User interface - Revision history

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	* The user interface of a [[Machine\|mechanical]] system, a vehicle or an [[Industry (manufacturing)\|industrial]] installation is sometimes referred to as the human–machine interface (HMI).<ref>{{cite journal\|author1=Griffin, Ben\|author2=Baston, Laurel\|title=Interfaces\|page=5\|url=http://peace.saumag.edu/faculty/kardas/Courses/CS/Interfaces2007_files/Interfaces2007.ppt\|access-date=7 June 2014\|format=Presentation\|quote=The user interface of a mechanical system, a vehicle or an industrial installation is sometimes referred to as the human–machine interface (HMI).\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160915/http://peace.saumag.edu/faculty/kardas/Courses/CS/Interfaces2007_files/Interfaces2007.ppt\|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> HMI is a modification of the original term MMI (man–machine interface).<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite journal\|title=User Interface Design and Ergonomics\|journal=Course Cit 811\|page=19\|url=http://www.nou.edu.ng/NOUN_OCL/pdf/SST/CIT%20811.pdf\|access-date=7 June 2014\|publisher=SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\|location=NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA\|quote=In practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now.\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714234100/http://www.nou.edu.ng/NOUN_OCL/pdf/SST/CIT%20811.pdf\|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> In practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used<ref name="Nigeria"/> although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2019}} Another abbreviation is HCI, but is more commonly used for [[human–computer interaction]].<ref name="Nigeria"/> Other terms used are operator interface console (OIC) and operator interface terminal (OIT).<ref>{{cite book\|title=Recent advances in business administration\|date=2010\|publisher=Wseas\|location=[S.l.]\|isbn=978-960-474-161-8\|page=190\|chapter=Introduction Section\|quote=Other terms used are operator interface console (OIC) and operator interface terminal (OIT)}}</ref> However it is abbreviated, the terms refer to the 'layer' that separates a human that is operating a machine from the machine itself.<ref name="Nigeria"/> Without a clean and usable interface, humans would not be able to interact with information systems.		* The user interface of a [[Machine\|mechanical]] system, a vehicle or an [[Industry (manufacturing)\|industrial]] installation is sometimes referred to as the human–machine interface (HMI).<ref>{{cite journal\|author1=Griffin, Ben\|author2=Baston, Laurel\|title=Interfaces\|page=5\|url=http://peace.saumag.edu/faculty/kardas/Courses/CS/Interfaces2007_files/Interfaces2007.ppt\|access-date=7 June 2014\|format=Presentation\|quote=The user interface of a mechanical system, a vehicle or an industrial installation is sometimes referred to as the human–machine interface (HMI).\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160915/http://peace.saumag.edu/faculty/kardas/Courses/CS/Interfaces2007_files/Interfaces2007.ppt\|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> HMI is a modification of the original term MMI (man–machine interface).<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite journal\|title=User Interface Design and Ergonomics\|journal=Course Cit 811\|page=19\|url=http://www.nou.edu.ng/NOUN_OCL/pdf/SST/CIT%20811.pdf\|access-date=7 June 2014\|publisher=SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\|location=NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA\|quote=In practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now.\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714234100/http://www.nou.edu.ng/NOUN_OCL/pdf/SST/CIT%20811.pdf\|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> In practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used<ref name="Nigeria"/> although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2019}} Another abbreviation is HCI, but is more commonly used for [[human–computer interaction]].<ref name="Nigeria"/> Other terms used are operator interface console (OIC) and operator interface terminal (OIT).<ref>{{cite book\|title=Recent advances in business administration\|date=2010\|publisher=Wseas\|location=[S.l.]\|isbn=978-960-474-161-8\|page=190\|chapter=Introduction Section\|quote=Other terms used are operator interface console (OIC) and operator interface terminal (OIT)}}</ref> However it is abbreviated, the terms refer to the 'layer' that separates a human that is operating a machine from the machine itself.<ref name="Nigeria"/> Without a clean and usable interface, humans would not be able to interact with information systems.

