imported>Tedder: add link. it's above as WNP-2 but is a hidden link

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add link. it's above as WNP-2 but is a hidden link

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{{Short description|Cancelled nuclear power plant in Washington, United States}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = WNP-1/4
| name_official = Nuclear Project Nos. 1 and 4
| image = WNP-1 -4.jpg
| image_caption = WNP-1/4 site in 2009, with WNP-1 to the south and WNP-4 to the north. The turbine building extends northeast of the containment, and the auxiliary building extends south of the containment.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1122/ML11220A283.pdf |title=General Plant Description: Chapter 1.0 — B&W Cross-Training Course R-326C |author= |publisher=United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission |date=2011 |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref>
| image_alt = Aerial photograph of WNP-1/4 site
| coordinates = {{coord|46.4715|N|119.3170|W|region:US-WA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = United States
| location = North of [[Richland, Washington|Richland]], [[Benton County, Washington|Benton County]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| status = C
| construction_began = 1975
| commissioned = N/A
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[Energy Northwest|Washington Public Power Supply System]]
| operator =
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_units_planned =
| ps_units_decommissioned =
| ps_units_cancelled = 1 × 1259 MW<br/>1 × 1250 MW
| np_reactor_type = PWR
| np_reactor_supplier = [[Babcock & Wilcox]]
| ps_units_manu_model =
| ps_electrical_capacity =
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Washington Nuclear Project Nos. 1 and 4''', abbreviated as '''WNP-1''' and '''WNP-4''' were two of the five [[nuclear power plant]]s on which construction was started by the [[Energy Northwest|Washington Public Power Supply System]] (WPPSS) in order to meet projected electricity demand in the Pacific Northwest. WNP-1, [[Columbia Generating Station|WNP-2]] and [[WNP-3 and WNP-5|WNP-3]] were part of the original 1968 plan, with WNP-4 (a twin to WNP-1 and located at the same site) and [[WNP-3 and WNP-5|WNP-5]] (a twin to WNP-3, in similar fashion) added in the early 1970s.<ref name=Goodman99>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEo5gwuhExoC&pg=PA123 |title=Engineering Project Management: The IPQMS Method and Case Histories |author1=Goodman, Louis J. |author2=Ignacio, Rufino S. |chapter=7: The Washington Public Power Supply System: Nuclear Power Plants 1968–1992 |date=1999 |isbn=0-8493-0024-X |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, FL |pages=123–140 |access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref>

WNP-1 and -4 are located on {{convert|972|acre|ha}}, within the boundaries of the [[Hanford Reservation]] in the U.S. state of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], approximately {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} east of the [[Columbia Generating Station]]. The WNP-1 site has been selected as a location for [[small modular reactor]]s: [[Washington Xe-100 reactor site]].<ref name=TRIDEC>{{cite report |url=http://www.tridec.org/wp-content/uploads/Supporting-Documentation-for-the-Hanford-Small-Modular-Siting-Analysis-140917-FINAL.pdf |title=Hanford Small Modular Reactor Study |number=Appendix D, 29712-018-RPT-001 |author=URS Corporation |publisher=Tri-City Development Council (TRIDEC) |date=September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Subsurface Investigation Approach – Xe-100 Project on Former WNP-1 Site|publisher=Energy Northwest|via=U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission|author1=Don Gregoire|author2=
Milton Gorden|year=c. 2022|url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2204/ML22049A036.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
The Site Certification Agreement was approved in 1975, with construction commencing on both units later that year.<ref name=EFSEC330>{{cite web |url=http://www.efsec.wa.gov/FILES/resolutions/330%20-%20WNP-%201-4%20SCA%20Amendment%20final.pdf |title=Resolution No. 330: Amendment No. 2 to the WNP-1 and 4 Site Certification Agreement |publisher=Energy Facilities Site Evaluation Council |date=13 April 2010 |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref> Labor disputes at Hanford halted construction on WNP-1, -2 and -4 in 1980 and the forecast electric demand had failed to materialize, prompting WPPSS to install new management and re-evaluate the cost and schedule for all five nuclear projects.<ref name=EFSEC /> In 1982, the [[Bonneville Power Administration]], which had encouraged and was responsible for funding the construction of the initial three projects, had to decide between shutting down construction on WNP-1 or WNP-3. Construction continued on WNP-3 since WNP-3 was partly owned by public utilities and was slightly ahead of schedule, and WNP-1 entered an extended construction delay in April 1982 when it was approximately 63% complete.<ref name=EFSEC>{{cite web |url=http://www.efsec.wa.gov/WNP1-4.shtml |title=Nuclear Projects Nos. 1 and 4 (WNP-1/4) |author= |date=2009 |publisher=Energy Facilities Site Evaluation Council |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314024543/http://www.efsec.wa.gov/WNP1-4.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Equipment and structures at WNP-1 were preserved to enable the resumption of construction at a later date, based on regional energy forecasts showing surplus power generation would disappear by 1990,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vf1LAAAAIBAJ&pg=3712%2C2790740 |title=Change possible: Northwest's power surplus status extended in committee's forecast |author1=Steele, Karen Dorn |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |date=28 March 1984 |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref> but preservation was terminated in 1995.<ref name=EFSEC /> However, the low humidity has maintained the structures in a reasonable condition.<ref name=TRIDEC /> The co-owners of WNP-4 and WNP-5 planned to fund similar preservation measures for a potential construction restart, but could not agree on funding obligations, and WNP-4 was canceled in January 1982 at approximately 24% complete.<ref name=EFSEC />

