To Kill a Mockingbird - Revision history

imported>Eyegouger: Moving from Category:Fiction set in 1935 to Category:Novels set in 1935 using Cat-a-lot

2025-12-12T21:41:04Z

Moving from Category:Fiction set in 1935 to Category:Novels set in 1935 using Cat-a-lot

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:41, 12 December 2025
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	Despite dealing with the serious issues of [[rape]] and [[racial inequality in the United States\|racial inequality]], the novel is renowned for its warmth and humor. [[Atticus Finch]], the narrator's father, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. The historian [[Joseph Crespino]] explains, "In the twentieth century, ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its main character, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism."<ref name="crespino">{{Cite journal \| last1 = Crespino \| first1 = J. \| title = The Strange Career of Atticus Finch \| doi = 10.1353/scu.2000.0030 \| journal = Southern Cultures \| volume = 6 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 9–30 \| year = 2000\| s2cid = 143563131 }}</ref> As a [[Southern Gothic]] novel and ''[[Bildungsroman]]'', the primary themes of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the [[Deep South]]. Lessons from the book emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=2014-05-25\|title=Mockingbird 'dropped from GCSE exam'\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-27563466\|access-date=2020-07-11\|quote=Steinbeck's [[Of Mice and Men\|six-chapter novella]] written in 1937 about displaced ranch workers during the Great Depression}}</ref> Despite its themes, ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often [[Challenge (literature)\|challenged]] for its use of racial [[epithet]]s. In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the [[Bible]] as one "every adult should read before they die".<ref>Pauli, Michelle (March 2, 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/mar/02/news.michellepauli "Harper Lee tops librarians' must-read list"], ''Guardian Unlimited''. Retrieved on February 13, 2008.</ref>		Despite dealing with the serious issues of [[rape]] and [[racial inequality in the United States\|racial inequality]], the novel is renowned for its warmth and humor. [[Atticus Finch]], the narrator's father, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. The historian [[Joseph Crespino]] explains, "In the twentieth century, ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its main character, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism."<ref name="crespino">{{Cite journal \| last1 = Crespino \| first1 = J. \| title = The Strange Career of Atticus Finch \| doi = 10.1353/scu.2000.0030 \| journal = Southern Cultures \| volume = 6 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 9–30 \| year = 2000\| s2cid = 143563131 }}</ref> As a [[Southern Gothic]] novel and ''[[Bildungsroman]]'', the primary themes of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the [[Deep South]]. Lessons from the book emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=2014-05-25\|title=Mockingbird 'dropped from GCSE exam'\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-27563466\|access-date=2020-07-11\|quote=Steinbeck's [[Of Mice and Men\|six-chapter novella]] written in 1937 about displaced ranch workers during the Great Depression}}</ref> Despite its themes, ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often [[Challenge (literature)\|challenged]] for its use of racial [[epithet]]s. In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the [[Bible]] as one "every adult should read before they die".<ref>Pauli, Michelle (March 2, 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/mar/02/news.michellepauli "Harper Lee tops librarians' must-read list"], ''Guardian Unlimited''. Retrieved on February 13, 2008.</ref>

	Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education, literary analysis of it is sparse. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' by several authors and public figures, calls the book "an astonishing phenomenon".<ref>Zipp, Yvonne (July 7, 2010). [https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2010/0707/Scout-Atticus-Boo "Scout, Atticus & Boo"], ''The Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.</ref> It was adapted into [[To Kill a Mockingbird (film)\|~~an Academy Award-winning~~ film]] ~~in 1962~~ by director [[Robert Mulligan]], with a screenplay by [[Horton Foote]]. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown.		Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education, literary analysis of it is sparse. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' by several authors and public figures, calls the book "an astonishing phenomenon".<ref>Zipp, Yvonne (July 7, 2010). [https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2010/0707/Scout-Atticus-Boo "Scout, Atticus & Boo"], ''The Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.</ref> It was adapted into the 1962 [[Academy Awards\|Oscar]]-winning [[To Kill a Mockingbird (film)\|film of the same name]] by director [[Robert Mulligan]], with a screenplay by [[Horton Foote]]. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown.

