2600:4040:97E5:A800:114B:BA66:DE48:BAB2: Fixed error- replaced contribute with contributing

2025-10-25T12:20:16Z

Fixed error- replaced contribute with contributing

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:20, 25 October 2025
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	== Microneedle patch ==		== Microneedle patch ==
	{{Further\|Microneedle drug delivery}}		{{Further\|Microneedle drug delivery}}
	The microneedle patch (MNPs) is a type of transdermal patch which retains the advantages, but reduces the disadvantages of basic transdermal patches. Embedding as many as 102–104 needles per square centimetre of patch, encapsulated or coated with intended drug, MNPs can easily pass skin tissue known as the [[stratum corneum]] which is roughly 20 μm in thickness, allowing up to the size of [[macromolecule]] to pass.<ref name=":2"/> MNPs were developed mainly because transdermal patch can deliver smaller size or [[micronize]]d molecules such as [[nicotine]] and [[birth control]] which easily diffuse and penetrate the skin, but lack in delivering macro or large size molecules. The 100–1000 μm needles spread across the patch, making sure people will not feel any discomfort from the patch. There are two types of needles used in MNPs, the first one is non-water-soluble needles made out of metal, ceramic, or [[polymer]], and the second one is water-soluble needles made out of [[saccharide]]s or soluble polymers.<ref name=":2"/>		The microneedle patch (MNPs) is a type of transdermal patch which retains the advantages, but reduces the disadvantages of basic transdermal patches. Embedding as many as 102–104 needles per square centimetre of patch, encapsulated or coated with intended drug, MNPs can easily pass skin tissue known as the [[stratum corneum]] which is roughly 20 μm in thickness, allowing up to the size of [[macromolecule]] to pass.<ref name=":2"/> MNPs were developed mainly because transdermal patch can deliver smaller size or [[micronize]]d molecules such as [[nicotine]] and [[birth control]] which easily diffuse and penetrate the skin, but lack in delivering macro or large size molecules. The 100–1000 μm needles spread across the patch, making sure people will not feel any discomfort from the patch. There are two types of needles used in MNPs, the first one is non-water-soluble needles made out of metal, ceramic, or [[polymer]], and the second one is water-soluble needles made out of [[Saccharide (disambiguation)\|saccharide]]s or soluble polymers.<ref name=":2"/>

	MNPs can also be engineered to deliver molecules into other tissues. Some that as of 2018 have been under development include internal surfaces such as the mouth, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and vascular wall; and external surfaces such as the skin, eyes, fingernails, anus, and scalp.<ref name=":2"/>		MNPs can also be engineered to deliver molecules into other tissues. Some that as of 2018 have been under development include internal surfaces such as the mouth, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and vascular wall; and external surfaces such as the skin, eyes, fingernails, anus, and scalp.<ref name=":2"/>
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	==== Soluble or dissolvable MNPs ====		==== Soluble or dissolvable MNPs ====
	One of the types of MNPs are water-soluble needles made out of soluble polymers or saccharide. However, dissolvable needles cannot efficiently deliver drugs to the dermal layer. Drug maximum concentration cannot be carried out to the skin, as the needles will dissolve beforehand. Fortunately, researchers have developed a water-insoluble backing layer, making the needle last longer in the human body environment. This design enables efficient delivery of more than 90% of the drug within 5 minutes of application of MNPs to the skin.<ref name="Li 2103359">{{Cite journal\|last1=Li\|first1=Song\|last2=Xia\|first2=Dengning\|last3=Prausnitz\|first3=Mark R.\|date=2021-06-21\|title=Efficient Drug Delivery into Skin Using a Biphasic Dissolvable Microneedle Patch with Water-Insoluble Backing\|journal=Advanced Functional Materials\|volume=31\|issue=44\|~~page~~=2103359\|doi=10.1002/adfm.202103359\|pmid=34744551 \|pmc=8570388 \|issn=1616-301X}}</ref>		One of the types of MNPs are water-soluble needles made out of soluble polymers or saccharide. However, dissolvable needles cannot efficiently deliver drugs to the dermal layer. Drug maximum concentration cannot be carried out to the skin, as the needles will dissolve beforehand. Fortunately, researchers have developed a water-insoluble backing layer, making the needle last longer in the human body environment. This design enables efficient delivery of more than 90% of the drug within 5 minutes of application of MNPs to the skin.<ref name="Li 2103359">{{Cite journal\|last1=Li\|first1=Song\|last2=Xia\|first2=Dengning\|last3=Prausnitz\|first3=Mark R.\|date=2021-06-21\|title=Efficient Drug Delivery into Skin Using a Biphasic Dissolvable Microneedle Patch with Water-Insoluble Backing\|journal=Advanced Functional Materials\|volume=31\|issue=44\|article-number=2103359\|doi=10.1002/adfm.202103359\|pmid=34744551 \|pmc=8570388 \|issn=1616-301X}}</ref>

