Viewdata - Revision history

imported>Gilbert189: /* Keypad symbols: the sextile and the square */ put period

2026-04-20T12:26:46Z

Keypad symbols: the sextile and the square: put period

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:26, 20 April 2026
Line 49:		Line 49:
	[[File:AVAYA 9611G IP Phone detail of star and hash.jpg \|thumb\|left\|Detail of a more recent telephone keypad, in which (typographic) asterisk and number{{nbsp}}sign have replaced the ITU star and square]]		[[File:AVAYA 9611G IP Phone detail of star and hash.jpg \|thumb\|left\|Detail of a more recent telephone keypad, in which (typographic) asterisk and number{{nbsp}}sign have replaced the ITU star and square]]

	Viewdata uses special symbols already widely available on telephone keypads: the {{key press\|⚹}} "[[Telephone keypad#Star key\|star key]]" and the {{key press\|⌗}} "[[Telephone keypad#Square key\|square key]]", as formally recommended by the [[International Telecommunication Union]].<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.161-200102-I/en \| title = E.161 : Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network \| publisher = [[International Telecommunication Union]] \| date= 2 February 2001 \| access-date = 23 December 2019}}</ref> The ASCII [[asterisk]] (*) and [[number sign]] (#) are sometimes used instead because they are regular symbols on [[computer keyboard]]s, although they do not match the ITU specification.<ref name="L213105r" /> On telephones, use of the number sign (hash symbol) has become the norm rather than the exception		Viewdata uses special symbols already widely available on telephone keypads: the {{key press\|⚹}} "[[Telephone keypad#Star key\|star key]]" and the {{key press\|⌗}} "[[Telephone keypad#Square key\|square key]]", as formally recommended by the [[International Telecommunication Union]].<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.161-200102-I/en \| title = E.161 : Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network \| publisher = [[International Telecommunication Union]] \| date= 2 February 2001 \| access-date = 23 December 2019}}</ref> The ASCII [[asterisk]] (*) and [[number sign]] (#) are sometimes used instead because they are regular symbols on [[computer keyboard]]s, although they do not match the ITU specification.<ref name="L213105r" /> On telephones, use of the number sign (hash symbol) has become the norm rather than the exception.

	These symbols appear as {{unichar2\|⚹}} and {{unichar2\|⌗\|nlink=}} in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] and [[Miscellaneous Technical]] Unicode blocks, respectively. The sextile was added due to [[Astrological aspect\|its use in astrology]],<ref name="L213105r">{{cite web\|url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \| title= Proposal to incorporate two telephony symbols into Unicode by glyph and annotation changes \| date= 28 October 2013 \| access-date = 23 December 2019 \| author = Karl Pentzlin \|id=UTC L2/13-105R}}</ref> and the square had previously appeared in the [[ISO/IEC 646#Variant comparison chart\|BS_Viewdata]] character set, as a replacement for the underscore.<ref name="ISO-IR-047">{{cite iso-ir \|title=Alphanumerics for viewdata and broadcast teletext \|sponsor=BSI \|sponsor-link=BSI Group \|date=1981-06-01 \|number=47}}</ref>		These symbols appear as {{unichar2\|⚹}} and {{unichar2\|⌗\|nlink=}} in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] and [[Miscellaneous Technical]] Unicode blocks, respectively. The sextile was added due to [[Astrological aspect\|its use in astrology]],<ref name="L213105r">{{cite web\|url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \| title= Proposal to incorporate two telephony symbols into Unicode by glyph and annotation changes \| date= 28 October 2013 \| access-date = 23 December 2019 \| author = Karl Pentzlin \|id=UTC L2/13-105R}}</ref> and the square had previously appeared in the [[ISO/IEC 646#Variant comparison chart\|BS_Viewdata]] character set, as a replacement for the underscore.<ref name="ISO-IR-047">{{cite iso-ir \|title=Alphanumerics for viewdata and broadcast teletext \|sponsor=BSI \|sponsor-link=BSI Group \|date=1981-06-01 \|number=47}}</ref>

