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{{short description|Russian research station in Antarctica}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vostok Station
| official_name =
| native_name = станция Восток
| native_name_lang = ru
| settlement_type = [[Research stations in Antarctica|Antarctic base]]
| image_skyline = Vostok Station 2024.png
| imagesize = 300
| image_caption = Vostok Station as of 2024
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| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Vostok Station in Antarctica
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Vostok Station in [[Antarctica]]
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| coordinates = {{coord|78.4644222|S|106.8373278|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline, title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Antarctica|Location in Antarctica]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Princess Elizabeth Land]] [[Antarctica]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 = Administered by
| subdivision_name3 = [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date|1957|12|16|df=y}}
| extinct_title =
| extinct_date =
| named_for = [[Vostok (sloop-of-war)|Vostok]]
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue"/>
| elevation_m = 3,488
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue">{{cite report |type=catalogue |url=https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |title=Antarctic Station Catalogue |date=August 2017 |publisher=[[Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs]] |isbn=978-0-473-40409-3 |page=125 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total =
| population_blank1_title = Summer
| population_blank1 = 30
| population_blank2_title = Winter
| population_blank2 = 15
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| utc_offset1 = +5
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| blank_info_sec1 = All-year round
| blank1_name_sec1 = Period
| blank1_info_sec1 = Annual
| blank2_name_sec1 = Status
| blank2_info_sec1 = Operational
| blank_name_sec2 = Activities
| blank_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list |bullets=on |Ice core drill |Magnetometry |Climatology}}
| postal_code_type =
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| code1_name = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| code1_info = AQ VOS
| website = {{URL|aari.aq/default_en.html}}
| footnotes =
}}

{{Infobox airport
| name = Vostok Skiway
| ensign =
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| IATA =
| ICAO = AT28
| FAA =
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| type = Private
| owner-oper =
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| city-served =
| location = [[Princess Elizabeth Land]]
| opened = 
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| elevation-f = 11,447
| elevation-m = 3,489
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| coordinates = {{coord|78.466139|S|106.84825|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
| website = 
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| pushpin_map = Antarctica
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| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url = https://airportnavfinder.com/airport/AT28/ | title = Vostok Skiway | website = Airport Nav Finder | access-date = 17 October 2018}}</ref>
}}

[[File:LakeVostok-Location.jpg|thumb|270px|Location of Vostok in Antarctica]]
'''Vostok Station''' ({{langx|ru|станция Восток|stantsiya Vostok}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈstant͡sɨjə vɐˈstok|IPA}}, {{lit|station east}}) is a Russian [[Research stations in Antarctica|research station]] in inland [[Princess Elizabeth Land]], [[Antarctica]]. Founded by the [[Soviet Union]] in 1957, the station lies at the southern [[Pole of Cold]], with the [[List of weather records#Lowest temperatures recorded|lowest reliably measured natural temperature on Earth]] of {{cvt|−89.2|C|F K}}.<ref name="NCDC">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] [[National Climatic Data Center]]. Retrieved on 21 June 2007.</ref> Research includes [[ice core]] drilling and [[Magnetometer|magnetometry]]. Vostok was named after ''[[Vostok (sloop-of-war)|Vostok]]'', the lead ship of the First Russian Antarctic Expedition captained by [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen|Fabian von Bellingshausen]]. The [[Bellingshausen Station]] was named after this captain (the second ship, ''[[Mirny (sloop-of-war)|Mirny]]'', captained by [[Mikhail Lazarev]], became the namesake for [[Mirny Station]]).

==Description==
Vostok Research Station is around {{convert|1301|km}} from the [[Geographic South Pole]], at the middle of the East [[Antarctic Ice Sheet]].

Vostok is located near the southern [[pole of inaccessibility]] and the [[south geomagnetic pole]], making it one of the optimal places to observe changes in the Earth's [[magnetosphere]]. Other studies include [[Actinometer|actinometry]], [[geophysics]], medicine and [[climatology]].

The station is at {{convert|3488|m}} above [[sea level]] and is one of the most isolated established research stations on the Antarctic continent.<ref name="Winchester 2003 168–169">{{cite book|last=Winchester|first=Simon|authorlink=Simon Winchester|title=Extreme Earth|publisher=Collins|year=2003|pages=168–169|isbn=0-00-716392-4}}</ref> The station was supplied from [[Mirny Station]] on the Antarctic coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/stations/mir/mir_en.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219011635/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/stations/mir/mir_en.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2015|title=Mirny Observatory|date=14 July 2018}}</ref> The station normally hosts 30 scientists and engineers in the summer. In winter, their number drops to 15.<ref name="comnap-catalogue"/>

The only permanent research station located farther south is the [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]], operated by the United States at the geographic [[South Pole]]. The Chinese [[Kunlun Station]] is farther south than Vostok but is occupied only during summers.