With the shutdown of the nearby [[N-Reactor]] in 1987, a Department of Energy proposal to complete and convert WNP-1 to a tritium-producing reactor for the production of nuclear weapons materials was advanced. Senator [[Brock Adams]] and Representative [[Sid Morrison]] commissioned reports<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.gao.gov/products/RCED-88-222 |title=Issues Associated with Completing WNP-1 as a Defense Materials Production Reactor |author1= |date=21 September 1988 |publisher=United States Government Accountability Office |number=RCED-88-222 |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.gao.gov/products/RCED-88-221 |title=Questions Associated with Completing WNP-1 as a Defense Materials Production Reactor |author1= |date=21 September 1988 |publisher=United States Government Accountability Office |number=RCED-88-221 |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref> detailing the issues involved. Public reaction to the conversion proposal was mostly negative.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2VtWAAAAIBAJ&pg=3690%2C1134627 |title=Hanford conversion questioned at hearing |author1=Camden, Jim |author2=Steele, Karen Dorn |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |date=1 December 1988 |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref> WPPSS advanced a separate proposal to convert both WNP-1 and WNP-2 to dispose of highly enriched uranium and plutonium by using it as mixed-oxide fuel.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hwGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 |title=Global Energy Demand in Transition: The New Role of Electricity |author=Counsil, William G. |editor1=Kursunoglu, Behram N. |editor2=Mintz, Stephan L. |editor3=Perlmutter, Arnold |date=1995 |isbn=978-1-4899-1050-9 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-1048-6 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |location=New York, NY |access-date=2 September 2015 |chapter=Use of WNP-2 to Burn HEU & Pu as Fuel |pages=229–236}}</ref>

[[File:Columbia Generating Station overhead 5 and WNP-1 with WNP-4.jpg|thumb|left|WNP-1, WNP-4, and the [[Columbia Generating Station]]]]
WPPSS's successor, Energy Northwest, submitted a revised site restoration plan in 1999 proposing several different alternative levels of restoration, ranging from putting a fence around the incomplete units to full demolition of all structures.<ref name=EN99SRP>{{cite report |url=http://www.efsec.wa.gov/wnp14/wnp14plan.pdf |title=Energy Northwest Nuclear Projects 1 & 4: Site Restoration Plan |date=June 1999 |publisher=Energy Facilities Site Evaluation Council |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref> Under EFSEC Resolution No. 302,<ref name=EFSEC302>{{cite web |url=http://www.efsec.wa.gov/FILES/resolutions/302.pdf |title=Resolution No. 302: Energy Northwest Nuclear Projects Nos. 1 and 4 Site Restoration Plan |date=9 December 2002 |publisher=Energy Facilities Site Evaluation Council |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref> a revised 'Level 3D' restoration is acceptable, which retains major structures such as the containment, turbine pedestal and auxiliary building. The final agreed-upon restoration adopts a two-phase site restoration, which retains major structures and utility infrastructure for potential reuse in the near-term.<ref name=EFSEC330 /> The containment building at WNP-1 is slated to be retained, but the containment at WNP-4 will be demolished to approximately 25 feet above grade and sealed with a concrete cap in the long term.<ref name=EN99SRP />

