Varna, Bulgaria - Revision history

~2025-40904-45: /* Antiquity */

2025-12-16T09:58:03Z

Antiquity

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:58, 16 December 2025
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	The main aqueduct of Odessos was recently discovered during rescue excavations<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/04/28/archaeologists-discover-main-aqueduct-of-ancient-odessos-during-rescue-excavations-in-bulgarias-varna/\|title=Archaeologists Discover Main Aqueduct of Ancient Odessos during Rescue Excavations in Bulgaria's Varna\|date=28 April 2015\|access-date=27 September 2019\|archive-date=11 May 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235558/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/04/28/archaeologists-discover-main-aqueduct-of-ancient-odessos-during-rescue-excavations-in-bulgarias-varna/\|url-status=live}}</ref> north of the defensive wall. The aqueduct was built in three construction periods between the 4th and the 6th centuries; in the 4th century, the aqueduct was constructed together with the city wall, then at the end of the 4th to early 5th centuries when a pipeline was laid inside the initial masonry aqueduct. Thirdly, in the 6th century, an additional pipeline was added parallel to the original west of it and entered the city through a reconstruction of the fortress wall. The city minted coins, both as an autonomous [[polis]] and under the [[Roman Empire]] from [[Trajan]] to [[Cornelia Salonina\|Salonina]], the wife of [[Gallienus]], some of which survive.<ref name=DGRG/>		The main aqueduct of Odessos was recently discovered during rescue excavations<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/04/28/archaeologists-discover-main-aqueduct-of-ancient-odessos-during-rescue-excavations-in-bulgarias-varna/\|title=Archaeologists Discover Main Aqueduct of Ancient Odessos during Rescue Excavations in Bulgaria's Varna\|date=28 April 2015\|access-date=27 September 2019\|archive-date=11 May 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235558/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/04/28/archaeologists-discover-main-aqueduct-of-ancient-odessos-during-rescue-excavations-in-bulgarias-varna/\|url-status=live}}</ref> north of the defensive wall. The aqueduct was built in three construction periods between the 4th and the 6th centuries; in the 4th century, the aqueduct was constructed together with the city wall, then at the end of the 4th to early 5th centuries when a pipeline was laid inside the initial masonry aqueduct. Thirdly, in the 6th century, an additional pipeline was added parallel to the original west of it and entered the city through a reconstruction of the fortress wall. The city minted coins, both as an autonomous [[polis]] and under the [[Roman Empire]] from [[Trajan]] to [[Cornelia Salonina\|Salonina]], the wife of [[Gallienus]], some of which survive.<ref name=DGRG/>

	Odessos was an early [[Early Christianity\|Christian]] centre, as testified by ruins of twelve early basilicas,<ref>{{cite web \|author=Borislav Petrov \|url=http://varna.info.bg/bazilika.htm \|title=Ранновизантийската базилика \|publisher=Varna.info.bg \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181656/http://varna.info.bg/bazilika.htm \|archive-date=28 August 2008 }}</ref> a [[monophysite]] monastery, and indications that one of the [[Seventy Disciples]], [[Ampliatus]], a follower of [[Saint Andrew]] (who, according to the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] legend, preached in the city in 56 CE), served as bishop there. In 6th-century imperial documents, it was referred to as "holiest city," ''sacratissima civitas''. In 442, a peace treaty was signed between [[Theodosius II]] and [[Attila]] at Odessos. Furthermore, in 513, the city became a focal point of the [[Vitalian (general)\|Vitalian]] revolt. Additionally, in 536, Emperor [[Justinian I]] designated it as the seat of the [[Quaestura exercitus]] province ruled by a ''prefect of Scythia'' or ''quaestor Justinianus'' and including Lower Moesia, [[Scythia]], Caria, the [[Aegean Islands]], and Cyprus; later, the military camp outside Odessos was the seat of another senior Roman commander, ''magister militum per Thracias''.		Odessos was an early [[Early Christianity\|Christian]] centre, as testified by ruins of twelve early basilicas,<ref>{{cite web \|author=Borislav Petrov \|url=http://varna.info.bg/bazilika.htm \|title=Ранновизантийската базилика \|publisher=Varna.info.bg \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181656/http://varna.info.bg/bazilika.htm \|archive-date=28 August 2008 }}</ref> a [[monophysite]] monastery, and indications that one of the [[Seventy Disciples]], [[Ampliatus]], a follower of [[Saint Andrew]] (who, according to the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] legend, preached in the city in 56 AD), served as bishop there. In 6th-century imperial documents, it was referred to as "holiest city," ''sacratissima civitas''. In 442, a peace treaty was signed between [[Theodosius II]] and [[Attila]] at Odessos. Furthermore, in 513, the city became a focal point of the [[Vitalian (general)\|Vitalian]] revolt. Additionally, in 536, Emperor [[Justinian I]] designated it as the seat of the [[Quaestura exercitus]] province ruled by a ''prefect of Scythia'' or ''quaestor Justinianus'' and including Lower Moesia, [[Scythia]], Caria, the [[Aegean Islands]], and Cyprus; later, the military camp outside Odessos was the seat of another senior Roman commander, ''magister militum per Thracias''.