	''To Kill a Mockingbird'' was Lee's only published book until ''[[Go Set a Watchman]]'', an earlier draft of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'', was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016. She was very guarded about her personal life, and gave her last interview to a journalist in 1964.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2014/11/07/book-conversations-harper-lee-s/22199573007/ \|title=Book Conversations: Harper Lee's struggle with fame \|first=Yvonne \|last=Gale \|date=November 17, 2014 \|work=[[The Fayetteville Observer]] \|access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref>		''To Kill a Mockingbird'' was Lee's only published book until ''[[Go Set a Watchman]]'', an earlier draft of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'', was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016. She was very guarded about her personal life, and gave her last interview to a journalist in 1964.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2014/11/07/book-conversations-harper-lee-s/22199573007/ \|title=Book Conversations: Harper Lee's struggle with fame \|first=Yvonne \|last=Gale \|date=November 17, 2014 \|work=[[The Fayetteville Observer]] \|access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref>
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	After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via [[PBS\|PBS's]] ''The Great American Read'', chose ''To Kill A Mockingbird'' as America's Favorite Book.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/the-great-american-read/home/\|title=Home {{!}} The Great American Read\|website=PBS\|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref>		After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via [[PBS\|PBS's]] ''The Great American Read'', chose ''To Kill A Mockingbird'' as America's Favorite Book.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/the-great-american-read/home/\|title=Home {{!}} The Great American Read\|website=PBS\|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref>

	In 2003, the novel was listed at No. 6 on the [[BBC]]'s [[The Big Read]] after a year-long survey of the British public, the highest ranking non-British book on the list.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=The Big Read - Top 100 Books \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml \|access-date=2025-07-16 \|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> On November 5, 2019, [[BBC News]] listed ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' on its list of the [[BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels\|100 most influential novels]].<ref name=Bbc2019-11-05/> In 2020, the novel was number five on the list of "Top Check Outs of All Time" by the [[New York Public Library]].<ref>{{Cite web \|~~last~~=Carlson \|first1=Jen \|date=2020-01-13 \|title=These Are The NYPL's Top Check Outs OF ALL TIME \|url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/nypl-most-checked-out-books-ever \|access-date=2025-07-16 \|website=Gothamist \|language=en}}</ref>		In 2003, the novel was listed at No. 6 on the [[BBC]]'s [[The Big Read]] after a year-long survey of the British public, the highest ranking non-British book on the list.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=The Big Read - Top 100 Books \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml \|access-date=2025-07-16 \|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> On November 5, 2019, [[BBC News]] listed ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' on its list of the [[BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels\|100 most influential novels]].<ref name=Bbc2019-11-05/> In 2020, the novel was number five on the list of "Top Check Outs of All Time" by the [[New York Public Library]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Carlson \|first1=Jen \|date=2020-01-13 \|title=These Are The NYPL's Top Check Outs OF ALL TIME \|url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/nypl-most-checked-out-books-ever \|access-date=2025-07-16 \|website=Gothamist \|language=en}}</ref>