	In [[science fiction]], HMI is sometimes used to refer to what is better described as a [[direct neural interface]]. However, this latter usage is seeing increasing application in the real-life use of (medical) [[prostheses]]—the artificial extension that replaces a missing body part (e.g., [[cochlear implants]]).<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Cipriani\|first1=Christian\|last2=Segil\|first2=Jacob\|last3=Birdwell\|first3=Jay\|last4=Weir\|first4=Richard\|title=Dexterous control of a prosthetic hand using fine-wire intramuscular electrodes in targeted extrinsic muscles\|journal=IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\|volume=22\|issue=4\|pages=828–36\|doi=10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2301234\|issn=1534-4320\|quote=Neural co-activations are present that in turn generate significant EMG levels and hence unintended movements in the case of the present human machine interface (HMI).\|year=2014\|pmc=4501393\|pmid=24760929}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Citi\|first1=Luca\|title=Development of a neural interface for the control of a robotic hand\|date=2009\|page=5\|url=https://7c4745ab-a-cdf32725-s-sites.googlegroups.com/a/neurostat.mit.edu/lciti/publications_files/LCitiPhD.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cpwRib4-7KUnST5NrulgpbLiT3r10hOeyap9QXEgv64E1VioXR7n1pQYsNBNMZggwnI2V4KbZLgxVeKLcOgxz4XfJFAkqvddyQUnGqn4Mm5iLq9vDR02cHmYi6ULrK8IxWK150SirIt9acjMFcDon0dbnRwgYicc-2GeKZZCqtflZc4ZhEBORg8AzWE31XDAgoFFAfNtUxTcNR8IcJlsM7NYCGxY4M3Vn8WY6bsO1MEuyYIjmU%3D&attredirects=0<!-- \|chapter=Chapter 2 -->\|access-date=7 June 2014\|publisher=IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca\|location=Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy}}{{Dead link\|date=February 2025 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>		In [[science fiction]], HMI is sometimes used to refer to what is better described as a [[direct neural interface]]. However, this latter usage is seeing increasing application in the real-life use of (medical) [[prostheses]]—the artificial extension that replaces a missing body part (e.g., [[cochlear implants]]).<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Cipriani\|first1=Christian\|last2=Segil\|first2=Jacob\|last3=Birdwell\|first3=Jay\|last4=Weir\|first4=Richard\|title=Dexterous control of a prosthetic hand using fine-wire intramuscular electrodes in targeted extrinsic muscles\|journal=IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\|volume=22\|issue=4\|pages=828–36\|doi=10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2301234\|issn=1534-4320\|quote=Neural co-activations are present that in turn generate significant EMG levels and hence unintended movements in the case of the present human machine interface (HMI).\|year=2014\|pmc=4501393\|pmid=24760929 \|bibcode=2014ITNSR..22..828C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Citi\|first1=Luca\|title=Development of a neural interface for the control of a robotic hand\|date=2009\|page=5\|url=https://7c4745ab-a-cdf32725-s-sites.googlegroups.com/a/neurostat.mit.edu/lciti/publications_files/LCitiPhD.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cpwRib4-7KUnST5NrulgpbLiT3r10hOeyap9QXEgv64E1VioXR7n1pQYsNBNMZggwnI2V4KbZLgxVeKLcOgxz4XfJFAkqvddyQUnGqn4Mm5iLq9vDR02cHmYi6ULrK8IxWK150SirIt9acjMFcDon0dbnRwgYicc-2GeKZZCqtflZc4ZhEBORg8AzWE31XDAgoFFAfNtUxTcNR8IcJlsM7NYCGxY4M3Vn8WY6bsO1MEuyYIjmU%3D&attredirects=0<!-- \|chapter=Chapter 2 -->\|access-date=7 June 2014\|publisher=IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca\|location=Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy}}{{Dead link\|date=February 2025 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