	=== Bulgarian conquest ===		=== Bulgarian conquest ===
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	Varna, an area just outside of Aarhus, Denmark. This was named after the Bulgarian city, because Baron Christian C. N. Gersdorff, a former owner of Marselisborg estate, had participated in Russian war service on the Black Sea coast.		Varna, an area just outside of Aarhus, Denmark. This was named after the Bulgarian city, because Baron Christian C. N. Gersdorff, a former owner of Marselisborg estate, had participated in Russian war service on the Black Sea coast.

			[[Odesa]], Ukraine, is named after the Greek name of Varna.

	== Notable people ==		== Notable people ==

imported>Jingiby: Rv. not an improvement. https://visit.varna.bg/en/history.html is not reliable source. Discuss at talk. Thanks.

2025-11-10T09:51:01Z

Rv. not an improvement. https://visit.varna.bg/en/history.html is not reliable source. Discuss at talk. Thanks.

Show changes

imported>Natg 19: Disambiguate Carian to Carian language using popups

2025-06-13T22:11:56Z

Disambiguate Carian to Carian language using popups

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:11, 13 June 2025
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	[[File:Warna ruiny.jpg\|thumb\|[[Roman Thermae (Varna)\|Roman Thermae]] west [[apodyterium]] with [[Athanasius of Alexandria\|St. Athanasius]] church bell tower in the background]]		[[File:Warna ruiny.jpg\|thumb\|[[Roman Thermae (Varna)\|Roman Thermae]] west [[apodyterium]] with [[Athanasius of Alexandria\|St. Athanasius]] church bell tower in the background]]