	== ''Go Set a Watchman'' ==		== ''Go Set a Watchman'' ==
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	Sergel's play toured in the UK starting at the [[West Yorkshire Playhouse]] in [[Leeds]] in 2006,<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/to-kill-a-mockingbird-west-yorkshire-leeds-playhouse--none-onestar-twostar-threestar-fourstar-fivestar-416775.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/to-kill-a-mockingbird-west-yorkshire-leeds-playhouse--none-onestar-twostar-threestar-fourstar-fivestar-416775.html \|archive-date=June 21, 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live \|title=To Kill A Mockingbird, West Yorkshire, Leeds Playhouse\|last=Walker\|first=Lynne\|date=30 September 2006\|access-date=17 April 2014\|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> and again in 2011 starting at the [[York Theatre Royal]],<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/to-kill-a-mockingbird-theatre-royal-york-2222896.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/to-kill-a-mockingbird-theatre-royal-york-2222896.html \|archive-date=June 21, 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live \|title=To Kill a Mockingbird, Theatre Royal, York\|last=Brown\|first=Jonathan\|date=23 February 2011\|access-date=17 April 2014\|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> both productions featuring [[Duncan Preston]] as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at [[Regent's Park Open Air Theatre]] in London where it played to full houses and starred [[Robert Sean Leonard]] as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years. The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season, prior to a UK tour.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://openairtheatre.com/blog/to-kill-a-mockingbird-returns/ \|title=To Kill A Mockingbird Returns \|website=openairtheatre.com \|publisher=[[Open Air Theatre]] \|access-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/robert-sean-leonard-on-to-kill-a-mockingbird-house-and-turning-down-tom-stoppard \|title=Robert Sean Leonard on To Kill A Mockingbird, House and turning down Tom Stoppard \|work=Timeout.com \|first=Andrzej \|last=Lukowski \|date=29 June 2015 \|access-date=20 August 2021 }}</ref>		Sergel's play toured in the UK starting at the [[West Yorkshire Playhouse]] in [[Leeds]] in 2006,<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/to-kill-a-mockingbird-west-yorkshire-leeds-playhouse--none-onestar-twostar-threestar-fourstar-fivestar-416775.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/to-kill-a-mockingbird-west-yorkshire-leeds-playhouse--none-onestar-twostar-threestar-fourstar-fivestar-416775.html \|archive-date=June 21, 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live \|title=To Kill A Mockingbird, West Yorkshire, Leeds Playhouse\|last=Walker\|first=Lynne\|date=30 September 2006\|access-date=17 April 2014\|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> and again in 2011 starting at the [[York Theatre Royal]],<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/to-kill-a-mockingbird-theatre-royal-york-2222896.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/to-kill-a-mockingbird-theatre-royal-york-2222896.html \|archive-date=June 21, 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live \|title=To Kill a Mockingbird, Theatre Royal, York\|last=Brown\|first=Jonathan\|date=23 February 2011\|access-date=17 April 2014\|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> both productions featuring [[Duncan Preston]] as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at [[Regent's Park Open Air Theatre]] in London where it played to full houses and starred [[Robert Sean Leonard]] as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years. The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season, prior to a UK tour.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://openairtheatre.com/blog/to-kill-a-mockingbird-returns/ \|title=To Kill A Mockingbird Returns \|website=openairtheatre.com \|publisher=[[Open Air Theatre]] \|access-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/robert-sean-leonard-on-to-kill-a-mockingbird-house-and-turning-down-tom-stoppard \|title=Robert Sean Leonard on To Kill A Mockingbird, House and turning down Tom Stoppard \|work=Timeout.com \|first=Andrzej \|last=Lukowski \|date=29 June 2015 \|access-date=20 August 2021 }}</ref>

