46.6.17.35 at 12:02, 6 February 2025

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{{Short description|Species of bat}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Murina ussuriensis.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Fukui, D. |author2=Sano, A. |author3=Kruskop, S.V. |date=2019 |title=''Murina ussuriensis'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T84562332A22095832 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T84562332A22095832.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Murina
| species = ussuriensis
| authority = [[Sergey Ognev|Ognev]], 1913
| range_map=Distribution of Murina ussuriensis.png
| synonyms = {{species list
| Murina silvatica|Yoshiyuki, 1983
| Murina aurata ussuriensis | Ognev, 1913}}
}}

The '''Ussuri tube-nosed bat''' or '''Forest tube-nosed bat''' (''Murina ussuriensis'') is a species of [[vesper bat]] in the family [[Vespertilionidae]]. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].
It is the only species of bat that hibernates in snowbanks.

==Taxonomy and etymology==
It was [[species description|described]] as a new species in 1913 by Russian zoologist [[Sergey Ognev]].
Its [[specific epithet (zoology)|species name]] "''ussuriensis''" comes from [[Primorsky Krai|Ussuriland]].
The [[holotype]] had been collected in Ussuriland by Nikolaus Ikonnikov (also spelled Ikonnikoff).<ref name="Ognev 1913">{{cite journal|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8508525| last=Ognev|first=S.|year=1913| title=Замѣтки по Фаунѣ летучихъ мышей (Chiroptera) и насѣкомоядныхъ (Insectivora) Уссурійекаго края [Bemerkungen über die Chiroptera und Insectivora des Ussuri-Landes]|journal= Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskogo Muzeia| volume=18| pages=402–406|language=Russian}}</ref>
In 1951, [[Sir John Ellerman, 2nd Baronet|Ellerman]] and [[Terence Morrison-Scott|Morrison-Scott]] classified it as a [[subspecies]] of the [[little tube-nosed bat]] with a [[trinomen]] of ''Murina aurata ussuriensis''.<ref name="Ellerson 1951">{{cite book| last=Ellerson| first=J. E.| last2= Morrison-Scott| first2=T. C. S.| year=1951| title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946| publisher=Order of the Trustees of the British Museum| pages=184–185| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8722485}}</ref>
The population in Japan is sometimes referred to as ''Murina silvatica''.<ref name="Hirakawa 2018"/>

==Description==
It is a moderately small member of its genus, with a forearm length of {{cvt|27|mm|in}}.
Its head and body length is {{cvt|40|mm|in}}, while its tail is {{cvt|25|mm|in}}.
Its fur is soft and short.
Fur on the back is tricolored, with reddish brown tips, pale middles, and dark roots.
The belly fur is pale and grayish in comparison.
The tops of its feet and legs are very hairy, as well as the back of its [[interfemoral membrane|uropatagium]].<ref name="Smith 2010">{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Mammals of China|editor1-first=Andrew T.|editor1-last= Smith| editor2-first= Yan|editor2-last= Xie|editor3-first=Robert S.|editor3-last= Hoffmann|editor4-first=Darrin|editor4-last= Lunde|editor5-first=John| editor5-last= MacKinnon|editor6-first=Don E.|editor6-last= Wilson|editor7-first=W. Chris| editor7-last= Wozencraft|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1400834112|page=385}}</ref>
Individuals weigh {{cvt|4-8|g|oz}}.<ref name="Hirakawa 2018"/>

