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The '''Voitenko compressor''' is a [[shaped charge]] adapted from its original purpose of piercing thick [[steel]] [[armour]] to the task of accelerating [[shock wave]]s. It was proposed by Anatoly Emelyanovich Voitenko (Анатолий Емельянович Войтенко), a Soviet scientist, in 1964.<ref>Войтенко (Voitenko), А.Е. (1964) "Получение газовых струй большой скорости" (Obtaining high speed gas jets), ''Доклады Академии Наук СССР'' (Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), '''158''' : 1278–1280. 
See also:
* Войтенко, А. Е. (1966) [http://www.sibran.ru/upload/iblock/857/857c798d5438047e0c65c28fcb8d2880.pdf "Ускорение газа при его сжатии в условиях остроугольной геометрии"] (Acceleration of a gas during its compression in conditions of acute angle geometry), ''Прикладная Механика и Техническая Физика'' (Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics), no. 4, 112–116.
* Войтенко, А. Е.; Демчук, А. Ф.; Куликов, Б. И. (Voitenko, A. E.; Demchuk, A. F.; Kulikov, B. I.) (1970) "Взрывная камера" (Explosive chamber), ''Приборы и Техника Эксперимента'' (Instruments and Experimental Techniques), no. 1, p. 250 ff.
* Войтенко, А. Е.; Маточкин, Е. П.; Федулов, А. Ф. (Voitenko, A. E.; Matochkin, E. P.; Fedulov, A. F.) (1970) "Взрывная лампа" (Explosive tube), ''Приборы и Техника Эксперимента'' (Instruments and Experimental Techniques), no. 2, p. 201–203.
* Войтенко, А. Е.; Любимова, М. А.; Соболев, О. П.; Сынах, B. C. (Voitenko, A. E.; Lyubimova, M. A.; Sobolev, O. P.; Sinakh, V.S.) (1970) "Градиентное ускорение ударной волны и возможные применения этого эффекта" (Gradient acceleration of a shock wave and the possible applications of this effect), Институт Ядерной Физики Сибирское отделение Академии Наук СССР (Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian branch of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.), no. 14–70.</ref><ref>For biographical information about Anatoly Emelyanovich Voitenko (with photograph of Voitenko), see: ''Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine'', [http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=27467 ВОЙТЕ́НКО Анатолій Омелянович] [in Ukrainian].</ref> It slightly resembles a [[wind tunnel]].

The Voitenko compressor initially separates a test gas from a [[shaped charge]] with a malleable [[steel]] plate. When the shaped charge detonates, most of its energy is focused on the [[steel]] plate, driving it forward and pushing the test gas ahead of it. [[Ames Research Center]] translated this idea into a self-destroying shock tube. A {{convert|66|lb|adj=on|disp=flip}} [[shaped charge]] accelerated the gas in a 3-cm glass-walled tube 2 meters in length. The velocity of the resulting shock wave was a phenomenal {{convert|220000|ft/s|km/s|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. The apparatus exposed to the detonation was, of course, completely destroyed, but not before useful data was extracted.<ref>{{cite web| publisher= NASA |url= https://history.nasa.gov/SP-440/ch6-15.htm |title= The Suicidal Wind Tunnel|date= January 1981 | access-date= March 6, 2017 |last1= Baals |first1= D. D. |last2= Corliss |first2= W. R. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| website= GlobalSecurity.org| url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/bullets2-shaped-charge.htm |title= Shaped Charge History| date= 2011| access-date= March 6, 2017}}</ref> In a typical Voitenko compressor, a [[shaped charge]] accelerates [[hydrogen]] gas, which in turn accelerates a thin disk up to about 40 km/s.<ref>{{cite web| title= Explosive Accelerators: Voitenko Implosion Gun |url= http://www.islandone.org/LEOBiblio/SPBI134.HTM | website= islandone.org| publisher= Island One Society| place= Belfast| access-date= March 6, 2017}}</ref> A slight modification to the Voitenko compressor concept is a super-compressed detonation,<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/sawaoka/pdf/007.pdf|title = Explosive Technique for Generation of High Dynamic Pressure.|last = Fujiwara|first = Shuzo|date = 1992|journal = Shock Compression Technology and Materials Science|access-date = 2015-04-22|publisher = KTK Scientific Publishers/Terra Scientific Publishing Company|location = Tokyo|pages = 7–21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url = http://reposit.lib.