	According to a ''[[National Geographic (magazine)\|National Geographic]]'' article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; however, Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because "she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame".<ref>Newman, Cathy (January 2006). [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0601/feature8/?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com&fs=plasma.nationalgeographic.com To Catch a Mockingbird] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117192609/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0601/feature8/?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com \|date=2006-11-17 }}, ''National Geographic''. Retrieved on November 11, 2007.</ref> To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named ''Calpurnia's Cookbook'' not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum.<ref>Robinson, David. [http://living.scotsman.com/features/The-one-and-only.2770816.jp The One and Only], ''The Scotsman''. Retrieved on March 29, 2008.{{Dead link\|date=July 2025}}</ref> David Lister in ''The Independent'' states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence "makes [[Bob Dylan]] look like a media tart".<ref>{{Cite web \|last=INM \|title=David Lister: Those reclusive authors really know how to live - David Lister, Columnists - The Independent \|url=http://www.independent.co.uk:80/opinion/columnists/david-lister/david-lister-those-reclusive-authors-really-know-how-to-live-2023180.html \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110123065635/http://www.independent.co.uk:80/opinion/columnists/david-lister/david-lister-those-reclusive-authors-really-know-how-to-live-2023180.html \|archive-date=2011-01-23 \|access-date=2025-07-16 \|website=www.independent.co.uk \|language=en}}</ref> Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made Monroeville their destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them "Mockingbird groupies", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic "Hell, no!"<ref>Pressley, Sue (June 10, 1996). "Quiet Author, Home Town Attract 'Groupies,' Press; To Live With 'Mockingbird'", ''[[The Washington Post]]'' p. A3</ref>		According to a ''[[National Geographic (magazine)\|National Geographic]]'' article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; however, Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because "she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame".<ref>Newman, Cathy (January 2006). [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0601/feature8/?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com&fs=plasma.nationalgeographic.com To Catch a Mockingbird] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117192609/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0601/feature8/?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com \|date=2006-11-17 }}, ''National Geographic''. Retrieved on November 11, 2007.</ref> To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named ''Calpurnia's Cookbook'' not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum.<ref>Robinson, David. [http://living.scotsman.com/features/The-one-and-only.2770816.jp The One and Only], ''The Scotsman''. Retrieved on March 29, 2008.{{Dead link\|date=July 2025}}</ref> David Lister in ''The Independent'' states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence "makes [[Bob Dylan]] look like a media tart".<ref>{{Cite web \|last=INM \|title=David Lister: Those reclusive authors really know how to live - David Lister, Columnists - The Independent \|url=http://www.independent.co.uk:80/opinion/columnists/david-lister/david-lister-those-reclusive-authors-really-know-how-to-live-2023180.html \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110123065635/http://www.independent.co.uk:80/opinion/columnists/david-lister/david-lister-those-reclusive-authors-really-know-how-to-live-2023180.html \|archive-date=2011-01-23 \|access-date=2025-07-16 \|website=www.independent.co.uk \|date=July 9, 2010 \|language=en}}</ref> Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made Monroeville their destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them "Mockingbird groupies", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic "Hell, no!"<ref>Pressley, Sue (June 10, 1996). "Quiet Author, Home Town Attract 'Groupies,' Press; To Live With 'Mockingbird'", ''[[The Washington Post]]'' p. A3</ref>

	In 2018, a [[To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play)\|new adaptation]] was written by [[Aaron Sorkin]], debuting on [[Broadway theatre\|Broadway]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Alter \|first1=Alexandra \|title=Harper Lee Estate Told to Pay $2.5 Million in Dispute Over 'Mockingbird' Plays \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/10/theater/harper-lee-to-kill-a-mockingbird.html \|access-date=1 September 2023 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|date=10 February 2022}}</ref> The Broadway production was nominated for nine [[Tony Awards]], winning one.<ref>{{cite web \|title=To Kill a Mockingbird - Broadway Play - Original - Awards \|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/to-kill-a-mockingbird-518644#Awards \|website=ibdb.com \|publisher=[[The Broadway League]] \|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref>		In 2018, a [[To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play)\|new adaptation]] was written by [[Aaron Sorkin]], debuting on [[Broadway theatre\|Broadway]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Alter \|first1=Alexandra \|title=Harper Lee Estate Told to Pay $2.5 Million in Dispute Over 'Mockingbird' Plays \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/10/theater/harper-lee-to-kill-a-mockingbird.html \|access-date=1 September 2023 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|date=10 February 2022}}</ref> The Broadway production was nominated for nine [[Tony Awards]], winning one.<ref>{{cite web \|title=To Kill a Mockingbird - Broadway Play - Original - Awards \|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/to-kill-a-mockingbird-518644#Awards \|website=ibdb.com \|publisher=[[The Broadway League]] \|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
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	[[Category:1960 American novels]]		[[Category:1960 American novels]]
	[[Category:1960s Gothic novels]]		[[Category:1960s Gothic novels]]
	[[Category:~~Fiction~~ set in 1933]]		[[Category:Novels set in 1933]]
	[[Category:~~Fiction~~ set in 1934]]		[[Category:Novels set in 1934]]
	[[Category:~~Fiction~~ set in 1935]]		[[Category:Novels set in 1935]]
	[[Category:Great Depression novels]]		[[Category:Great Depression novels]]
	[[Category:American bildungsromans]]		[[Category:American bildungsromans]]
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	[[Category:Fiction about wrongful convictions]]		[[Category:Fiction about wrongful convictions]]
	[[Category:African-~~Americans~~ in literature]]		[[Category:African-American people in literature]]
	[[Category:Gothic novels adapted into films]]		[[Category:Gothic novels adapted into films]]

