic]], with a few innovations of their own.{{sfn |Robinson |2003 |pp=225–226 }}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist |20em}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
{{refbegin |30em |indent=yes}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Heinrich |editor1-last=Beck|editor1-first=Heinrich |editor2-last=Geuenich |editor2-first=Dieter |editor3-last=Steuer |editor3-first=Heiko |title=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde |date=2003 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=3-11-017163-5 |volume=24|pages=532–533|url=https://www.degruyter.com/database/GAO/entry/RGA_4417/html |access-date=26 March 2024 |chapter=Rhein-Weser-Germanen|doi=10.1515/9783110906141}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Henriksen |first1=Carol |last2=van der Auwera |first2=Johan |editor-last=van der Auwera |editor-first=Johan |editor-last2=König |editor-first2=Ekkehard |year=2013 |orig-year=First published 1994 |title=The Germanic Languages |chapter=1. The Germanic Languages |publisher=Routledge |location=London, New York |pages=1–18 |isbn=978-0-415-05768-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVBdAgAAQBAJ }}<br />
*{{cite book |first1=Johannes |last1=Hoops |first2=Heinrich |last2=Beck |first3=Dieter |last3=Geuenich |editor-first=Heiko |editor-last=Steuer |editor-link=Heiko Steuer |title=Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde |volume=7 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1989 |isbn=9783110114454}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=James |first=Edward |author-link=Edward James (historian) |title=The Franks |series=The Peoples of Europe |location=Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Basil Blackwell |year=1988 |isbn=0-631-17936-4 }}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Maurer |author-link=Friedrich Maurer (linguist) |title=Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanische und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde |edition=3rd, revised, extended |location=Bern, Munich |publisher=Francke |year=1952| orig-year=First edition 1942| series=Bibliotheca Germanica, 3}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Pliny the Elder |author-link=Pliny the Elder |orig-date=77–79 CE |publication-date=2025 |chapter=Chapter 28 |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=4:chapter=28&highlight= |title=The Natural History |editor-first=Lisa |editor-last=Cerrato |translator-first1=Henry Thomas |translator-last1=Riley |translator-link1=Henry Thomas Riley |translator-first2=John |translator-last2=Bostock | translator-link2=John Bostock (physician) |location=Medford |publisher=[[Perseus Digital Library]] |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:4.1 |access-date=2025-01-03 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Orrin W. |author-link=Orrin W. Robinson (philologist)|title=Old English and its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1134849001}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sonderegger |first=Stefan |title=Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte| volume=I|publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1979 |location=Berlin, New York|isbn=3-11-003570-7}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Tacitus |first=Cornelius |author-link=Tacitus |orig-date=c. 98 CE |publication-date=2025 |chapter=Chapter 2 |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=2&highlight=suevi |title=Complete Works of Tacitus |editor-first=Lisa |editor-last=Cerrato |translator-first1=Alfred John |translator-last1=Church |translator-link1=Alfred John Church |translator-first2=William Jackson |translator-last2=Brodribb |location=Medford |publisher=[[Perseus Digital Library]] |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi1351.phi002.perseus-eng1:1 |access-date=2025-01-03 }}<br />
* {{cite book |first=C. J. |last=Wells |title=German: A Linguistic History to 1945 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1987 |isbn=0-19-815809-2 |ol=OL10138252M |lccn=84016611 |oclc=11091161 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite wikisource |wslink=De origine et situ Germanorum (Germania) |wslanguage=la |title=De origine et situ Germanorum |last=Tacitus |first=Cornelius |author-link=Tacitus |publication-date=2020 |orig-date=c. 98 CE |language=la }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[North Sea Germanic]] <br />
*[[Elbe Germanic]]<br />
<br />
{{Germanic languages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pre-Roman Iron Age]]<br />
[[Category:Germanic languages]]<br />
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]<br />
[[Category:Frankish people]]<br />
[[Category:Istvaeones]]</div>imported>Theknightwho