	'''Odessos''' or '''Odessus''' ({{langx\|grc\|Ὀδησσός}})<ref>{{Cite Strabo\|vii. p. 319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus\|19.73, 20.112}}</ref><ref>[[Appian]], ''Ill.'' 30; [[Arrian]], ''Per.'' 24; {{Cite Ptolemy\|3.10.8, 8.11.6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Stephanus\|''s.v.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Mela\|2.2.5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pliny\|4.18}}</ref><ref>[[Ovid]], ''Trist.'' 1.9.37</ref> is one of the oldest ancient settlements in Bulgaria. Its name appears as '''Odesopolis''' (Ὀδησόπολις) in the ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]''; and as Odyssos or Odyssus in the [[Synecdemus]] and in [[Procopius]].<ref name=DGRG>{{Cite DGRG\|title=Odessus}}</ref> It was established in the second quarter of the sixth century BC (585–550 BC) by [[Miletus\|Miletian]] [[Greeks]] on the site of a previous Thracian settlement.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.archaeo.museumvarna.com/en/category/6\|title=Odessos, Antiquity\|publisher=Archaeological Museum Varna\|access-date=23 February 2017\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131354/http://www.archaeo.museumvarna.com/en/category/6\|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation \|last=Minchev \|first=Alexander \|title=Ancient Theatres and Theatre Art of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and Thracian Hinterland \|date=2019 \|work=Ancient Theatre and Performance Culture Around the Black Sea \|page=183 \|editor-last=Braund \|editor-first=David \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/ancient-theatre-and-performance-culture-around-the-black-sea/ancient-theatres-and-theatre-art-of-the-bulgarian-black-sea-coast-and-thracian-hinterland/FE58543D28375B1D2CF4E672909A872E \|access-date=2024-09-25 \|place=Cambridge \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|doi=10.1017/9781316756621.010 \|isbn=978-1-107-17059-9 \|editor2-last=Hall \|editor2-first=Edith \|editor3-last=Wyles \|editor3-first=Rosie\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Miletian founded an ''apoikia'' (trading post) of Odessos towards the end of the 7th c. BC (the earliest Greek archaeological material is dated 600–575 BC), or, according to [[Pseudo-Scymnus]]'', ''in the time of [[Astyages]] (here, usually 572–570 BC is suggested), within an earlier Thracian settlement. The name ''Odessos'' could have been pre-Greek, arguably of [[Carian]] origin. It was the presiding member of the Pontic [[Pentapolis]], consisting of Odessos, [[Constanța\|Tomi]], [[Callatis]], [[Mesembria]], and [[Sozopol\|Apollonia]].<ref name=DGRG/> Odessos was a mixed community—contact zone between the [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks]] and the [[Thracians\|Thracian]] tribes ([[Getae]], [[Krobyzoi]], [[Terizi (Getae tribe)\|Terizi]]) of the [[hinterland]]. Excavations at nearby Thracian sites have shown uninterrupted occupation from the 7th to the 4th century BC and close commercial relations with the colony. The Greek alphabet has been used for inscriptions in [[Thracian language\|Thracian]] since at least the 5th century BC.		'''Odessos''' or '''Odessus''' ({{langx\|grc\|Ὀδησσός}})<ref>{{Cite Strabo\|vii. p. 319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus\|19.73, 20.112}}</ref><ref>[[Appian]], ''Ill.'' 30; [[Arrian]], ''Per.'' 24; {{Cite Ptolemy\|3.10.8, 8.11.6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Stephanus\|''s.v.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Mela\|2.2.5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pliny\|4.18}}</ref><ref>[[Ovid]], ''Trist.'' 1.9.37</ref> is one of the oldest ancient settlements in Bulgaria. Its name appears as '''Odesopolis''' (Ὀδησόπολις) in the ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]''; and as Odyssos or Odyssus in the [[Synecdemus]] and in [[Procopius]].<ref name=DGRG>{{Cite DGRG\|title=Odessus}}</ref> It was established in the second quarter of the sixth century BC (585–550 BC) by [[Miletus\|Miletian]] [[Greeks]] on the site of a previous Thracian settlement.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.archaeo.museumvarna.com/en/category/6\|title=Odessos, Antiquity\|publisher=Archaeological Museum Varna\|access-date=23 February 2017\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131354/http://www.archaeo.museumvarna.com/en/category/6\|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation \|last=Minchev \|first=Alexander \|title=Ancient Theatres and Theatre Art of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and Thracian Hinterland \|date=2019 \|work=Ancient Theatre and Performance Culture Around the Black Sea \|page=183 \|editor-last=Braund \|editor-first=David \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/ancient-theatre-and-performance-culture-around-the-black-sea/ancient-theatres-and-theatre-art-of-the-bulgarian-black-sea-coast-and-thracian-hinterland/FE58543D28375B1D2CF4E672909A872E \|access-date=2024-09-25 \|place=Cambridge \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|doi=10.1017/9781316756621.010 \|isbn=978-1-107-17059-9 \|editor2-last=Hall \|editor2-first=Edith \|editor3-last=Wyles \|editor3-first=Rosie\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Miletian founded an ''apoikia'' (trading post) of Odessos towards the end of the 7th c. BC (the earliest Greek archaeological material is dated 600–575 BC), or, according to [[Pseudo-Scymnus]]'', ''in the time of [[Astyages]] (here, usually 572–570 BC is suggested), within an earlier Thracian settlement. The name ''Odessos'' could have been pre-Greek, arguably of [[Carian language\|Carian]] origin. It was the presiding member of the Pontic [[Pentapolis]], consisting of Odessos, [[Constanța\|Tomi]], [[Callatis]], [[Mesembria]], and [[Sozopol\|Apollonia]].<ref name=DGRG/> Odessos was a mixed community—contact zone between the [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks]] and the [[Thracians\|Thracian]] tribes ([[Getae]], [[Krobyzoi]], [[Terizi (Getae tribe)\|Terizi]]) of the [[hinterland]]. Excavations at nearby Thracian sites have shown uninterrupted occupation from the 7th to the 4th century BC and close commercial relations with the colony. The Greek alphabet has been used for inscriptions in [[Thracian language\|Thracian]] since at least the 5th century BC.
	{{See also\|Derzelas}}		{{See also\|Derzelas}}