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:30, 10 June 2025
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	'''''To Kill a Mockingbird''''' is a 1960 [[Southern Gothic]] [[novel]] by American author [[Harper Lee]]. It became instantly successful after its release; in the United States, it is widely read in high schools and middle schools. ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] a year after its release, and it has become a classic of modern [[American literature]]. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of [[Monroeville, Alabama]], in 1936, when she was ten.		'''''To Kill a Mockingbird''''' is a 1960 [[Southern Gothic]] [[novel]] by American author [[Harper Lee]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=To Kill a Mockingbird \|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/56916837-to-kill-a-mockingbird \|access-date=2025-06-04 \|website=Goodreads \|language=en}}</ref> It became instantly successful after its release; in the United States, it is widely read in high schools and middle schools.<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|title=Harper Lee: The Impact of ‘To Kill a Mockingbird' \|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/harper-lee-impact-kill-mockingbird/story?id=37055512 \|access-date=2025-06-04 \|website=ABC News \|language=en}}</ref> ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] a year after its release, and it has become a classic of modern [[American literature]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|title=The Pulitzer Prizes- Harper Lee \|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/%7B%7Bglobal.pageCanocialUrl%7D%7D \|access-date=2025-06-04 \|website=www.pulitzer.org \|language=en}}</ref> The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of [[Monroeville, Alabama]], in 1936, when she was ten.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Was 'To Kill a Mockingbird' based on real events - DailyHistory.org \|url=https://www.dailyhistory.org/Was_'To_Kill_a_Mockingbird'_based_on_real_events \|access-date=2025-06-04 \|website=www.dailyhistory.org}}</ref>

	Despite dealing with the serious issues of [[rape]] and [[racial inequality in the United States\|racial inequality]], the novel is renowned for its warmth and humor. [[Atticus Finch]], the narrator's father, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. The historian [[Joseph Crespino]] explains, "In the twentieth century, ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its main character, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism."<ref name="crespino">{{Cite journal \| last1 = Crespino \| first1 = J. \| title = The Strange Career of Atticus Finch \| doi = 10.1353/scu.2000.0030 \| journal = Southern Cultures \| volume = 6 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 9–30 \| year = 2000\| s2cid = 143563131 }}</ref> As a [[Southern Gothic]] novel and ''[[Bildungsroman]]'', the primary themes of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the [[Deep South]]. Lessons from the book emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=2014-05-25\|title=Mockingbird 'dropped from GCSE exam'\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-27563466\|access-date=2020-07-11\|quote=Steinbeck's [[Of Mice and Men\|six-chapter novella]] written in 1937 about displaced ranch workers during the Great Depression}}</ref> Despite its themes, ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often [[Challenge (literature)\|challenged]] for its use of racial [[epithet]]s. In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the [[Bible]] as one "every adult should read before they die".<ref>Pauli, Michelle (March 2, 2006). [http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,1721526,00.html "Harper Lee tops librarians' must-read list"], ''Guardian Unlimited''. Retrieved on February 13, 2008.</ref>		Despite dealing with the serious issues of [[rape]] and [[racial inequality in the United States\|racial inequality]], the novel is renowned for its warmth and humor. [[Atticus Finch]], the narrator's father, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. The historian [[Joseph Crespino]] explains, "In the twentieth century, ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its main character, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism."<ref name="crespino">{{Cite journal \| last1 = Crespino \| first1 = J. \| title = The Strange Career of Atticus Finch \| doi = 10.1353/scu.2000.0030 \| journal = Southern Cultures \| volume = 6 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 9–30 \| year = 2000\| s2cid = 143563131 }}</ref> As a [[Southern Gothic]] novel and ''[[Bildungsroman]]'', the primary themes of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the [[Deep South]]. Lessons from the book emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=2014-05-25\|title=Mockingbird 'dropped from GCSE exam'\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-27563466\|access-date=2020-07-11\|quote=Steinbeck's [[Of Mice and Men\|six-chapter novella]] written in 1937 about displaced ranch workers during the Great Depression}}</ref> Despite its themes, ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often [[Challenge (literature)\|challenged]] for its use of racial [[epithet]]s. In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the [[Bible]] as one "every adult should read before they die".<ref>Pauli, Michelle (March 2, 2006). [http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,1721526,00.html "Harper Lee tops librarians' must-read list"], ''Guardian Unlimited''. Retrieved on February 13, 2008.</ref>
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	In 2006, Lee was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Notre Dame]]. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' to honor her.<ref>[http://magazine.nd.edu/news/10065-commencement-2006/ Commencement 2006] ''Notre Dame Magazine'' (July 2006). Retrieved on November 9, 2007.</ref><ref group=note>Lee has also been awarded honorary degrees from Mount Holyoke College (1962) and the University of Alabama (1990). (Noble, p. 8.)</ref> Lee was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] on November 5, 2007, by President [[George W. Bush]]. In his remarks, Bush stated, "One reason ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever."<ref>[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071105-1.html President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients], White House press release (November 5, 2007). Retrieved on November 9, 2007.</ref>		In 2006, Lee was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Notre Dame]]. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' to honor her.<ref>[http://magazine.nd.edu/news/10065-commencement-2006/ Commencement 2006] ''Notre Dame Magazine'' (July 2006). Retrieved on November 9, 2007.</ref><ref group=note>Lee has also been awarded honorary degrees from Mount Holyoke College (1962) and the University of Alabama (1990). (Noble, p. 8.)</ref> Lee was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] on November 5, 2007, by President [[George W. Bush]]. In his remarks, Bush stated, "One reason ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever."<ref>[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071105-1.html President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients], White House press release (November 5, 2007). Retrieved on November 9, 2007.</ref>