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/bitstream/2298/3007/11/21_102_011.pdf|title = Overdriven detonation phenomenon and its applications to ultra-high pressure generation|last = Liu|first = Zhi-Yue|date = 2001-03-23|access-date = 2015-04-22}}</ref> a device that uses a compressible liquid or solid fuel in the [[steel]] compression chamber instead of a traditional gas mixture.<ref>{{cite web| last1= Zhang| first1= Fan | location= Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada; Montreal, Quebec, Canada| last2= Murray| first2= Stephen Burke| last3= Higgins| first3= Andrew| year= 2005| url= https://patents.google.com/patent/US7513198B2/en | title= Super compressed detonation method and device to effect such detonation| publisher= Google Patents }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web| first1= Jerry| last1= Pentel | first2= Gary G. |last2= Fairbanks |year= 1992| url= https://patents.google.com/patent/US5111746A/en |title= Multiple Stage Munition| publisher= Google Patents }}</ref> A further extension of this technology is the explosive [[diamond anvil cell]],<ref>{{cite web| first= John M.| last= Heberlin |year= 2006 |url= https://patents.google.com/patent/US7093541B2/en |title= Enhancement of Solid Explosive Munitions Using Reflective Casings| publisher= Google Patents}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first= Frederick J. |last= Mayer | year= 1988| url= https://patents.google.com/patent/US4790735A/en |title= Materials Processing Using Chemically Driven Spherically Symmetric Implosions| publisher= Google Patents}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first= Donald R.| last= Garrett | year= 1972| url= https://patents.google.com/patent/US3659972A/en |title= Diamond Implosion Apparatus| publisher= Google Patents}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://ufn.ru/ufn96/ufn96_5/Russian/r965e.pdf|title = Explosive laboratory devices for shock wave compression studies |last1 = Altshuler|first1 = L. V.|date = 1996|journal = [[Physics-Uspekhi]]|doi = 10.1070/PU1996v039n05ABEH000147|issue = 5|volume = 39|issn = 1063-7869|page = 539|language = ru|first2 = R. F.|last2 = Trunin|last3 = Krupnikov|first3 = K. K.|last4 = Panov|first4 = N. V.|bibcode = 1996PhyU...39..539A| s2cid=250752219 }}</ref> utilizing multiple opposed shaped-charge jets projected at a single steel-encapsulated fuel,<ref>{{Cite journal |url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM47/AM47_1393.pdf|title = Diamond Synthesis: Observations On The Mechanism of Formation|last1 = Giardini|first1 = A. A. |first2 = J. E.|last2 = Tydings |journal=American Mineralogist |year=1962 |volume=47 |pages=1393–1421 }}</ref> such as [[hydrogen]]. The fuels used in these devices, along with the secondary combustion reactions and long blast impulse, produce similar conditions to those encountered in fuel-air and [[thermobaric]] explosives.<ref>{{cite web| publisher= [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] |date= July–August 2004| url= https://www.llnl.gov/str/JulAug04/pdfs/07_04.2.pdf |title= Going To Extremes| website= llnl.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples|last1 = Jeanloz|author-link=Raymond Jeanloz|first1 = Raymond|date = 2007-05-29|journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0608170104|pmid = 17494771|volume = 104|last2 = Celliers|first2 = Peter M.|first3 = Gilbert W.|last3 = Collins|first4 = Jon H.|last4 = Eggert|first5 = Kanani K. M.|last5 = Lee|first6 = R. Stewart |last6 = McWilliams|first7 = Stephanie|first8 = Paul|issue = 22|last7 = Brygoo|last8 = Loubeyre|pages = 9172–9177|publisher = National Acad Sciences |pmc=1890466|bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.9172J|doi-access = free}}</ref>

This method of detonation produces energies over 100 k[[Electronvolt|eV]] (~109 [[kelvin|K]] temperatures), suitable not only for [[nuclear fusion]], but other higher-order quantum reactions as well.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Conjectured Metastable Super-Explosives formed under High Pressure for Thermonuclear Ignition|last = Winterberg|first = F.|date = 2005|journal = Journal of Fusion Energy|doi = 10.1007/s10894-008-9143-4|arxiv = 0802.3408|volume = 27|issue = 4|pages = 250–255|bibcode = 2008JFuE...27..250W|s2cid = 119293564}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Metastable innershell molecular state (MIMS)|first = Young K.|last = Bae|date = 2008-07-07|journal = Physics Letters A|doi = 10.1016/j.physleta.2008.05.037|arxiv = 0805.0340|volume = 372|issue = 29|pages = 4865–4869|bibcode = 2008PhLA..372.4865B|s2cid = 118462999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first1= Wayne C.| last1= Danen |first2= Joe A.