imported>JMF: /* Keypad symbols: the sextile and the square */Better wlinks

2025-12-16T20:59:26Z

Keypad symbols: the sextile and the square: Better wlinks

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:59, 16 December 2025
Line 36:		Line 36:
	Viewdata offered a display of 40×24 characters, based on [[ISO 646]] (IRV IA5) – 7 bits with no accented characters.<ref name=aei>{{cite web\| url=http://aei.pitt.edu/94572/1/videotex.pdf \| title=Proceedings of the Videotex in Europe \| access-date=2023-12-26 \| date=1979-07-19}}</ref>		Viewdata offered a display of 40×24 characters, based on [[ISO 646]] (IRV IA5) – 7 bits with no accented characters.<ref name=aei>{{cite web\| url=http://aei.pitt.edu/94572/1/videotex.pdf \| title=Proceedings of the Videotex in Europe \| access-date=2023-12-26 \| date=1979-07-19}}</ref>
	Originally, Viewdata was accessed with a special purpose [[Computer terminal\|terminal]] (or [[Emulator\|emulation software]]) and a [[modem]] running at [[ITU-T]] [[ITU-T V.23\|V.23]] speed (1,200 bit/s down, 75 bit/s up).<ref name=aei/> By 2004, it was normally accessed over [[TCP/IP]] using Viewdata [[client software]] on a [[personal computer]] running [[Microsoft Windows]], or using a Web-based emulator.		Originally, Viewdata was accessed with a special purpose [[Computer terminal\|terminal]] (or [[Emulator\|emulation software]]) and a [[modem]] running at [[ITU-T]] [[ITU-T V.23\|V.23]] speed (1,200 bit/s down, 75 bit/s up).<ref name=aei/> By 2004, it was normally accessed over [[TCP/IP]] using Viewdata [[client software]] on a [[personal computer]] running [[Microsoft Windows]], or using a Web-based emulator.

			===Keypad symbols: the sextile and the square===

	{{Infobox symbol		{{Infobox symbol
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	[[File:AVAYA 9611G IP Phone detail of star and hash.jpg \|thumb\|left\|Detail of a more recent telephone keypad, in which (typographic) asterisk and number{{nbsp}}sign have replaced the ITU star and square]]		[[File:AVAYA 9611G IP Phone detail of star and hash.jpg \|thumb\|left\|Detail of a more recent telephone keypad, in which (typographic) asterisk and number{{nbsp}}sign have replaced the ITU star and square]]

	Viewdata uses special symbols already widely available on telephone keypads: the {{key press\|⚹}} "star" ~~key~~ and the {{key press\|⌗}} "square" ~~key~~, as formally ~~standardised~~ by the [[International Telecommunication Union]].<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.161-200102-I/en \| title = E.161 : Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network \| publisher = [[International Telecommunication Union]] \| date= 2 February 2001 \| access-date = 23 December 2019}}</ref> ~~These are often treated as approximately corresponding to the~~ ASCII [[asterisk]] (*) and [[number sign]] (#), ~~which~~ do not ~~necessarily conform to~~ the ITU ~~specifications for the keypad symbols; the asterisk is also usually displayed smaller and raised~~.<ref name="L213105r" />		Viewdata uses special symbols already widely available on telephone keypads: the {{key press\|⚹}} "[[Telephone keypad#Star key\|star key]]" and the {{key press\|⌗}} "[[Telephone keypad#Square key\|square key]]", as formally recommended by the [[International Telecommunication Union]].<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.161-200102-I/en \| title = E.161 : Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network \| publisher = [[International Telecommunication Union]] \| date= 2 February 2001 \| access-date = 23 December 2019}}</ref> The ASCII [[asterisk]] (*) and [[number sign]] (#) are sometimes used instead because they are regular symbols on [[computer keyboard]]s, although they do not match the ITU specification.<ref name="L213105r" /> On telephones, use of the number sign (hash symbol) has become the norm rather than the exception