Some of the challenges faced by those living on the station were described in [[Vladimir Sanin]]'s books such as ''Newbie in the Antarctic'' (1973), ''72 Degrees Below Zero'' (1975), and others.

== History ==
[[File:GISP2 team photo core37.jpeg|thumb|left|Ice cores at Vostok, with a portion of the station behind]]
Vostok Station was established on 16 December 1957 (during the [[International Geophysical Year]]) by the [[2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] and was operated year-round for more than 72 years.<ref name=igsoc>{{cite web|url=http://www.igsoc.org/annals/47/a47a012.pdf|title=Deep drilling at Vostok station, Antarctica: history and recent events}}</ref> The station was temporarily closed from January 1962 to January 1963,<ref name=dubrovin>{{cite book |last1=Dubrovin and Petrov |first1=L. I. and V. N. |title=Scientific Stations in Antarctica, 1882-1963 |date=1967 |publisher=Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi. (English translation 1971) |url=https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/igy1/DAHLI_IGY003_0047.pdf |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> from February to November 1994,<ref name=igsoc/> and during the winter of 2003.<ref name=whitehouse>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2818025.stm|title=Russia abandons Ice Station Vostok|date=4 March 2003|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

In 1959, the Vostok station was the scene of a fight between two scientists over a game of chess.<ref name="caniso">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/how-antarctic-isolation-affects-mind |title=How Antarctic isolation affects the mind |last=Bennett |first=John |date=15 September 2016 |magazine=[[Canadian Geographic]] |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Regime67">{{cite book |last1=Joyner |first1=Christopher Clayton |last2=Chopra |first2=Sudhir K. |title=The Antarctic Legal Regime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMxR9MD_-38C&pg=PA67 |date=28 July 1988 |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=90-247-3618-8 |page=67}}</ref><ref name="thrive88">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=Emma |last2=Martin |first2=Paul |title=Extreme: Why some people thrive at the limits |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uljBAAAQBAJ |date=23 October 2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |page=88 |isbn=978-0-19-164565-5}}</ref> When one of them lost the game, he became so enraged that he attacked the other with an [[ice axe]].<ref name="caniso"/><ref name="Regime67"/><ref name="thrive88"/> According to some sources, it was a murder,<ref name="caniso"/><ref name="Regime67"/><ref name="thrive88"/> though other sources say that the attack was not fatal.<ref name="sun02">{{cite news |url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/pastIssues/2001-2002/2002_02_03.pdf |title=Weathering the Winter |last=Hutchison |first=Kristan |date=3 February 2002 |pages=9–10 |newspaper=[[The Antarctic Sun]] |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref> Afterwards, chess games were banned at Soviet, and later Russian, Antarctic stations.<ref name="caniso"/><ref name="thrive88"/>

In 1974, when British scientists in Antarctica performed an airborne ice-penetrating [[radar]] survey and detected strange radar readings at the site, the presence of a liquid, freshwater lake below the ice did not instantly spring to mind.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Oswald |first=G. K. A. |author2=Robin, G. de Q. |year=1973 |title=Lakes beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet |journal=Nature |volume=245 |issue=5423 |pages=251–254 |doi=10.1038/245251a0 |bibcode=1973Natur.245..251O |s2cid=4271414 }}</ref> In 1991, Jeff Ridley, a remote-sensing specialist with the [[Mullard Space Science Laboratory]] at [[University College London]], directed a European satellite called [[ERS-1]] to turn its high-frequency array toward the center of the Antarctic ice cap. It confirmed the 1974 discovery,<ref name=Morton>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/vostok_pr.html | title = Ice Station Vostok | access-date = 31 January 2011 | first = Oliver |last=Morton | magazine = Wired| date = April 2000 }}</ref> but it was not until 1993 that the discovery was published in the ''Journal of Glaciology''. Space-based radar revealed that the subglacial body of fresh water was one of the largest lakes in the world—and one of some 140 [[subglacial lake]]s in Antarctica. Russian and British scientists delineated the lake in 1996 by integrating a variety of data, including airborne ice-penetrating radar imaging observations and spaceborne radar [[altimetry]]. [[Lake Vostok]] lies some {{convert|4000|m}} below the surface of the central Antarctic ice sheet and covers an area of {{convert|14000|km2}}.<ref name="FüttererKleinschmidt2006">{{cite book|author1=Dieter Fütterer|author2=Georg Kleinschmidt|title=Antarctica: contributions to global earth sciences : proceedings of the IX International Symposium of Antarctic Earth Sciences Potsdam, 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcJcEvPFpT4C&pg=PA138|access-date=30 July 2010|year=2006|publisher=Birkhäuser|isbn=978-3-540-30673-3|page=138}}</ref>