	In some circumstances, computers might observe the user and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of [[positional tracking\|tracking parts of the body]] is required, and sensors noting the position of the head, [[eye tracking\|direction of gaze]] and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly relevant to [[Immersive digital environment\|immersive interfaces]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Jordan\|first1=Joel\|title=Gaze Direction Analysis for the Investigation of Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments\|page=5\|url=http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/j.jordan/thesis-jj-2011.pdf\|access-date=7 June 2014\|publisher=Department of Computer Science\|location=University of London\|format=Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy\|quote=The aim of this thesis is to investigate the idea that the direction of gaze may be used as a device to detect a sense-of-presence in Immersive Virtual Environments (IVE) in some contexts.\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714235740/http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/j.jordan/thesis-jj-2011.pdf\|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|author1=Ravi\|title=Introduction of HMI\|url=http://ravi-softwares.blogspot.com/2009/08/introduction-of-hmi.html\|access-date=7 June 2014\|date=August 2009\|quote=In some circumstance computers might observe the user, and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of tracking parts of the body is required, and sensors noting the position of the head, direction of gaze and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly relevant to immersive interfaces.\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233957/http://ravi-softwares.blogspot.com/2009/08/introduction-of-hmi.html\|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>		In some circumstances, computers might observe the user and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of [[positional tracking\|tracking parts of the body]] is required, and sensors noting the position of the head, [[eye tracking\|direction of gaze]] and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly relevant to [[Immersive digital environment\|immersive interfaces]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Jordan\|first1=Joel\|title=Gaze Direction Analysis for the Investigation of Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments\|page=5\|url=http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/j.jordan/thesis-jj-2011.pdf\|access-date=7 June 2014\|publisher=Department of Computer Science\|location=University of London\|format=Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy\|quote=The aim of this thesis is to investigate the idea that the direction of gaze may be used as a device to detect a sense-of-presence in Immersive Virtual Environments (IVE) in some contexts.\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714235740/http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/j.jordan/thesis-jj-2011.pdf\|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|author1=Ravi\|title=Introduction of HMI\|url=http://ravi-softwares.blogspot.com/2009/08/introduction-of-hmi.html\|access-date=7 June 2014\|date=August 2009\|quote=In some circumstance computers might observe the user, and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of tracking parts of the body is required, and sensors noting the position of the head, direction of gaze and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly relevant to immersive interfaces.\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233957/http://ravi-softwares.blogspot.com/2009/08/introduction-of-hmi.html\|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
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	* 1987 – Macintosh II: first full-color Mac		* 1987 – Macintosh II: first full-color Mac
	* 1988 – [[OS/2]] 1.10 Standard Edition (SE) has GUI written by Microsoft, looks a lot like Windows 2		* 1988 – [[OS/2]] 1.10 Standard Edition (SE) has GUI written by Microsoft, looks a lot like Windows 2
	* Mid-2000s - ~~[[Frutiger Aero]] was starting to get~~ popular and ~~was~~ used on several operating systems.		* Mid-2000s - UIs that used 3D-rendered elements became popular and were used on several operating systems, including Mac OS X and Windows XP/Vista.


	== Interface design ==		== Interface design ==

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:41, 7 November 2025
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	Generally, the goal of [[user interface design]] is to produce a user interface that makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable (user-friendly) to operate a machine in the way which produces the desired result (i.e. maximum [[usability]]). This generally means that the operator needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output, and also that the machine minimizes undesired outputs to the user.		Generally, the goal of [[user interface design]] is to produce a user interface that makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable (user-friendly) to operate a machine in the way which produces the desired result (i.e. maximum [[usability]]). This generally means that the operator needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output, and also that the machine minimizes undesired outputs to the user.

	User interfaces are composed of one or more layers, including a '''human–machine interface''' ('''HMI''') that typically interfaces machines with physical [[input device\|input hardware]] (such as keyboards, mice, or game pads) and output hardware (such as [[computer monitor]]s, speakers, and [[~~printer~~ (computing)\|printer]]s). A device that implements an HMI is called a [[human interface device]] (HID). User interfaces that dispense with the physical movement of body parts as an intermediary step between the brain and the machine use no input or output devices except electrodes alone; they are called [[brain–computer interface]]s (BCIs) or [[brain–machine interface]]s (BMIs).		User interfaces are composed of one or more layers, including a '''human–machine interface''' ('''HMI''') that typically interfaces machines with physical [[input device\|input hardware]] (such as keyboards, mice, or game pads) and output hardware (such as [[computer monitor]]s, speakers, and [[Printer (computing)\|printer]]s). A device that implements an HMI is called a [[human interface device]] (HID). User interfaces that dispense with the physical movement of body parts as an intermediary step between the brain and the machine use no input or output devices except electrodes alone; they are called [[brain–computer interface]]s (BCIs) or [[brain–machine interface]]s (BMIs).