	After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via [[PBS\|PBS's]] ''The Great American Read'', chose ''To Kill A Mockingbird'' as America's Favorite Book.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/the-great-american-read/home/\|title=Home {{!}} The Great American Read ~~{{!}} PBS~~\|website=Home {{!}} The Great American Read {{!}} PBS\|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref>		After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via [[PBS\|PBS's]] ''The Great American Read'', chose ''To Kill A Mockingbird'' as America's Favorite Book.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/the-great-american-read/home/\|title=Home {{!}} The Great American Read\|website=Home {{!}} The Great American Read {{!}} PBS\|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref>

	In 2003, the novel was listed at No. 6 on the [[BBC]]'s [[The Big Read]] after a year-long survey of the British public, the highest ranking non-British book on the list.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml "BBC – The Big Read"]. BBC. April 2003. Retrieved June 25, 2020</ref> On November 5, 2019, [[BBC News]] listed ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' on its list of the [[BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels\|100 most influential novels]].<ref name=Bbc2019-11-05/> In 2020, the novel was number five on the list of "Top Check Outs OF ALL TIME" by the [[New York Public Library]].<ref>[https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/nypl-most-checked-out-books-ever "These Are The NYPL's Top Check Outs OF ALL TIME"]. Gotamist.com. Retrieved June 25, 2020</ref>		In 2003, the novel was listed at No. 6 on the [[BBC]]'s [[The Big Read]] after a year-long survey of the British public, the highest ranking non-British book on the list.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml "BBC – The Big Read"]. BBC. April 2003. Retrieved June 25, 2020</ref> On November 5, 2019, [[BBC News]] listed ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' on its list of the [[BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels\|100 most influential novels]].<ref name=Bbc2019-11-05/> In 2020, the novel was number five on the list of "Top Check Outs OF ALL TIME" by the [[New York Public Library]].<ref>[https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/nypl-most-checked-out-books-ever "These Are The NYPL's Top Check Outs OF ALL TIME"]. Gotamist.com. Retrieved June 25, 2020</ref>

imported>Peaceray: /* Television */ change redundant link to a link to the show & Italicized

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Television: change redundant link to a link to the show & Italicized

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