In 2019, the Russian government began construction on a new, modern station building to replace the aging facilities. Construction of the new facility was completed in [[Saint Petersburg]] to be transported to Vostok Station by ship, but continuing delays have pushed back completion of the new station to no earlier than 2023.<ref name="SouthPoleStation.com">{{cite web |url = https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/20s/vostok2.html |title = A New Vostok! |date=27 December 2020 | website=Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

On January 28, 2024, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] took part in the ceremony of commissioning the station's wintering complex via video link. The ceremony was also attended by President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20240128/vostok-1923972856.html|title=Путин дал старт вводу в эксплуатацию зимовочного комплекса станции "Восток"|lang=ru|website=РИА Новости|date=2024-01-28|access-date=2024-01-28|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128113758/https://ria.ru/20240128/vostok-1923972856.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Historic monuments===
'''Vostok Station Tractor''': Heavy [[tractor]] [[AT-T]] 11, which participated in the first [[Traverse (surveying)|traverse]] to the [[south geomagnetic pole]], along with a [[commemorative plaque|plaque]] to commemorate the opening of the station in 1957, has been designated a [[Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica|Historic Site or Monument]] (HSM 11) following a proposal by Russia to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting]].<ref name=ats>{{cite web |url= http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM35/WW/atcm35_ww003_e.pdf|title= List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)|access-date=26 October 2013 |publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |year=2012}}</ref>

'''Professor Kudryashov's Drilling Complex Building''': The drilling complex building stands close to Vostok Station at an elevation of {{convert|3488|m}}. It was built in the summer season of 1983–1984. Under the leadership of Professor Boris Kudryashov, ancient [[ice core]] samples were obtained. The building has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 88), following a proposal by Russia to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.<ref name=atcm>{{cite web |url= http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM36/WW/atcm36_ww004_e.pdf|title= List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2013)|access-date=9 January 2014 |publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |year=2013}}</ref>

==Climate==

Vostok Station has an [[ice cap climate]] (''EF''), with subzero temperatures year round, typical as with much of Antarctica. Annual precipitation is only {{convert|22|mm}} (all occurring as snow),<ref name=Vostokclimate>{{cite web |url= http://www.aari.aq/stations/vostok/vostok_en.html |title= Vostok Station |publisher=Antarctic Research and Investigation |access-date= 16 June 2015}}</ref> making it one of the driest places on [[Earth]]. On average, Vostok station receives 26 days of snow per year.<ref name=Vostokclimate/> It is also one of the sunniest places on Earth, despite having no sunshine at all between May and August; there are more hours of sunshine per year than even the sunniest places in [[South Africa]], [[Australia]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]], where they approach those of the [[Sahara]] in [[Northern Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/where-are-worlds-sunniest-destinations-293783|title=Where are the World's Sunniest Destinations?|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=24 June 2011}}</ref> Vostok has the highest sunshine total for any calendar month on Earth, at an average of 708.8 hours of sunshine in December, or 22.9 hours daily. It also has the lowest sunshine for any calendar month, with an absolute maximum of 0 hours of sunshine per month during polar night.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Vostok station (89606) |url=http://www.aari.aq/data/data.asp?lang=0&station=6#sun_dur.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507070713/http://www.aari.aq/data/data.asp?lang=0&station=6 |archive-date=7 May 2008 |website=Russian Antarctic Expedition - Project Antarctica}}</ref>