	==== Non-soluble or undissolvable MNPs ====		==== Non-soluble or undissolvable MNPs ====
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	# Less dependent on skilled medical workers, as MNPs can be administered safely by the patient themself.<ref name=":2" />		# Less dependent on skilled medical workers, as MNPs can be administered safely by the patient themself.<ref name=":2" />
	# Some drugs have poor solubility in water, with MNPs insoluble drugs and compounds can be directly "injected" to the dermal layer. Further enhancing the transdermal delivery of insoluble drugs.<ref name="Kearney 605">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kearney\|first1=Mary-Carmel\|last2=McKenna\|first2=Peter E.\|last3=Quinn\|first3=Helen L.\|last4=Courtenay\|first4=Aaron J.\|last5=Larrañeta\|first5=Eneko\|last6=Donnelly\|first6=Ryan F.\|date=2019-11-13\|title=Design and Development of Liquid Drug Reservoirs for Microneedle Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drug Molecules\|journal=Pharmaceutics\|volume=11\|issue=11\|page=605\|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics11110605\|pmid=31766145 \|pmc=6920785\|issn=1999-4923\|doi-access=free }}</ref>		# Some drugs have poor solubility in water, with MNPs insoluble drugs and compounds can be directly "injected" to the dermal layer. Further enhancing the transdermal delivery of insoluble drugs.<ref name="Kearney 605">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kearney\|first1=Mary-Carmel\|last2=McKenna\|first2=Peter E.\|last3=Quinn\|first3=Helen L.\|last4=Courtenay\|first4=Aaron J.\|last5=Larrañeta\|first5=Eneko\|last6=Donnelly\|first6=Ryan F.\|date=2019-11-13\|title=Design and Development of Liquid Drug Reservoirs for Microneedle Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drug Molecules\|journal=Pharmaceutics\|volume=11\|issue=11\|page=605\|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics11110605\|pmid=31766145 \|pmc=6920785\|issn=1999-4923\|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	# Better safety compared to needle and syringe method (needlestick). Less waste, eliminate pathogen transmission, and injuries. At least 300,000 needlestick related injuries occurred in the US annually, with disposal ~~contribute~~ to almost half of the injuries.<ref name="Kearney 605"/>		# Better safety compared to needle and syringe method (needlestick). Less waste, eliminate pathogen transmission, and injuries. At least 300,000 needlestick related injuries occurred in the US annually, with disposal contributing to almost half of the injuries.<ref name="Kearney 605"/>

	=== Application ===		=== Application ===
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	==Regulatory aspects==		==Regulatory aspects==
	A transdermal patch is classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a ''combination product'', consisting of a [[medical device]] combined with a drug or biological product that the device is designed to deliver. Prior to sale in the United States, any transdermal patch product must apply for and receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration, demonstrating safety and efficacy for its intended use.<ref name="Combination Products; FAQ">{{cite web\|title=Combination Products; FAQ\|website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] \|url=https://www.fda.gov/CombinationProducts/AboutCombinationProducts/ucm101496.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603193459/http://www.fda.gov/CombinationProducts/AboutCombinationProducts/ucm101496.htm~~\|url-status=dead~~\|archive-date=June 3, 2009\|access-date=April 10, 2012}}</ref>		A transdermal patch is classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a ''combination product'', consisting of a [[medical device]] combined with a drug or biological product that the device is designed to deliver. Prior to sale in the United States, any transdermal patch product must apply for and receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration, demonstrating safety and efficacy for its intended use.<ref name="Combination Products; FAQ">{{cite web\|title=Combination Products; FAQ\|website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] \|url=https://www.fda.gov/CombinationProducts/AboutCombinationProducts/ucm101496.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603193459/http://www.fda.gov/CombinationProducts/AboutCombinationProducts/ucm101496.htm\|archive-date=June 3, 2009\|access-date=April 10, 2012}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

imported>EvanBaldonado: Replace hyphens with en-dashes.