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	Economically, Varna is among the best-performing and fastest-growing Bulgarian cities. In 2016 the unemployment rate is 3.5% and the average salary is nearly 900lv (450€) per month.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.chernomore.bg/obshtestvo/2017-02-14/srednata-zaplata-vav-varna-e-915-lv\|title=Cherno more employment\|publisher=Chernomore.bg\|access-date=1 March 2017\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025350/http://www.chernomore.bg/obshtestvo/2017-02-14/srednata-zaplata-vav-varna-e-915-lv\|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>		Economically, Varna is among the best-performing and fastest-growing Bulgarian cities. In 2016 the unemployment rate is 3.5% and the average salary is nearly 900lv (450€) per month.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.chernomore.bg/obshtestvo/2017-02-14/srednata-zaplata-vav-varna-e-915-lv\|title=Cherno more employment\|publisher=Chernomore.bg\|access-date=1 March 2017\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025350/http://www.chernomore.bg/obshtestvo/2017-02-14/srednata-zaplata-vav-varna-e-915-lv\|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>
	The economy is service-based, with 61% of net revenue generated in trade and tourism, 16% in manufacturing, 14% in transportation and communications, and 6% in construction.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.varna.bg/invest/iconom.htm \|title=-Община Варна- \|publisher=Varna.bg \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009221617/http://www.varna.bg/invest/iconom.htm \|archive-date=9 October 2008 }}</ref> Financial services, particularly banking, insurance, investment management, and real-estate finance are booming~~. As of December 2008, the fallout of the global financial crisis has not yet been hard~~. The city is the easternmost destination of [[Pan-European corridors~~\|Pan-European transport corridor~~]] 8 and is connected to corridors 7 and 9 via Rousse. Major industries traditionally include transportation ([[Navibulgar]], [[Port of Varna]], [[Varna Airport]]), distribution (Logistics Park Varna<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.propertywisebulgaria.com/article/logistic-park-varna-received-first-class-investor-certificate/id_562/catid_12 \|title=Logistic Park Varna received First Class Investor Certificate – Daily News Article \|publisher=Propertywisebulgaria.com \|date=8 February 2008 \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212061259/http://www.propertywisebulgaria.com/article/logistic-park-varna-received-first-class-investor-certificate/id_562/catid_12 \|archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref>), [[shipbuilding]] (see also [[Oceanic-Creations]]), ship repair,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Odessos Shipyard Varna\|url=http://www.odessos-yard.bg/\|website=Odessos Shiprepair Yard\|access-date=5 August 2016\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731145421/http://www.odessos-yard.bg/\|archive-date=31 July 2016}}</ref> and other marine industries.		The economy is service-based, with 61% of net revenue generated in trade and tourism, 16% in manufacturing, 14% in transportation and communications, and 6% in construction.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.varna.bg/invest/iconom.htm \|title=-Община Варна- \|publisher=Varna.bg \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009221617/http://www.varna.bg/invest/iconom.htm \|archive-date=9 October 2008 }}</ref> Financial services, particularly banking, insurance, investment management, and real-estate finance are booming. The city is the easternmost destination of [[Pan-European corridors]] 8 and is connected to corridors 7 and 9 via Rousse. Major industries traditionally include transportation ([[Navibulgar]], [[Port of Varna]], [[Varna Airport]]), distribution (Logistics Park Varna<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.propertywisebulgaria.com/article/logistic-park-varna-received-first-class-investor-certificate/id_562/catid_12 \|title=Logistic Park Varna received First Class Investor Certificate – Daily News Article \|publisher=Propertywisebulgaria.com \|date=8 February 2008 \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212061259/http://www.propertywisebulgaria.com/article/logistic-park-varna-received-first-class-investor-certificate/id_562/catid_12 \|archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref>), [[shipbuilding]] (see also [[Oceanic-Creations]]), ship repair,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Odessos Shipyard Varna\|url=http://www.odessos-yard.bg/\|website=Odessos Shiprepair Yard\|access-date=5 August 2016\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731145421/http://www.odessos-yard.bg/\|archive-date=31 July 2016}}</ref> and other marine industries.