	Other terms for human–machine interfaces are '''man–machine interface''' ('''MMI''') and, when the machine in question is a computer, '''human–computer interface'''. Additional UI layers may interact with one or more human senses, including: tactile UI ([[Somatosensory system\|touch]]), visual UI ([[Visual perception\|sight]]), auditory UI ([[Hearing\|sound]]), olfactory UI ([[Olfaction\|smell]]), equilibria UI ([[Sense of balance\|balance]]), and gustatory UI ([[taste]]).		Other terms for human–machine interfaces are '''man–machine interface''' ('''MMI''') and, when the machine in question is a computer, '''human–computer interface'''. Additional UI layers may interact with one or more human senses, including: tactile UI ([[Somatosensory system\|touch]]), visual UI ([[Visual perception\|sight]]), auditory UI ([[Hearing\|sound]]), olfactory UI ([[Olfaction\|smell]]), equilibria UI ([[Sense of balance\|balance]]), and gustatory UI ([[taste]]).
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	== Terminology ==		== Terminology ==

	[[File:Linux kernel INPUT OUPUT evdev gem USB framebuffer.svg\|thumb~~\|300px~~\|A human–machine interface usually involves [[peripheral\|peripheral hardware]] for the INPUT and for the OUTPUT. Often, there is an additional component implemented in software, like e.g. a [[graphical user interface]].]]		[[File:Linux kernel INPUT OUPUT evdev gem USB framebuffer.svg\|thumb\|A human–machine interface usually involves [[peripheral\|peripheral hardware]] for the INPUT and for the OUTPUT. Often, there is an additional component implemented in software, like e.g. a [[graphical user interface]].]]

	There is a difference between a user interface and an operator interface or a human–machine interface (HMI).		There is a difference between a user interface and an operator interface or a human–machine interface (HMI).
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	=== 1985: SAA user interface or text-based user interface ===		=== 1985: SAA user interface or text-based user interface ===

	In 1985, with the beginning of [[Microsoft Windows]] and other [[graphical user interface]]s, IBM created what is called the [[IBM Systems Application Architecture\|Systems Application Architecture]] (SAA) standard which include the [[IBM Common User Access\|Common User Access]] (CUA) derivative. CUA successfully created what we know and use today in Windows, and most of the more recent [[DOS]] or Windows Console Applications will use that standard as well.		In 1985, with the beginning of [[Microsoft Windows]] and other [[graphical user interface]]s, IBM created what is called the [[IBM Systems Application Architecture\|Systems Application Architecture]] (SAA) standard which include the [[IBM Common User Access\|Common User Access]] (CUA) derivative. CUA successfully created what we know and use today in Windows, and most of the more recent [[MS-DOS]] or Windows Console Applications will use that standard as well.

	This defined that a pulldown menu system should be at the top of the screen, status bar at the bottom, shortcut keys should stay the same for all common functionality (F2 to Open for example would work in all applications that followed the SAA standard). This greatly helped the speed at which users could learn an application so it caught on quick and became an industry standard.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Richard\|first1=Stéphane\|title=Text User Interface Development Series Part One – T.U.I. Basics\|url=http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue21/tuiseriespart1.htm\|access-date=13 June 2014\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116034613/http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue21/tuiseriespart1.htm\|archive-date=16 November 2014}}</ref>		This defined that a pulldown menu system should be at the top of the screen, status bar at the bottom, shortcut keys should stay the same for all common functionality (F2 to Open for example would work in all applications that followed the SAA standard). This greatly helped the speed at which users could learn an application so it caught on quick and became an industry standard.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Richard\|first1=Stéphane\|title=Text User Interface Development Series Part One – T.U.I. Basics\|url=http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue21/tuiseriespart1.htm\|access-date=13 June 2014\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116034613/http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue21/tuiseriespart1.htm\|archive-date=16 November 2014}}</ref>
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	* 1987 – Macintosh II: first full-color Mac		* 1987 – Macintosh II: first full-color Mac
	* 1988 – [[OS/2]] 1.10 Standard Edition (SE) has GUI written by Microsoft, looks a lot like Windows 2		* 1988 – [[OS/2]] 1.10 Standard Edition (SE) has GUI written by Microsoft, looks a lot like Windows 2
			* Mid-2000s - [[Frutiger Aero]] was starting to get popular and was used on several operating systems.