	These symbols appear as ~~'Sextile'~~ and ~~'Viewdata square'~~ in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] and [[Miscellaneous Technical]] Unicode blocks, respectively. The sextile was added due to [[Astrological aspect\|its use in astrology]],<ref name="L213105r">{{cite web\|url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \| title= Proposal to incorporate two telephony symbols into Unicode by glyph and annotation changes \| date= 28 October 2013 \| access-date = 23 December 2019 \| author = Karl Pentzlin \|id=UTC L2/13-105R}}</ref> and the square had previously appeared in the [[ISO/IEC 646#Variant comparison chart\|BS_Viewdata]] character set, as a replacement for the underscore.<ref name="ISO-IR-047">{{cite iso-ir \|title=Alphanumerics for viewdata and broadcast teletext \|sponsor=BSI \|sponsor-link=BSI Group \|date=1981-06-01 \|number=47}}</ref>		These symbols appear as {{unichar2\|⚹}} and {{unichar2\|⌗\|nlink=}} in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] and [[Miscellaneous Technical]] Unicode blocks, respectively. The sextile was added due to [[Astrological aspect\|its use in astrology]],<ref name="L213105r">{{cite web\|url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \| title= Proposal to incorporate two telephony symbols into Unicode by glyph and annotation changes \| date= 28 October 2013 \| access-date = 23 December 2019 \| author = Karl Pentzlin \|id=UTC L2/13-105R}}</ref> and the square had previously appeared in the [[ISO/IEC 646#Variant comparison chart\|BS_Viewdata]] character set, as a replacement for the underscore.<ref name="ISO-IR-047">{{cite iso-ir \|title=Alphanumerics for viewdata and broadcast teletext \|sponsor=BSI \|sponsor-link=BSI Group \|date=1981-06-01 \|number=47}}</ref>

	In 2013, the German national body submitted a [[Unicode Consortium\|Unicode Technical Committee]] proposal to align the Unicode reference glyphs with the ITU specifications for these symbols, and annotate them as telephone keypad symbols on the code charts.<ref name="L213105r" /> {{as of\|2019}} (Unicode 12.1), these changes have not been accepted/implemented.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|title=Miscellaneous Technical \|work=The Unicode Standard \|author=Unicode Consortium \|author-link=Unicode Consortium}}</ref>		In 2013, the German national body submitted a [[Unicode Consortium\|Unicode Technical Committee]] proposal to align the Unicode reference glyphs with the ITU specifications for these symbols, and annotate them as telephone keypad symbols on the code charts.<ref name="L213105r" /> {{as of\|2019}} (Unicode 12.1), these changes have not been accepted/implemented.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|title=Miscellaneous Technical \|work=The Unicode Standard \|author=Unicode Consortium \|author-link=Unicode Consortium}}</ref>
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	=== Travel industry ===		=== Travel industry ===
	As of 2015, Viewdata was still in use in the [[United Kingdom]], mainly by the [[travel industry]]. [[Travel agent]]s use it to look up the price and availability of [[package holiday]]s and [[Commercial aviation\|flight]]s. Once they find what the customer is looking for they can place a booking.		As of 2015, Viewdata was still in use in the [[United Kingdom]], mainly by the [[travel industry]]. [[Travel agent]]s use it to look up the price and availability of [[package holiday]]s and [[Commercial aviation\|flight]]s. Once they find what the customer is looking for they can place a booking. As of 2019, Viewdata is only used by a handful of travel agents.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Agents vote for return of Viewdata in online poll \|url=https://travelweekly.co.uk/news/agents-vote-for-return-of-viewdata-in-online-poll \|access-date=2025-12-03 \|website=Travel Weekly \|language=En}}</ref>

	~~There are a number~~ of ~~factors still holding up a move to a [[World Wide Web\|Web]]-based standard.~~ Viewdata is ~~regarded within the industry as low-cost and reliable,~~ travel ~~consultants have been trained to use Viewdata and would need training to book holidays on the Internet, and [[tour operator]]s cannot agree on a Web-based standard~~.
	{{~~Citation needed~~\|date=~~December 2009~~}}

	=== Bulletin board systems ===		=== Bulletin board systems ===

2.217.112.74: /* Bulletin board systems */ minor cleanup

2025-07-14T23:16:59Z

Bulletin board systems: minor cleanup

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:16, 14 July 2025
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	{{Unreferenced section\|date=June 2023}}		{{Unreferenced section\|date=June 2023}}