	The largest port in Bulgaria is the [[Port of Varna]] through which over 7m tonnes of freight moves annually.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://port-varna.bg/content/10/files/GFO-2020.pdf \|title=Annual Financial Report \|access-date=2022-06-25 \|language=bg \|publisher=Port Varna \|date= }}</ref>		The largest port in Bulgaria is the [[Port of Varna]] through which over 7m tonnes of freight moves annually.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://port-varna.bg/content/10/files/GFO-2020.pdf \|title=Annual Financial Report \|access-date=2022-06-25 \|language=bg \|publisher=Port Varna \|date= }}</ref>

imported>OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

2025-05-25T05:38:36Z

Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

Show changes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:11, 13 June 2025
Line 93:		Line 93:
	[[File:Warna ruiny.jpg\|thumb\|[[Roman Thermae (Varna)\|Roman Thermae]] west [[apodyterium]] with [[Athanasius of Alexandria\|St. Athanasius]] church bell tower in the background]]		[[File:Warna ruiny.jpg\|thumb\|[[Roman Thermae (Varna)\|Roman Thermae]] west [[apodyterium]] with [[Athanasius of Alexandria\|St. Athanasius]] church bell tower in the background]]

	'''Odessos''' or '''Odessus''' ({{langx\|grc\|Ὀδησσός}})<ref>{{Cite Strabo\|vii. p. 319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus\|19.73, 20.112}}</ref><ref>[[Appian]], ''Ill.'' 30; [[Arrian]], ''Per.'' 24; {{Cite Ptolemy\|3.10.8, 8.11.6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Stephanus\|''s.v.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Mela\|2.2.5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pliny\|4.18}}</ref><ref>[[Ovid]], ''Trist.'' 1.9.37</ref> is one of the oldest ancient settlements in Bulgaria. Its name appears as '''Odesopolis''' (Ὀδησόπολις) in the ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]''; and as Odyssos or Odyssus in the [[Synecdemus]] and in [[Procopius]].<ref name=DGRG>{{Cite DGRG\|title=Odessus}}</ref> It was established in the second quarter of the sixth century BC (585–550 BC) by [[Miletus\|Miletian]] [[Greeks]] on the site of a previous Thracian settlement.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.archaeo.museumvarna.com/en/category/6\|title=Odessos, Antiquity\|publisher=Archaeological Museum Varna\|access-date=23 February 2017\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131354/http://www.archaeo.museumvarna.com/en/category/6\|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation \|last=Minchev \|first=Alexander \|title=Ancient Theatres and Theatre Art of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and Thracian Hinterland \|date=2019 \|work=Ancient Theatre and Performance Culture Around the Black Sea \|page=183 \|editor-last=Braund \|editor-first=David \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/ancient-theatre-and-performance-culture-around-the-black-sea/ancient-theatres-and-theatre-art-of-the-bulgarian-black-sea-coast-and-thracian-hinterland/FE58543D28375B1D2CF4E672909A872E \|access-date=2024-09-25 \|place=Cambridge \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|doi=10.1017/9781316756621.010 \|isbn=978-1-107-17059-9 \|editor2-last=Hall \|editor2-first=Edith \|editor3-last=Wyles \|editor3-first=Rosie\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Miletian founded an ''apoikia'' (trading post) of Odessos towards the end of the 7th c. BC (the earliest Greek archaeological material is dated 600–575 BC), or, according to [[Pseudo-Scymnus]]'', ''in the time of [[Astyages]] (here, usually 572–570 BC is suggested), within an earlier Thracian settlement. The name ''Odessos'' could have been pre-Greek, arguably of [[Carian]] origin. It was the presiding member of the Pontic [[Pentapolis]], consisting of Odessos, [[Constanța\|Tomi]], [[Callatis]], [[Mesembria]], and [[Sozopol\|Apollonia]].