	== Interface design ==		== Interface design ==
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	# [[Concision]]:<ref name="artofunix">{{cite book\|last1=Raymond\|first1=Eric Steven\|title=The Art of Unix Programming\|date=2003\|publisher=Thyrsus Enterprises\|chapter-url=http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/~thenry/resources/unix_art/ch11s03.html\|access-date=13 June 2014\|chapter=11\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020023039/http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/~thenry/resources/unix_art/ch11s03.html\|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> However ironically, the over-clarification of information—for instance, by labelling the majority, if not the entirety, of items displayed on-screen at once, and regardless of whether or not the user would in fact require a visual indicator of some kind in order to identify a given item—can, and, under most normal circumstances, most likely will lead to the obfuscation of whatever information.		# [[Concision]]:<ref name="artofunix">{{cite book\|last1=Raymond\|first1=Eric Steven\|title=The Art of Unix Programming\|date=2003\|publisher=Thyrsus Enterprises\|chapter-url=http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/~thenry/resources/unix_art/ch11s03.html\|access-date=13 June 2014\|chapter=11\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020023039/http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/~thenry/resources/unix_art/ch11s03.html\|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> However ironically, the over-clarification of information—for instance, by labelling the majority, if not the entirety, of items displayed on-screen at once, and regardless of whether or not the user would in fact require a visual indicator of some kind in order to identify a given item—can, and, under most normal circumstances, most likely will lead to the obfuscation of whatever information.
	# Familiarity:<ref>{{cite journal\|author1=C. A. D'H Gough\|author2=R. Green\|author3=M. Billinghurst\|title=Accounting for User Familiarity in User Interfaces\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220998465\|access-date=13 June 2014\|format=PDF}}</ref> Even if someone uses an interface for the first time, certain elements can still be familiar. Real-life metaphors can be used to communicate meaning.		# Familiarity:<ref>{{cite journal\|author1=C. A. D'H Gough\|author2=R. Green\|author3=M. Billinghurst\|title=Accounting for User Familiarity in User Interfaces\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220998465\|access-date=13 June 2014\|format=PDF}}</ref> Even if someone uses an interface for the first time, certain elements can still be familiar. Real-life metaphors can be used to communicate meaning.
	# [[Responsiveness]]:<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Sweet\|first1=David\|title=KDE 2.0 Development\|date=October 2001\|publisher=Sams Publishing\|chapter-url=~~http~~://openbooks.sourceforge.net/books/kde20devel/ch09.html\|access-date=13 June 2014\|ref=99-067972\|chapter=9 – Constructing A Responsive User Interface\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923224705/http://openbooks.sourceforge.net/books/kde20devel/ch09.html\|archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> A good interface should not feel sluggish. This means that the interface should provide good feedback to the user about what's happening and whether the user's input is being successfully processed.		# [[Responsiveness]]:<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Sweet\|first1=David\|title=KDE 2.0 Development\|date=October 2001\|publisher=Sams Publishing\|chapter-url=https://openbooks.sourceforge.net/books/kde20devel/ch09.html\|access-date=13 June 2014\|ref=99-067972\|chapter=9 – Constructing A Responsive User Interface\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923224705/http://openbooks.sourceforge.net/books/kde20devel/ch09.html\|archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> A good interface should not feel sluggish. This means that the interface should provide good feedback to the user about what's happening and whether the user's input is being successfully processed.
	# Consistency:<ref>{{cite journal\|author1=John W. Satzinger\|author2=Lorne Olfman\|title=User interface consistency across end-user applications: the effects on mental models\|journal=Journal of Management Information Systems\|date=March 1998\|volume=14\|issue=4\|pages=167–193\|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1189510\|series=Managing virtual workplaces and teleworking with information technology\|location=Armonk, NY\|doi=10.1080/07421222.1998.11518190\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Keeping your interface consistent across your application is important because it allows users to recognize usage patterns.		# Consistency:<ref>{{cite journal\|author1=John W. Satzinger\|author2=Lorne Olfman\|title=User interface consistency across end-user applications: the effects on mental models\|journal=Journal of Management Information Systems\|date=March 1998\|volume=14\|issue=4\|pages=167–193\|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1189510\|series=Managing virtual workplaces and teleworking with information technology\|location=Armonk, NY\|doi=10.1080/07421222.1998.11518190\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Keeping your interface consistent across your application is important because it allows users to recognize usage patterns.
	# [[Aesthetics]]: While you do not need to make an interface attractive for it to do its job, making something look good will make the time your users spend using your application more enjoyable; and happier users can only be a good thing.		# [[Aesthetics]]: While you do not need to make an interface attractive for it to do its job, making something look good will make the time your users spend using your application more enjoyable; and happier users can only be a good thing.
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	=== Principle of habit formation ===		=== Principle of habit formation ===