2025-06-24T04:53:01Z

Replace hyphens with en-dashes.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:53, 24 June 2025
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	== Microneedle patch ==		== Microneedle patch ==
	{{Further\|Microneedle drug delivery}}		{{Further\|Microneedle drug delivery}}
	The microneedle patch (MNPs) is a type of transdermal patch which retains the advantages, but reduces the disadvantages of basic transdermal patches. Embedding as many as ~~102-104~~ needles per square centimetre of patch, encapsulated or coated with intended drug, MNPs can easily pass skin tissue known as the [[stratum corneum]] which is roughly 20 μm in thickness, allowing up to the size of [[macromolecule]] to pass.<ref name=":2"/> MNPs were developed mainly because transdermal patch can deliver smaller size or [[micronize]]d molecules such as [[nicotine]] and [[birth control]] which easily diffuse and penetrate the skin, but lack in delivering macro or large size molecules. The ~~100-1000~~ μm needles spread across the patch, making sure people will not feel any discomfort from the patch. There are two types of needles used in MNPs, the first one is non-water-soluble needles made out of metal, ceramic, or [[polymer]], and the second one is water-soluble needles made out of [[saccharide]]s or soluble polymers.<ref name=":2"/>		The microneedle patch (MNPs) is a type of transdermal patch which retains the advantages, but reduces the disadvantages of basic transdermal patches. Embedding as many as 102–104 needles per square centimetre of patch, encapsulated or coated with intended drug, MNPs can easily pass skin tissue known as the [[stratum corneum]] which is roughly 20 μm in thickness, allowing up to the size of [[macromolecule]] to pass.<ref name=":2"/> MNPs were developed mainly because transdermal patch can deliver smaller size or [[micronize]]d molecules such as [[nicotine]] and [[birth control]] which easily diffuse and penetrate the skin, but lack in delivering macro or large size molecules. The 100–1000 μm needles spread across the patch, making sure people will not feel any discomfort from the patch. There are two types of needles used in MNPs, the first one is non-water-soluble needles made out of metal, ceramic, or [[polymer]], and the second one is water-soluble needles made out of [[saccharide]]s or soluble polymers.<ref name=":2"/>

	MNPs can also be engineered to deliver molecules into other tissues. Some that as of 2018 have been under development include internal surfaces such as the mouth, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and vascular wall; and external surfaces such as the skin, eyes, fingernails, anus, and scalp.<ref name=":2"/>		MNPs can also be engineered to deliver molecules into other tissues. Some that as of 2018 have been under development include internal surfaces such as the mouth, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and vascular wall; and external surfaces such as the skin, eyes, fingernails, anus, and scalp.<ref name=":2"/>

imported>OAbot: Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot.

2025-06-09T11:32:04Z

Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:32, 9 June 2025
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	=== Advantages ===		=== Advantages ===
	[[File:Medical waste sorting in hospital.jpg\|thumb\|Disposing needlestick might cause injuries and transmission of pathogen.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Rosenkranz\|first=Cora\|date=2021\|title=Netzwerk- und Energiemanagement in Rechenzentren\|journal=Technische Sicherheit\|volume=11\|issue=1–02\|pages=20–21\|doi=10.37544/2191-0073-2021-01-02-20\|s2cid=234172001 \|issn=2191-0073}}</ref>]]		[[File:Medical waste sorting in hospital.jpg\|thumb\|Disposing needlestick might cause injuries and transmission of pathogen.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Rosenkranz\|first=Cora\|date=2021\|title=Netzwerk- und Energiemanagement in Rechenzentren\|journal=Technische Sicherheit\|volume=11\|issue=1–02\|pages=20–21\|doi=10.37544/2191-0073-2021-01-02-20\|s2cid=234172001 \|issn=2191-0073\|doi-access=free}}</ref>]]

	# The MNPs may puncture the skin surface, enabling rapid onset of drug bypassing directly into the dermal capillaries.<ref name=":2"/>		# The MNPs may puncture the skin surface, enabling rapid onset of drug bypassing directly into the dermal capillaries.<ref name=":2"/>

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2025-05-29T22:25:06Z

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Transdermal patch - Revision history

2600:4040:97E5:A800:114B:BA66:DE48:BAB2: Fixed error- replaced contribute with contributing

imported>EvanBaldonado: Replace hyphens with en-dashes.

imported>OAbot: Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot.

imported>GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#fda.gov