<ref name=DGRG/> Odessos was a mixed community—contact zone between the [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks]] and the [[Thracians\|Thracian]] tribes ([[Getae]], [[Krobyzoi]], [[Terizi (Getae tribe)\|Terizi]]) of the [[hinterland]]. Excavations at nearby Thracian sites have shown uninterrupted occupation from the 7th to the 4th century BC and close commercial relations with the colony. The Greek alphabet has been used for inscriptions in [[Thracian language\|Thracian]] since at least the 5th century BC.		'''Odessos''' or '''Odessus''' ({{langx\|grc\|Ὀδησσός}})<ref>{{Cite Strabo\|vii. p. 319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus\|19.73, 20.112}}</ref><ref>[[Appian]], ''Ill.'' 30; [[Arrian]], ''Per.'' 24; {{Cite Ptolemy\|3.10.8, 8.11.6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Stephanus\|''s.v.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Mela\|2.2.5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pliny\|4.18}}</ref><ref>[[Ovid]], ''Trist.'' 1.9.37</ref> is one of the oldest ancient settlements in Bulgaria. Its name appears as '''Odesopolis''' (Ὀδησόπολις) in the ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]''; and as Odyssos or Odyssus in the [[Synecdemus]] and in [[Procopius]].<ref name=DGRG>{{Cite DGRG\|title=Odessus}}</ref> It was established in the second quarter of the sixth century BC (585–550 BC) by [[Miletus\|Miletian]] [[Greeks]] on the site of a previous Thracian settlement.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.archaeo.museumvarna.com/en/category/6\|title=Odessos, Antiquity\|publisher=Archaeological Museum Varna\|access-date=23 February 2017\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131354/http://www.archaeo.museumvarna.com/en/category/6\|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation \|last=Minchev \|first=Alexander \|title=Ancient Theatres and Theatre Art of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and Thracian Hinterland \|date=2019 \|work=Ancient Theatre and Performance Culture Around the Black Sea \|page=183 \|editor-last=Braund \|editor-first=David \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/ancient-theatre-and-performance-culture-around-the-black-sea/ancient-theatres-and-theatre-art-of-the-bulgarian-black-sea-coast-and-thracian-hinterland/FE58543D28375B1D2CF4E672909A872E \|access-date=2024-09-25 \|place=Cambridge \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|doi=10.1017/9781316756621.010 \|isbn=978-1-107-17059-9 \|editor2-last=Hall \|editor2-first=Edith \|editor3-last=Wyles \|editor3-first=Rosie\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Miletian founded an ''apoikia'' (trading post) of Odessos towards the end of the 7th c. BC (the earliest Greek archaeological material is dated 600–575 BC), or, according to [[Pseudo-Scymnus]]'', ''in the time of [[Astyages]] (here, usually 572–570 BC is suggested), within an earlier Thracian settlement. The name ''Odessos'' could have been pre-Greek, arguably of [[Carian language\|Carian]] origin. It was the presiding member of the Pontic [[Pentapolis]], consisting of Odessos, [[Constanța\|Tomi]], [[Callatis]], [[Mesembria]], and [[Sozopol\|Apollonia]].<ref name=DGRG/> Odessos was a mixed community—contact zone between the [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks]] and the [[Thracians\|Thracian]] tribes ([[Getae]], [[Krobyzoi]], [[Terizi (Getae tribe)\|Terizi]]) of the [[hinterland]]. Excavations at nearby Thracian sites have shown uninterrupted occupation from the 7th to the 4th century BC and close commercial relations with the colony. The Greek alphabet has been used for inscriptions in [[Thracian language\|Thracian]] since at least the 5th century BC.
	{{See also\|Derzelas}}		{{See also\|Derzelas}}