	~~It was made in the late 1970s and early 1980s to make it easier for travel consultants to check availability and make bookings for holidays.~~
	A number of Viewdata [[bulletin board system]]s existed in the 1980s, predominantly in the UK due to the proliferation of the [[BBC Micro]], and a short-lived ''Viewdata Revival'' appeared in the late 1990s fuelled by the [[retrocomputing]] vogue. Some Viewdata boards still exist, with accessibility in the form of [[Java (Sun)\|Java]] [[Telnet]] clients.		A number of Viewdata [[bulletin board system]]s existed in the 1980s, predominantly in the UK due to the proliferation of the [[BBC Micro]], and a short-lived ''Viewdata Revival'' appeared in the late 1990s fuelled by the [[retrocomputing]] vogue. Some Viewdata boards still exist, with accessibility in the form of [[Java (Sun)\|Java]] [[Telnet]] clients.

imported>Dingolover6969: I suppose the number sign in the infobox should really be a Viewdata square, huh?

2025-04-21T12:36:34Z

I suppose the number sign in the infobox should really be a Viewdata square, huh?

New page

{{short description|Information retrieval service and legacy system}}
{{Infobox online service
| name = Viewdata
| title = Viewdata
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo caption =
| image = File:viewdata Graphics 1.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption = Viewdata Graphics used in the experimental phone directory of [[Post Office Telecommunications]] in 1977. <br />The image is a graphical representation of the Post Office/[[British Telecom]] Research laboratories ([[Adastral Park]]) in [[Suffolk]], England. Note the "_ to continue" rather than the correct "⌗ to continue", showing a common rendering error.
| developer = [[Samuel Fedida]], [[General Post Office|Post Office]]
| generation =
| type = [[Videotex]]
| launched = {{Start date and age|1974}}
| discontinued =
| version =
| version release date =
| preview version =
| preview version release date =
| updated =
| platform = Viewdata
| operating system =
| status =
| members =
| website =
}}

[[File:Teletext Viewdata Terminal.png|thumb|right|300px|A Viewdata machine displayed in [[teletext]] format]]

'''Viewdata''' is a [[Videotex]] implementation. It is a type of [[information retrieval]] service in which a [[subscriber]] can [[Access control|access]] a remote [[database]] via a [[common carrier]] [[Communication channel|channel]], request [[data]] and receive requested data on a [[video]] display over a separate channel. [[Samuel Fedida]], who had the idea for Viewdata in 1968, was credited as inventor of the system which was developed while working for the British [[General Post Office|Post Office]] which was the operator of the national telephone system. The first prototype became operational in 1974. The access, request and reception are usually via common carrier broadcast channels. This is in contrast with [[teletext]].

== Design ==

Viewdata offered a display of 40×24 characters, based on [[ISO 646]] (IRV IA5) – 7 bits with no accented characters.<ref name=aei>{{cite web| url=http://aei.pitt.edu/94572/1/videotex.pdf | title=Proceedings of the Videotex in Europe | access-date=2023-12-26 | date=1979-07-19}}</ref>
Originally, Viewdata was accessed with a special purpose [[Computer terminal|terminal]] (or [[Emulator|emulation software]]) and a [[modem]] running at [[ITU-T]] [[ITU-T V.23|V.23]] speed (1,200 bit/s down, 75 bit/s up).<ref name=aei/> By 2004, it was normally accessed over [[TCP/IP]] using Viewdata [[client software]] on a [[personal computer]] running [[Microsoft Windows]], or using a Web-based emulator.