| last2= Martin |year= 1997| url= https://patents.google.com/patent/US5606146A/en |title= Energetic Composites and Method of Providing Chemical Energy| publisher= Google Patents}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first= Christian| last= Adams| year= 2006| url= https://patents.google.com/patent/US7025840B1/en |title= Explosive/Energetic Fullerenes| publisher= Google Patents}}</ref> The UTIAS explosive-driven-implosion facility was used to produce stable, centered and focused hemispherical implosions to generate [[neutron]]s from D–D reactions. The simplest and most direct method proved to be in a predetonated [[stoichiometric]] mixture of [[deuterium]] and [[oxygen]]. The other successful method was using a miniature Voitenko-type compressor, where a plane diaphragm was driven by the implosion wave into a secondary small spherical cavity that contained pure [[deuterium]] gas at one atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web| first1= D.| last1= Sagie | first2= I. I. |last2= Glass | year= 1982| url= http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA121652 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110522030502/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA121652 | url-status= dead | archive-date= May 22, 2011 |title= Explosive-driven Hemispherical Implosions For Generating Fusion Plasmas| website= dtic.mil| publisher= Defense Technical Information Center, US Dept. of Defense}}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv| first= Andre| last= Gsponer |year= 2008| eprint= physics/0510071v5 |title= Fourth Generation Nuclear Weapons: Military Effectiveness and Collateral Effects }}</ref> In brief, PETN solid explosive is used to form a hemispherical shell (3–6 mm thick) in a 20-cm diameter hemispherical cavity milled in a massive steel chamber. The remaining volume is filled with a stoichiometric mixture of ([[Hydrogen|H2]] or [[Deuterium|D2]] and [[Oxygen|O2]]). This mixture is detonated by a very short, thin exploding wire located at the geometric center. The arrival of the detonation wave at the spherical surface instantly and simultaneously fires the explosive liner. The detonation wave in the explosive liner hits the metal cavity, reflects, and implodes on the preheated burnt gases, focuses at the center of the hemisphere (50 microseconds after the initiation of the exploding wire) and reflects, leaving behind a very small pocket (1 mm) of extremely high-temperature, high-pressure and high-density plasma.<ref>{{cite web| first1= I. I. |last1= Glass| first2= J. C.| last2= Poinssot |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/79628741/I-I-Glass-and-J-C-Poinssot-Implosion-Driven-Shock-Tube| title= Implosion-Driven Shock Tube| date= January 1, 1970| publisher= Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto| website= scribd.com |location= | access-date= March 6, 2017}} [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19710033982&qs=N%3D4294963052%2B4294965818%2B4294935922 Abstract available]</ref><ref>{{cite web| first1= T. |last1= Saito| first2= A. K.| last2= Kudian |first3= I. I.| last3= Glass| url= https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADP000254.pdf | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110604212054/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADP000254&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | url-status= live | archive-date= June 4, 2011 |title= Temperature Measurements of an Implosion Focus| website= dtic.mil| publisher= Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto; published online by Defense Technical Information Center, US Dept. of Defense}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first1= Jack E. |last1= Kennedy | first2= Irvine I.| last2= Glass| year= 1967| url= http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/652195.pdf | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170211171709/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/652195.pdf | url-status= dead | archive-date= February 11, 2017 |title= Multipoint Initiated Implosions From Hemispherical Shells of Sheet Explosive | website= dtic.mil| publisher= Defense Technical Information Center, US Dept. of Defense}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Light-gas gun]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nuclear fusion]]
[[Category:Soviet inventions]]

Voitenko compressor - Revision history

imported>Citation bot: Add: date, authors 1-2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Soviet inventions | #UCB_Category 218/237