In 2001, regional electricity shortages led to Energy Northwest's withdrawal of a request to terminate the construction permit for WNP-1.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/2001/secy2001-0087/2001-0087scy.pdf |title=Weekly Information Report - Week ending May 11, 2001 |author=Craig, John W. |number=SECY-01-0087 |date=15 May 2001 |publisher=Office of the Executive Director for Operations |access-date=2 September 2015 }}</ref> Instead, Energy Northwest commissioned a series of studies regarding the feasibility of restarting construction on WNP-1 and in 2002, the NRC extended construction permit CPPR-134 for WNP-1 to 2011, pending study results.<ref>{{Federal Register |67|4475}}</ref> These studies included one by [[Bechtel]] for a cost- and time-to-complete analysis, another study by [[R. W. Beck, Inc.|R. W. Beck]] to independently assess Bechtel's methodology, a study by the Energy Northwest senior management team, and an industrial/political feasibility study by the lobbying group Goldschmidt-Imeson, which was founded by former Oregon governor [[Neil Goldschmidt]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.energy-northwest.com/downloads/exboardreview.pdf |title=Energy Northwest Executive Board Review of Nuclear Program |author= |date=23 January 2003 |publisher=Energy Northwest |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222094338/http://www.energy-northwest.com/downloads/exboardreview.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The studies concluded that restarting construction on WNP-1 was technically feasible but not cost-effective, with cost of completion estimated at {{USD|4,200,000,000|2001|round=-5 }}.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/2001/secy2001-0188/2001-0188scy.pdf |title=Future Licensing and Inspection Readiness Assessment |author=Travers, William D. |number=SECY-01-0188 |date=12 October 2001 |publisher=Office of the Executive Director for Operations |access-date=2 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/2002/secy2002-0078/2002-0078scy.pdf |title=Weekly Information Report - Week ending May 3, 2002 |author=Craig, John W. |number=SECY-02-0078 |date=9 May 2002 |publisher=Office of the Executive Director for Operations |access-date=2 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0135/ML013520471.pdf |title=WNP-1: Energy Northwest Presentation to US Nuclear Regulatory Commission |author= |date=4 December 2001 |publisher=Nuclear Regulatory Commission |access-date=2 September 2015}}</ref> As a result, Energy Northwest requested termination of the construction license, which was received on February 8, 2007.<ref>{{Federal Register |71|52824}}</ref><ref>{{cite letter |url=http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0702/ML070220011.pdf |subject=Energy Northwest Nuclear Project No. 1 – Termination of Construction Permit CPPR-134 (TAC No. MC9245) |author1=Lubinski, John W. |author2=Haney, Catherine |recipient=Parrish, J.V. |date=8 February 2007 |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref> All of the valuable metals inside the buildings were sold as scrap and restoration to brown field conditions was completed as of 2022.<ref>https://www.energy-northwest.com/whoweare/news-and-info/Pages/EN-closes-chapter-on-restoration,-opens-a-new-one.aspx</ref>