==Biology and ecology==
===Roosting behavior===
[[File:Murina ussuriensis snow hole.jpg|thumb|left|Ussuri tube-nosed bat hibernating within its snow hole]]
In the spring and autumn, it primarily roosts in clumps of dead leaves, but it also utilizes tree cavities and peeling tree bark.<ref name="Hirakawa 2018"/>
Trees used for roosting include ''[[Litsea acuminata]]'' (a [[Lauraceae|laurel species]]), ''[[Neolitsea sericea]]'', ''[[Camellia sasanqua]]'', ''[[Ardisia sieboldii]]'', ''[[Cinnamomum camphora]]'', and ''[[Ficus superba]]''.
Females switch roosts frequently, moving to a new roost every day in one study.
It is [[colony (biology)|colonial]], with females forming [[maternity colony (bats)|maternity colonies]].<ref name="Fukui 2012"/>
These colonies last from June to August; the rest of the year, each sex is solitary.<ref name="Funakoshi 2016">{{cite journal|doi=10.11238/mammalianscience.56.117|title=Roosting ecology of the Ussuri tube-nosed bat, Murina ussuriensis, with special reference to sexual maturity| journal=Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science)|volume=56|issue=2| last1=Funakoshi| first1=K. |last2=Tamari |first2=T. |last3=Ichikihara |first3=Y.|last4=Kitanokuchi |first4=T. |last5=Tanaka |first5=H.|year=2016|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mammalianscience/56/2/56_117/_article/-char/en|language=Japanese }}</ref>
These colonies consist of 2–22 individuals.
The frequent roost-switching and variable colony sizes exhibited in maternity colonies suggests a [[Fission–fusion society|fission-fusion social structure]].<ref name="Fukui 2012">{{cite journal|doi=10.3161/150811012X654303|title=Maternity Roosts and Behaviour of the Ussurian Tube-Nosed Bat ''Murina ussuriensis''|journal=Acta Chiropterologica|volume=14|pages=93–104|year=2012|last1=Fukui|first1=Dai|last2=Hill|first2=David A|last3=Matsumura|first3=Sumiko|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267453317}}</ref>
It is the only known bat that hibernates in snow.
In the winter, it has been found roosting within cylindrical or conical holes in snowbanks.
It is hypothesized that the bats excavate these cavities themselves.
Hibernating within the snow may protect it from predators and prevent water loss; the snow holes likely have a stable thermal environment, as well.
The only other mammal species known to hibernate within snow is the [[polar bear]].<ref name="Hirakawa 2018">{{cite journal|last1=Hirakawa| first1= H.| last2= Nagasaka| first2= Y.| year=2018| title= Evidence for Ussurian tube-nosed bats (Murina ussuriensis) hibernating in snow| journal= Scientific Reports| volume= 8| issue=1|page= 12047|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-30357-1| pmid= 30104736| pmc= 6089880| bibcode= 2018NatSR...812047H}}</ref>

===Reproduction and life history===
Females are strongly [[philopatric]], meaning that they likely stay in their natal ranges.
Therefore, females in a given area are closely related, influencing the social structure of colonies.<ref name="Flanders 2016">{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyv200|doi-access=free|title=Female philopatry and limited male-biased dispersal in the Ussuri tube-nosed bat, ''Murina ussuriensis''|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=97|issue=2|pages=545–553|year=2016|last1=Flanders|first1=Jon|last2=Inoue-Murayama|first2=Miho|last3=Rossiter|first3=Stephen J|last4=Hill|first4=David A}}</ref>
Females give birth in the summer to an offspring called a pup.
Pups are weaned in the summer, and some reach [[sexual maturity]] in their first autumn.
It is a relatively short-lived species for a bat, with maximum age recorded as 4 and 4.5 years for males and females, respectively.<ref name="Funakoshi 2016"/>

===Parasites and disease===
The Ussuri tube-nosed bat is affected by [[endoparasites]] such as ''[[Vampirolepis yakushimaensis]]'', a species of [[Hymenolepididae|Hymenolepidid]] tapeworm.
''V. yakushimaensis'' was described as a new species based on 13 specimens recovered from the [[small intestine]] of one individual.<ref name="Sawada">{{cite journal|last1=Sawada| first1= I.| year=1987| title= Further studies on cestodes of Japanese bats, with descriptions of three new species of the genus Vampirolepis (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae)| journal= Zoological Science| volume= 4| pages=721–729| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40561992}}</ref>

It was also one of the first bat species in Asia to test positive for ''[[Pseudogymnoascus destructans]]'', the fungus that causes [[white-nose syndrome]].
One individual tested positive for the fungus during summer sampling of a cave in [[Northeast China]].<ref name="Hoyt 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Hoyt| first1= J. R.| last2= Sun| first2= K.| last3= Parise| first3= K. L.| last4= Lu| first4= G.| last5= Langwig| first5= K. E.| last6= Jiang| first6= T.| last7= Feng| first7= J.| year=2016| title= Widespread bat white-nose syndrome fungus, northeastern China| journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases| volume= 22|issue=1| pages= 140–2| doi=10.3201/eid2201.151314| pmid= 26673906| pmc= 4698868}}</ref>
The disease does not appear as lethal in China as it is to bats in the United States, though.<ref name="Kobilinsky 2015">{{cite web|url=http://wildlife.org/white-nose-syndrome-discovered-in-china/|title=White-Nose Syndrome Discovered in China|last=Kobilinsky|first=D.| date=4 November 2015| website=The Wildlife Society|access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref>

==Distribution==
It can be found in [[North Korea]], [[South Korea]], Japan ([[Hokkaido]], [[Honshu]], [[Shikoku]], [[Kyushu]], [[Tsushima Island]], [[Yakushima Island]] and [[Iki Island]]) and Russia ([[Primorye]], southernmost [[Sakhalin]] and the [[Kuril Islands]]). It has been reported In northeast China ([[Inner Mongolia]], [[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]]) but this has yet to be verified.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vespertilionidae|M1.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2745348}}

[[Category:Murininae]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1913]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Bats of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Korea]]
[[Category:Mammals of Siberia]]

Ussuri tube-nosed bat - Revision history

46.6.17.35 at 12:02, 6 February 2025