Of official weather stations that are currently in operation, Vostok is the coldest on Earth in terms of mean annual temperature. However, it has been disputed that Vostok Station is the coldest-known location on Earth. The now inactive [[Plateau Station]], located on the central Antarctic plateau, is believed to have recorded an average yearly temperature that was consistently lower than that of Vostok Station during the 37-month period that it was active in the late 1960s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://traverse.npolar.no/expedition-diary/archive/2007/12/22/discovering-historic-plateau-station|title=Discovering historic Plateau Station|access-date=30 December 2007|author=Mary Albert|publisher=Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and satellite readings have routinely detected colder temperatures in areas between Dome A and Dome F.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} The most recent record set was the October record low, set on 1 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsodres?lang=en&mode=0&state=United+K&ind=89606&ord=REV&ano=2021&mes=10&day=20&ndays=50 |title= Vostok (Antarctica) |publisher=Ogimet |access-date= October 22, 2021}}</ref>

{{Vostok Station weatherbox|width = auto |temperature colour=pastel}}

[[Image:Wostok-Station core32.jpg|thumb|250px|Panoramic photo of Vostok Station showing the layout of the camp. The striped building on the left is the power station while the striped building on the right is where researchers sleep and take meals. The building in the background with the red- and white-striped ball on top is the meteorology building. Caves were dug into the ice sheet for storage, keeping cores at an ideal {{cvt|-55|C}} year-round. (Credit: Todd Sowers LDEO, Columbia University, Palisades, New York)]]
Vostok is one of the [[Pole of Cold|coldest places on Earth]]. The average temperature of the cold season (from April to September) is about {{cvt|-66|C}}, while the average temperature of the warm season (from October to March) is about {{cvt|-44|C}}.<ref name="Winchester 2003 168–169"/>

The [[Extremes on Earth|lowest reliably measured temperature]] on Earth of {{cvt|-89.2|C|1}} was in Vostok on 21 July 1983 at 05:45 [[Moscow Time]],<ref>{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition |url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html| issue=105|year=1984 | location=Leningrad|publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]]|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature (English Version) | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition |url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min_en.html| issue=105|year=1984 | location=Leningrad|publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]]}}</ref> which was 07:45 for Vostok's time zone, and 01:45 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (See ''[[List of weather records]]''). This beat the station's former record of {{cvt|-88.3|C}} on 24 August 1960.<ref name=wmoasu/> Lower temperatures occurred higher up towards the summit of the ice sheet as temperature decreases with height along the surface.

Though unconfirmed, it has been reported that Vostok reached a temperature of {{cvt|-91|C}} on 28 July 1997.<ref>{{cite web| year=2000|last=Liang |first= Yong Li |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/YongLiLiang.shtml| title=Coldest Temperature on Earth| work=The Physics Factbook| access-date=2 September 2007}}</ref>

The warmest recorded temperature at Vostok is {{cvt|-14.0|C}}, which occurred on 5 January 1974.<ref name="poguda"/>

The coldest month was August 1987 with a mean temperature of {{cvt|-75.4|C}} and the warmest month was December 1989 with a mean temperature of {{cvt|-28|C}}.<ref name="aari"/>

In addition to the extremely cold temperatures, other factors make Vostok one of the most difficult places on Earth for human habitation:
*An almost complete lack of [[Humidity|moisture]] in the air.
*An average windspeed of {{convert|5|m/s|mph kph}}, sometimes rising to as high as {{convert|27|m/s|mph kph}}.
*The lack of [[oxygen]] in the air because of its [[altitude sickness|high elevation]] at {{convert|3488|m|abbr=off}}.
*A higher [[ionization]] of the air.
*A [[polar night]] that lasts approximately 120 days, from late April to mid-August, including 85 continuous days of civil polar night (i.e. too dark to read, during which the sun is more than 6 degrees below the horizon.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/antarctica/vostok-station?month=5&year=2015|title=Sunrise and sunset times in Vostok Station, May 2015|website=www.timeanddate.com}}</ref>

[[Acclimatization]] to such conditions can take from a week to two months and is accompanied by [[headache]]s, eye twitches, ear pains, nose bleeds, perceived suffocation, sudden rises in [[blood pressure]], loss of sleep, reduced [[appetite]], [[vomiting]], joint and muscle pain, arthritis, and weight loss of {{cvt|3-5|kg|0}} (sometimes as high as {{cvt|12|kg|0}}).{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

== Ice core drilling ==
[[Image:Vostok 420ky 4curves insolation.jpg|thumb|right|310px|420,000 years of ice core data from Vostok, Antarctica, research station. Current period is at left. From bottom to top: [[insolation]] at 65°N due to [[Milankovitch cycles]] (connected to 18O); 18O isotope of [[oxygen]]; levels of [[methane]] (CH4); relative temperature; levels of [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2)]]