In late 2020 the federal government awarded two $80 million initial fundings to build the [[TerraPower]] and [[X-energy]] reactors at sites 4 and 1 respectively within the next 5 to 7 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tricitiesbusinessnews.com/2020/12/energy-nw/ | title=Federal awards put Tri-Cities on map for next generation nuclear power | date=15 December 2020 }}</ref> In 2021 Terrapower instead announced that its first Natrium reactor would be built in Wyoming.<ref>[https://www.geekwire.com/2021/bill-gates-terrapower-makes-its-pick-for-next-gen-nuclear-power-plant-in-wyoming/ Geekwire]</ref> In 2023 X-energy announced continued development of up to 12 reactors at the Hanford site.<ref>[https://x-energy.com/media/news-releases/energy-northwest-x-energy-joint-development-agreement-xe-100 x-energy.com]</ref> In October 2024 Amazon has signed an agreement to pay for the initial feasibility phase to further develop the X-energy modular reactors near this site. Under current plans, the first modules in Washington could be generating power by 2031 or 2032, said Bob Schuetz, Energy Northwest chief executive officer.<ref>https://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/article293959029.html</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Hanford WNP-4.jpg|thumb|left|WNP-4 in 2025]]
The [[pressurized water reactor]] nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) for WNP-1 and -4 was being manufactured by [[Babcock & Wilcox]]. The B&W 205 design was ordered for WNP-1 and -4 as well as for the two units at [[Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station]] and {{Interlanguage link|Mülheim-Kärlich Nuclear Plant|de|3=Kernkraftwerk Mülheim-Kärlich}}, but only Mülheim-Kärlich was completed. Elements of the design are similar to earlier B&W NSSSes installed at Davis Besse, ANO-1, Crystal River 3, [[Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station|Three Mile Island]], [[Oconee Nuclear Generating Station|Oconee]] and [[Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station|Rancho Seco]].

WNP-1/4 would have received make-up water from the adjacent [[Columbia River]] and was equipped with forced-draft low-profile cooling towers and a spray pond.<ref name=TRIDEC />

==Skagit/Hanford==
WNP-1/4 and WNP-2 (now Columbia Generating Station) should not be confused with the proposed Skagit/Hanford plant. Skagit/Hanford was a proposal advanced by a consortium of utilities led by [[Puget Sound Energy|Puget Sound Power & Light]] (40% share) and joined by [[Portland General Electric]] (30%), [[Southern California Edison|Pacific Light and Power]] (20%) and [[Avista|Washington Water Power]] (10%) to build a two-unit plant north of Seattle in the [[Skagit Valley]]. The Skagit site was directly above a major earthquake fault. After the [[Three Mile Island accident]] in 1979, Skagit County voters forced the consortium to relocate the proposed Skagit plant to the Hanford site.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/31/business/puget-power-will-seek-end-to-nuclear-project.html |title=Puget Power Will Seek End to Nuclear Project |author= |date=31 August 1983 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref> Skagit/Hanford had not progressed beyond the initial engineering design phases before the plant was scuttled. A 1978 Battelle Northwest report stated the Hanford site could support twenty or more nuclear reactors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vf1LAAAAIBAJ&pg=3712%2C2790740 |title=Hanford: Its future role |author1=Dullenty, Jim |author2=Crowell, Todd |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |agency=AP |date=22 October 1979 |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of nuclear reactors]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news |url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=10644 |title=Nuclear thaw? Goldschmidt hunts for potential investors |author=Jacklet, Ben |date=29 March 2002 |newspaper=The Portland Tribune |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608042126/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=10644 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite report |url=http://www.nwcouncil.org/energy/powerplan/5/plan |title=The Fifth Northwest Electric Power and Conservation Plan |author= |date=1 May 2005 |publisher=Northwest Power and Conservation Council |access-date=2 September 2015 }}
* {{cite report |url=http://www.energy-northwest.com/downloads/exboardreview.pdf |title=Energy Northwest Executive Board Review of Nuclear Program |author= |date=23 January 2003 |publisher=Energy Northwest |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222094338/http://www.energy-northwest.com/downloads/exboardreview.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w-URAAAAIBAJ&pg=3262%2C847969 |title=[OPINION] WPPSS—what it is and where it's heading |author=Strand, Neil O. |date=17 June 1979 |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |access-date=1 September 2015 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e_ZLAAAAIBAJ&pg=3554%2C175556 |title=Washington's nuke builder: A giant among U.S. industries |author= |date=16 April 1979 |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |access-date=1 September 2015}}
*{{coord|46.4674|-119.3151|region:US-WA_type:landmark|display=inline}} - WNP-1
*{{coord|46.4755|-119.3189|region:US-WA_type:landmark|display=inline}} - WNP-4

{{U.S. nuclear plants}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Benton County, Washington]]
[[Category:Unfinished nuclear reactors]]
[[Category:Nuclear power plants in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Cancelled nuclear power stations in the United States]]

WNP-1 and WNP-4 - Revision history

imported>Tedder: add link. it's above as WNP-2 but is a hidden link