	If an interface is used persistently, the user will unavoidably develop [[habit]]s for using the interface. The designer's role can thus be characterized as ensuring the user forms good habits. If the designer is experienced with other interfaces, they will similarly develop habits, and often make unconscious assumptions regarding how the user will interact with the interface.<ref name=Raskin/><ref>{{cite news\|last1=Udell\|first1=John\|title=Interfaces are habit-forming\|url=~~http~~://www.infoworld.com/article/~~2681144/application-development~~/interfaces-are-habit-forming~~.amp~~.html\|access-date=3 April 2017\|work=Infoworld\|date=9 May 2003\|language=en\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131503/http://www.infoworld.com/article/2681144/application-development/interfaces-are-habit-forming.amp.html\|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>		If an interface is used persistently, the user will unavoidably develop [[habit]]s for using the interface. The designer's role can thus be characterized as ensuring the user forms good habits. If the designer is experienced with other interfaces, they will similarly develop habits, and often make unconscious assumptions regarding how the user will interact with the interface.<ref name=Raskin/><ref>{{cite news\|last1=Udell\|first1=John\|title=Interfaces are habit-forming\|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2231748/interfaces-are-habit-forming.html\|access-date=3 April 2017\|work=Infoworld\|date=9 May 2003\|language=en\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131503/http://www.infoworld.com/article/2681144/application-development/interfaces-are-habit-forming.amp.html\|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>

	=== A model of design criteria: User Experience Honeycomb ===		=== A model of design criteria: User Experience Honeycomb ===

	[[File:UX Honeycomb.png\|alt=User interface / user experience guide\|thumb\|[[User experience design\|User Experience Design]] Honeycomb<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://oryzo.com/user-interface-design/\|title=User Interface & User Experience Design {{!}} Oryzo {{!}} Small Business UI/UX\|website=Oryzo\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref> designed by [[Peter Morville]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|url=https://medium.com/@danewesolko/peter-morvilles-user-experience-honeycomb-904c383b6886\|title=Peter Morville's User Experience Honeycomb\|last=Wesolko\|first=Dane\|date=2016-10-27\|website=Medium\|language=en\|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>~~\|230x230px~~]]		[[File:UX Honeycomb.png\|alt=User interface / user experience guide\|thumb\|[[User experience design\|User Experience Design]] Honeycomb<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://oryzo.com/user-interface-design/\|title=User Interface & User Experience Design {{!}} Oryzo {{!}} Small Business UI/UX\|website=Oryzo\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref> designed by [[Peter Morville]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|url=https://medium.com/@danewesolko/peter-morvilles-user-experience-honeycomb-904c383b6886\|title=Peter Morville's User Experience Honeycomb\|last=Wesolko\|first=Dane\|date=2016-10-27\|website=Medium\|language=en\|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>]]

	Peter Morville of [[Google]] designed the User Experience Honeycomb framework in 2004 when leading operations in user interface design. The framework was created to guide user interface design. It would act as a guideline for many web development students for a decade.<ref name=":1" />		Peter Morville of [[Google]] designed the User Experience Honeycomb framework in 2004 when leading operations in user interface design. The framework was created to guide user interface design. It would act as a guideline for many web development students for a decade.<ref name=":1" />
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	File:Ice3 leitstand.jpg\|Modern HMI in the driver's cabin of a [[Deutsche Bahn\|German]] [[Intercity-Express]] high-speed train		File:Ice3 leitstand.jpg\|Modern HMI in the driver's cabin of a [[Deutsche Bahn\|German]] [[Intercity-Express]] high-speed train
	File:Wireless toilet control panel w. open lid.jpg\|The HMI of a toilette (in Japan)		File:Wireless toilet control panel w. open lid.jpg\|The HMI of a toilette (in Japan)
	File:Google Glass detail.jpg\|~~[[Voice user interface]] of a~~ [[wearable computer]] (''~~here:~~ [[Google Glass]]'')		File:Google Glass detail.jpg\|[[wearable computer\|Wearable computers]], like ''[[Google Glass]]'' in the image, may use [[voice user interface]]
	File:Engineer at audio console at Danish Broadcasting Corporation.png\|HMI for audio mixing		File:Engineer at audio console at Danish Broadcasting Corporation.png\|HMI for audio mixing
	File:Mesa de vídeo 1.JPG\|HMI for [[video production]]		File:Mesa de vídeo 1.JPG\|HMI for [[video production]]