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{{short description|Protein-coding gene in humans}}<br />
{{Infobox_gene}}<br />
'''Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1''' also known as '''VPAC<sub>1</sub>''', is a [[protein]], that in humans is encoded by the ''VIPR1'' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez"/> VPAC<sub>1</sub> is expressed in the brain ([[cerebral cortex]], [[hippocampus]], [[amygdala]]), [[lung]], [[prostate]], peripheral blood [[leukocytes]], [[liver]], [[small intestine]], [[heart]], [[spleen]], [[placenta]], [[kidney]], [[thymus]] and [[testis]].<ref name="Ishihara, 1992">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ishihara T, Shigemoto R, Mori K, Takahashi K, Nagata S | title = Functional expression and tissue distribution of a novel receptor for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide | journal = Neuron | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 811–9 | date = Apr 1992 | pmid = 1314625 | doi = 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90101-I | s2cid = 43589458 }}</ref><ref name="Usdin, 1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Usdin TB, Bonner TI, Mezey E | title = Two receptors for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide with similar specificity and complementary distributions | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 135 | issue = 6 | pages = 2662–80 | date = Dec 1994 | pmid = 7988457 | doi = 10.1210/endo.135.6.7988457 }}</ref><ref name="Sreedharan, 1995">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sreedharan SP, Huang JX, Cheung MC, Goetzl EJ | title = Structure, expression, and chromosomal localization of the type I human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor gene | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 92 | issue = 7 | pages = 2939–43 | date = Mar 1995 | pmid = 7708752 | pmc = 42334 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2939 | bibcode = 1995PNAS...92.2939S | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
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== Function ==<br />
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VPAC<sub>1</sub> is a receptor for [[vasoactive intestinal peptide]] (VIP), a small [[neuropeptide]]. [[Vasoactive]] intestinal peptide is involved in [[smooth muscle]] relaxation, exocrine and endocrine [[secretion]], and water and ion flux in [[lung]] and intestinal [[epithelia]]. Its actions are effected through integral [[membrane receptor]]s associated with a [[guanine]] nucleotide binding protein which activates [[adenylate cyclase]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: VIPR1 vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7433}}</ref><br />
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VIP acts in an [[autocrine]] fashion via VPAC<sub>1</sub>1 to inhibit [[megakaryocyte]] proliferation and induce [[proplatelet]] formation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nam C, Case AJ, Hostager BS, O'Dorisio MS | title = The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in megakaryocyte proliferation | journal = Journal of Molecular Neuroscience | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 160–7 | date = Feb 2009 | pmid = 18663606 | doi = 10.1007/s12031-008-9119-x | s2cid = 2030939 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Freson K, Peeters K, De Vos R, Wittevrongel C, Thys C, Hoylaerts MF, Vermylen J, Van Geet C | title = PACAP and its receptor VPAC1 regulate megakaryocyte maturation: therapeutic implications | journal = Blood | volume = 111 | issue = 4 | pages = 1885–93 | date = Feb 2008 | pmid = 18000164 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2007-06-098558 | s2cid = 24342247 }}</ref><br />
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== Clinical significance ==<br />
Patients with [[idiopathic]] [[achalasia]] show a significant difference in the distribution of [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNP]]s affecting VIPR1.<ref name="Paladini-2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paladini F, Cocco E, Cascino I, Belfiore F, Badiali D, Piretta L, Alghisi F, Anzini F, Fiorillo MT, Corazziari E, Sorrentino R | title = Age-dependent association of idiopathic achalasia with vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 gene | journal = Neurogastroenterology and Motility | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 597–602 | date = Jun 2009 | pmid = 19309439 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01284.x | s2cid = 24081228 }}</ref><br />
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VIP and PACAP levels were decreased in anterior vaginal wall of stress [[urinary incontinence]] and [[pelvic organ prolapse]] patients, they may participate in the pathophysiology of these diseases.<ref name="Hong-2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hong X, Huang L, Song Y | title = Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the vaginal wall of women with stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse | journal = International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction | volume = 19 | issue = 8 | pages = 1151–7 | date = Aug 2008 | pmid = 18351280 | doi = 10.1007/s00192-008-0585-z | s2cid = 2482642 }}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== Further reading ==<br />
{{refbegin | 2}}<br />
* {{cite journal | title = [Quaternary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthetase] | journal = Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR | volume = 222 | issue = 4 | pages = 997–1000 | date = Jun 1975 | pmid = 807467 | trans-title = Quaternary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthetase }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sreedharan SP, Huang JX, Cheung MC, Goetzl EJ | title = Structure, expression, and chromosomal localization of the type I human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor gene | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 92 | issue = 7 | pages = 2939–43 | date = Mar 1995 | pmid = 7708752 | pmc = 42334 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2939 | bibcode = 1995PNAS...92.2939S | doi-access = free }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Couvineau A, Gaudin P, Maoret JJ, Rouyer-Fessard C, Nicole P, Laburthe M | title = Highly conserved aspartate 68, tryptophane 73 and glycine 109 in the N-terminal extracellular domain of the human VIP receptor are essential for its ability to bind VIP | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 206 | issue = 1 | pages = 246–52 | date = Jan 1995 | pmid = 7818527 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1034 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gagnon AW, Aiyar N, Elshourbagy NA | title = Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human liver vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor | journal = Cellular Signalling | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 321–33 | date = Mar 1994 | pmid = 7917790 | doi = 10.1016/0898-6568(94)90037-X }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sreedharan SP, Patel DR, Xia M, Ichikawa S, Goetzl EJ | title = Human vasoactive intestinal peptide1 receptors expressed by stable transfectants couple to two distinct signaling pathways | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 203 | issue = 1 | pages = 141–8 | date = Aug 1994 | pmid = 8074647 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2160 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Couvineau A, Rouyer-Fessard C, Darmoul D, Maoret JJ, Carrero I, Ogier-Denis E, Laburthe M | title = Human intestinal VIP receptor: cloning and functional expression of two cDNA encoding proteins with different N-terminal domains | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 200 | issue = 2 | pages = 769–76 | date = Apr 1994 | pmid = 8179610 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1517 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Moody TW, Zia F, Draoui M, Brenneman DE, Fridkin M, Davidson A, Gozes I | title = A vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist inhibits non-small cell lung cancer growth | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 90 | issue = 10 | pages = 4345–9 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 8389448 | pmc = 46507 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.90.10.4345 | bibcode = 1993PNAS...90.4345M | doi-access = free }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sreedharan SP, Patel DR, Huang JX, Goetzl EJ | title = Cloning and functional expression of a human neuroendocrine vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 193 | issue = 2 | pages = 546–53 | date = Jun 1993 | pmid = 8390245 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1658 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Couvineau A, Fabre C, Gaudin P, Maoret JJ, Laburthe M | title = Mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites in the human vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 receptor. Evidence that asparagine 58 or 69 is crucial for correct delivery of the receptor to plasma membrane | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 1745–52 | date = Feb 1996 | pmid = 8639654 | doi = 10.1021/bi952022h }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pozo D, Guerrero JM, Segura JJ, Calvo JR | title = Thymosin alpha 1 interacts with the VIP receptor-effector system in rat and mouse immunocompetent cells | journal = Immunopharmacology | volume = 34 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 113–23 | date = Sep 1996 | pmid = 8886855 | doi = 10.1016/0162-3109(96)00131-2 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Couvineau A, Maoret JJ, Rouyer-Fessard C, Carrero I, Laburthe M | title = Cloning and functional characterization of the human VIP1/PACAP receptor promoter | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 865 | pages = 59–63 | date = Dec 1998 | issue = 1 | pmid = 9927997 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11163.x | bibcode = 1998NYASA.865...59C | s2cid = 46520267 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Knudsen SM, Tams JW, Wulff BS, Fahrenkrug J | title = Importance of conserved cysteines in the extracellular loops of human PACAP/VIP1 receptor for ligand binding and stimulation of cAMP production | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 865 | pages = 259–65 | date = Dec 1998 | issue = 1 | pmid = 9928020 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11186.x | bibcode = 1998NYASA.865..259K | s2cid = 27000806 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Marie J, Wakkach A, Coudray A, Chastre E, Berrih-Aknin S, Gespach C | title = Functional expression of receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the human thymus and thymomas from myasthenia gravis patients | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 162 | issue = 4 | pages = 2103–12 | date = Feb 1999 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.2103 | pmid = 9973484 | doi-access = free }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mimuro H, Suzuki T, Suetsugu S, Miki H, Takenawa T, Sasakawa C | title = Profilin is required for sustaining efficient intra- and intercellular spreading of Shigella flexneri | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 275 | issue = 37 | pages = 28893–901 | date = Sep 2000 | pmid = 10867004 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M003882200 | doi-access = free }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nicole P, Maoret JJ, Couvineau A, Momany FA, Laburthe M | title = Tryptophan 67 in the human VPAC(1) receptor: crucial role for VIP binding | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 276 | issue = 2 | pages = 654–9 | date = Sep 2000 | pmid = 11027527 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3375 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bajo AM, Juarranz MG, Valenzuela P, Martínez P, Prieto JC, Guijarro LG | title = Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in human uterus | journal = Peptides | volume = 21 | issue = 9 | pages = 1383–8 | date = Sep 2000 | pmid = 11072126 | doi = 10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00282-5 | s2cid = 429907 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lara-Marquez M, O'Dorisio M, O'Dorisio T, Shah M, Karacay B | title = Selective gene expression and activation-dependent regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 1 and type 2 in human T cells | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 166 | issue = 4 | pages = 2522–30 | date = Feb 2001 | pmid = 11160313 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2522 | doi-access = free }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Martin Shreeve S | title = Identification of G-proteins coupling to the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor VPAC(1) using immunoaffinity chromatography: evidence for precoupling | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 290 | issue = 4 | pages = 1300–7 | date = Feb 2002 | pmid = 11812005 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6342 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dorsam G, Goetzl EJ | title = Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-1 (VPAC-1) is a novel gene target of the hemolymphopoietic transcription factor Ikaros | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 16 | pages = 13488–93 | date = Apr 2002 | pmid = 11812772 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M107922200 | doi-access = free }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Branch DR, Valenta LJ, Yousefi S, Sakac D, Singla R, Bali M, Sahai BM, Ma XZ | title = VPAC1 is a cellular neuroendocrine receptor expressed on T cells that actively facilitates productive HIV-1 infection | journal = AIDS | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–19 | date = Feb 2002 | pmid = 11834941 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-200202150-00001 | s2cid = 25584856 | doi-access = free }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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