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	Economically, Varna is among the best-performing and fastest-growing Bulgarian cities. In 2016 the unemployment rate is 3.5% and the average salary is nearly 900lv (450€) per month.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.chernomore.bg/obshtestvo/2017-02-14/srednata-zaplata-vav-varna-e-915-lv\|title=Cherno more employment\|publisher=Chernomore.bg\|access-date=1 March 2017\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025350/http://www.chernomore.bg/obshtestvo/2017-02-14/srednata-zaplata-vav-varna-e-915-lv\|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>		Economically, Varna is among the best-performing and fastest-growing Bulgarian cities. In 2016 the unemployment rate is 3.5% and the average salary is nearly 900lv (450€) per month.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.chernomore.bg/obshtestvo/2017-02-14/srednata-zaplata-vav-varna-e-915-lv\|title=Cherno more employment\|publisher=Chernomore.bg\|access-date=1 March 2017\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025350/http://www.chernomore.bg/obshtestvo/2017-02-14/srednata-zaplata-vav-varna-e-915-lv\|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>
	The economy is service-based, with 61% of net revenue generated in trade and tourism, 16% in manufacturing, 14% in transportation and communications, and 6% in construction.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.varna.bg/invest/iconom.htm \|title=-Община Варна- \|publisher=Varna.bg \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009221617/http://www.varna.bg/invest/iconom.htm \|archive-date=9 October 2008 }}</ref> Financial services, particularly banking, insurance, investment management, and real-estate finance are booming~~. As of December 2008, the fallout of the global financial crisis has not yet been hard~~. The city is the easternmost destination of [[Pan-European corridors~~\|Pan-European transport corridor~~]] 8 and is connected to corridors 7 and 9 via Rousse. Major industries traditionally include transportation ([[Navibulgar]], [[Port of Varna]], [[Varna Airport]]), distribution (Logistics Park Varna<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.propertywisebulgaria.com/article/logistic-park-varna-received-first-class-investor-certificate/id_562/catid_12 \|title=Logistic Park Varna received First Class Investor Certificate – Daily News Article \|publisher=Propertywisebulgaria.com \|date=8 February 2008 \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212061259/http://www.propertywisebulgaria.com/article/logistic-park-varna-received-first-class-investor-certificate/id_562/catid_12 \|archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref>), [[shipbuilding]] (see also [[Oceanic-Creations]]), ship repair,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Odessos Shipyard Varna\|url=http://www.odessos-yard.bg/\|website=Odessos Shiprepair Yard\|access-date=5 August 2016\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731145421/http://www.odessos-yard.bg/\|archive-date=31 July 2016}}</ref> and other marine industries.		The economy is service-based, with 61% of net revenue generated in trade and tourism, 16% in manufacturing, 14% in transportation and communications, and 6% in construction.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.varna.bg/invest/iconom.htm \|title=-Община Варна- \|publisher=Varna.bg \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009221617/http://www.varna.bg/invest/iconom.htm \|archive-date=9 October 2008 }}</ref> Financial services, particularly banking, insurance, investment management, and real-estate finance are booming. The city is the easternmost destination of [[Pan-European corridors]] 8 and is connected to corridors 7 and 9 via Rousse. Major industries traditionally include transportation ([[Navibulgar]], [[Port of Varna]], [[Varna Airport]]), distribution (Logistics Park Varna<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.propertywisebulgaria.com/article/logistic-park-varna-received-first-class-investor-certificate/id_562/catid_12 \|title=Logistic Park Varna received First Class Investor Certificate – Daily News Article \|publisher=Propertywisebulgaria.com \|date=8 February 2008 \|access-date=6 May 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212061259/http://www.propertywisebulgaria.com/article/logistic-park-varna-received-first-class-investor-certificate/id_562/catid_12 \|archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref>), [[shipbuilding]] (see also [[Oceanic-Creations]]), ship repair,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Odessos Shipyard Varna\|url=http://www.odessos-yard.bg/\|website=Odessos Shiprepair Yard\|access-date=5 August 2016\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731145421/http://www.odessos-yard.bg/\|archive-date=31 July 2016}}</ref> and other marine industries.

	The largest port in Bulgaria is the [[Port of Varna]] through which over 7m tonnes of freight moves annually.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://port-varna.bg/content/10/files/GFO-2020.pdf \|title=Annual Financial Report \|access-date=2022-06-25 \|language=bg \|publisher=Port Varna \|date= }}</ref>		The largest port in Bulgaria is the [[Port of Varna]] through which over 7m tonnes of freight moves annually.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://port-varna.bg/content/10/files/GFO-2020.pdf \|title=Annual Financial Report \|access-date=2022-06-25 \|language=bg \|publisher=Port Varna \|date= }}</ref>