In the 1970s, the [[Soviet Union]] drilled a set of cores {{convert|500|–|952|m}} deep. These have been used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice, which showed that ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 metres' depth. Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final depth of 2,202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2,546 m; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2,755 m; after a brief closure, drilling continued during the winter of 1995. In 1996 it was stopped at depth 3,623 m, by the request of the [[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research]] that expressed worries about possible contamination of [[Lake Vostok]]. This [[ice core]], drilled collaboratively with the French, produced a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods. For a long time it was the only core to cover several glacial cycles; but in 2004 it was exceeded by the [[EPICA]] core, which, whilst shallower, covers a longer time span. In 2003 drilling was permitted to continue, but was halted at the estimated distance to the lake of only 130 m.

The ancient lake was finally breached on 5 February 2012 when scientists stopped drilling at the depth of 3,770 metres and reached the surface of the subglacial lake.

The [[Ice core brittle zone|brittle zone]] is approximately between 250 and 750 m and corresponds to the [[Last Glacial Maximum]],<ref name=Lipenkov>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lipenkov VY, Salamatin AN, Duval P |title=Bubbly-ice densification in ice sheets: 11. Applications |journal=J. Glaciol. |year=1997 |volume=43 |issue=145 |pages=397–407 |url=http://www.igsoc.org/journal/43/145/igs_journal_vol43_issue145_pg397-407.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0022143000034973 |bibcode=1997JGlac..43..397L |doi-access=free }}</ref> with the end of the [[Holocene climatic optimum]] at or near the 250-metre depth.

Although the Vostok core reached a depth of 3,623 m the usable climatic information does not extend down this far. The very bottom of the core is ice refrozen from the waters of Lake Vostok and contains no climate information. The usual data sources give proxy information down to a depth of 3,310 m or 414,000 years.<ref>[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok_data.html Vostok Ice Core Data] www.ncdc.noaa.gov, 2005-12-22. Retrieved 27 March 2007.</ref> Below this there is evidence of ice deformation. It has been suggested that the Vostok record may be extended down to 3,345 m or 436,000 years, to include more of the interesting MIS11 period, by inverting a section of the record.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raynaud |first1=Dominique |last2=Barnola |first2=Jean-Marc |last3=Souchez |first3=Roland |last4=Lorrain |first4=Reginald |last5=Petit |first5=Jean-Robert |last6=Duval |first6=Paul |last7=Lipenkov |first7=Vladimir Y. | title= Palaeoclimatology: The record for marine isotopic stage 11 | journal=Nature | volume=436 | year=2005 | pages=39–40| doi=10.1038/43639b | pmid=16001055 | issue=7047 | bibcode= 2005Natur.436...39R | s2cid= 4363692 }}</ref> This then produces a record in agreement with the newer, longer EPICA record, although it provides no new information.

== See also ==
{{col div}}
* [[Research stations in Antarctica#List of research stations|List of Antarctic research stations]]
* [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]]
* [[List of airports in Antarctica]]
* [[Vostok traverse]]
* [[Concordia Station]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.aari.ru/main.php?lg=1 Official website Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711222308/http://www.aari.ru/main.php?lg=1 |date=11 July 2018 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151219011635/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/stations/mir/mir_en.html Vostok Station page]
* [http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/icd/gjma/vostok.temps.html Vostok average temperature data]
* [http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/metlog/latest-met/89606.latest-met.html Vostok current met data]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062659/http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/stations/vostok.shtml Antarctic Connection article on Vostok Station]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080424075823/http://www.comnap.aq/facilities COMNAP Antarctic Facilities]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220115654/https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf/view COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map]

{{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Geography|Soviet Union|Russia}}
{{Airports in Antarctica}}
{{Antarctic research stations}}
{{Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica|state=collapsed}}
{{Antarctica topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{East Antarctica}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Outposts of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Princess Elizabeth Land]]
[[Category:Russia and the Antarctic]]
[[Category:Soviet Union and the Antarctic]]
[[Category:Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Weather extremes of Earth]]

Vostok Station - Revision history

imported>Orangesclub: MOS:OL

imported>Mellk: Reverted 1 edit by 95.89.193.238 (talk) to last revision by Adolphus79

2600:4040:27E5:5800:EC3C:6BE3:1CC4:EB12: /* Climate */

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