{{Infobox symbol
|name= Viewdata keypad symbols
|mark=⌗ ⚹
|unicode={{unichar|2317||html=}}<br /> {{unichar|26B9|html=|nlink=}}
|see also=
|different from={{unichar|002A|html= | nlink= }}<br />{{unichar|0023|html= | nlink=}}
}}
[[File:Detail-Tastatur-FeTAp-751-1982.JPG |thumb|left|Detail of a telephone keypad displaying the sextile and Viewdata square]]
[[File:AVAYA 9611G IP Phone detail of star and hash.jpg |thumb|left|Detail of a more recent telephone keypad, in which (typographic) asterisk and number{{nbsp}}sign have replaced the ITU star and square]]

Viewdata uses special symbols already widely available on telephone keypads: the {{key press|⚹}} "star" key and the {{key press|⌗}} "square" key, as formally standardised by the [[International Telecommunication Union]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.161-200102-I/en | title = E.161 : Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network | publisher = [[International Telecommunication Union]] | date= 2 February 2001 | access-date = 23 December 2019}}</ref> These are often treated as approximately corresponding to the ASCII [[asterisk]] (*) and [[number sign]] (#), which do not necessarily conform to the ITU specifications for the keypad symbols; the asterisk is also usually displayed smaller and raised.<ref name="L213105r" />

These symbols appear as 'Sextile' and 'Viewdata square' in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] and [[Miscellaneous Technical]] Unicode blocks, respectively. The sextile was added due to [[Astrological aspect|its use in astrology]],<ref name="L213105r">{{cite web|url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13105r-telephony.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | title= Proposal to incorporate two telephony symbols into Unicode by glyph and annotation changes | date= 28 October 2013 | access-date = 23 December 2019 | author = Karl Pentzlin |id=UTC L2/13-105R}}</ref> and the square had previously appeared in the [[ISO/IEC 646#Variant comparison chart|BS_Viewdata]] character set, as a replacement for the underscore.<ref name="ISO-IR-047">{{cite iso-ir |title=Alphanumerics for viewdata and broadcast teletext |sponsor=BSI |sponsor-link=BSI Group |date=1981-06-01 |number=47}}</ref>

In 2013, the German national body submitted a [[Unicode Consortium|Unicode Technical Committee]] proposal to align the Unicode reference glyphs with the ITU specifications for these symbols, and annotate them as telephone keypad symbols on the code charts.<ref name="L213105r" /> {{as of|2019}} (Unicode 12.1), these changes have not been accepted/implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Miscellaneous Technical |work=The Unicode Standard |author=Unicode Consortium |author-link=Unicode Consortium}}</ref>

== Uses ==

=== Travel industry ===
As of 2015, Viewdata was still in use in the [[United Kingdom]], mainly by the [[travel industry]]. [[Travel agent]]s use it to look up the price and availability of [[package holiday]]s and [[Commercial aviation|flight]]s. Once they find what the customer is looking for they can place a booking.

There are a number of factors still holding up a move to a [[World Wide Web|Web]]-based standard. Viewdata is regarded within the industry as low-cost and reliable, travel consultants have been trained to use Viewdata and would need training to book holidays on the Internet, and [[tour operator]]s cannot agree on a Web-based standard.
{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

=== Bulletin board systems ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}

It was made in the late 1970s and early 1980s to make it easier for travel consultants to check availability and make bookings for holidays.
A number of Viewdata [[bulletin board system]]s existed in the 1980s, predominantly in the UK due to the proliferation of the [[BBC Micro]], and a short-lived ''Viewdata Revival'' appeared in the late 1990s fuelled by the [[retrocomputing]] vogue. Some Viewdata boards still exist, with accessibility in the form of [[Java (Sun)|Java]] [[Telnet]] clients.

== See also ==

* [[Prestel]]

== References ==

{{refs}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-039/_5795.htm Definition at The Institute for Telecommunication Sciences]
* [http://www.viewdata.org.uk/ Celebrating the Viewdata Revolution] Including several Prestel Brochures
* [https://vd-view.azurewebsites.net/ vd-view] A Viewtex web client for TeeFax, Telstar, CCl4 and NXTel
* [https://github.com/simonlaszcz/vidtex vidtex] An ncurses/terminal client for TeeFax, Telstar, CCl4, NXTel and others
* {{FS1037C}}

{{Videotex}}

[[Category:Computer network technology]]
[[Category:History of computing in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Legacy systems]]
[[Category:Videotex]]