Tim Crow - Revision history

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	=== Neurobiology of reinforcement and motivation ===		=== Neurobiology of reinforcement and motivation ===

	Crow worked in the Department of Physiology at the University of Aberdeen in the late 1960s and early 1970s, where he conducted pharmacological and behavioural studies of reinforcement and self-stimulation in rats <ref>{{cite journal \| last = Crow \| first = T J \| author-link = Tim Crow \| title = Mode of Enhancement of Self Stimulation in Rats by Methamphetamine.\| journal = Nature \| volume = 224 \| pages = 709–710 \| date = 1969 \| doi = 10.1038/224709a0 \| url = https://doi.org/10.1038/224709a0 \| url-access = subscription }}</ref> for his Medical Research Council funded PhD: "Experiments on the central actions of the amphetamines with particular reference to the functions of catecholamine-containing neurones". He published a number of papers <ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Anlezark \|first=G M \|last2=Crow \|first2=T J \|last3=Greenway \|first3=A P \|date=1973 \|title=Impaired Learning and Decreased Cortical Norephrine after Bilateral Locus Coeruleus Lesions \|journal=Science \|volume=181 \|pages=682–684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Crow \|first=T J \|last2=Arbuthnott \|first2=G W \|date=1972 \|title=Function of Catecholamine-containing Neurones in Mammalian Central Nervous System \|journal=Nature New Biology \|volume=238 \|pages=245–246}}</ref> dissecting the role of the various catecholamines in reinforcement and motivation, and in 1973 was the first person to publish an article arguing for a key role for the neurotransmitter dopamine in 'incentive motivation'.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = Crow \| first = T J \| author-link = Tim Crow \| title = Catecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation. 2. A theoretical interpretation and some psychiatric implications \| journal = Psychol. Med. \| volume = 3 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 66–73 \| date = 1973 \| doi = 10.1017/s0033291700046353 \| pmid = 4692492\| url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/catecholaminecontaining-neurones-and-electrical-selfstimulation-2-a-theoretical-interpretation-and-some-psychiatric-implications/FA4C34BEB7C2B92CCAE66AA095616553 \| url-access = subscription }}</ref> Crow's role as the first scientist to link dopamine to incentive motivation has been acknowledged by Berridge <ref>{{cite journal \| last = Berridge \| first = K C \| author-link = Kent Berridge \| title = The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience \| journal = Psychopharmacology \| volume = 191 \| pages = 391–431 \| date = 2007 \| doi = 10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x \| pmid = 17072591\| url = https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x }}</ref> and by Robbins and Everitt.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = Robbins \| first = T W \| author-link = Trevor Robbins \| title = A role for mesencephalic dopamine in activation: commentary on Berridge \| journal = Psychopharmacology \| volume = 191 \| pages = 433–437 \| date = 2007 \| doi = 10.1007/s00213-006-0528-7 \| pmid = 16977476\| url = https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0528-7 \| url-access = subscription }}</ref>		Crow worked in the Department of Physiology at the University of Aberdeen in the late 1960s and early 1970s, where he conducted pharmacological and behavioural studies of reinforcement and self-stimulation in rats <ref>{{cite journal \| last = Crow \| first = T J \| author-link = Tim Crow \| title = Mode of Enhancement of Self Stimulation in Rats by Methamphetamine.\| journal = Nature \| volume = 224 \| pages = 709–710 \| date = 1969 \| doi = 10.1038/224709a0 \| url = https://doi.org/10.1038/224709a0 \| url-access = subscription }}</ref> for his Medical Research Council funded PhD: "Experiments on the central actions of the amphetamines with particular reference to the functions of catecholamine-containing neurones". He published a number of papers <ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Anlezark \|first=G M \|last2=Crow \|first2=T J \|last3=Greenway \|first3=A P \|date=1973 \|title=Impaired Learning and Decreased Cortical Norephrine after Bilateral Locus Coeruleus Lesions \|journal=Science \|volume=181 \|pages=682–684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Crow \|first=T J \|last2=Arbuthnott \|first2=G W \|date=1972 \|title=Function of Catecholamine-containing Neurones in Mammalian Central Nervous System \|journal=Nature New Biology \|volume=238 \|pages=245–246}}</ref> dissecting the role of the various catecholamines in reinforcement and motivation, and in 1973 was the first person to publish an article arguing for a key role for the neurotransmitter dopamine in 'incentive motivation'.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = Crow \| first = T J \| author-link = Tim Crow \| title = Catecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation. 2. A theoretical interpretation and some psychiatric implications \| journal = Psychol. Med. \| volume = 3 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 66–73 \| date = 1973 \| doi = 10.1017/s0033291700046353 \| pmid = 4692492\| url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/catecholaminecontaining-neurones-and-electrical-selfstimulation-2-a-theoretical-interpretation-and-some-psychiatric-implications/FA4C34BEB7C2B92CCAE66AA095616553 \| url-access = subscription }}</ref> Crow's role as the first scientist to link dopamine to incentive motivation has been acknowledged by Berridge <ref>{{cite journal \| last = Berridge \| first = K C \| author-link = Kent Berridge \| title = The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience \| journal = Psychopharmacology \| volume = 191 \| pages = 391–431 \| date = 2007 \| doi = 10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x \| pmid = 17072591\| url = https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x \| url-access = subscription }}</ref> and by Robbins and Everitt.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = Robbins \| first = T W \| author-link = Trevor Robbins \| title = A role for mesencephalic dopamine in activation: commentary on Berridge \| journal = Psychopharmacology \| volume = 191 \| pages = 433–437 \| date = 2007 \| doi = 10.1007/s00213-006-0528-7 \| pmid = 16977476\| url = https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0528-7 \| url-access = subscription }}</ref>

	=== Psychosis and schizophrenia ===		=== Psychosis and schizophrenia ===

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{{Short description|British psychiatrist (1938–2024)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Tim Crow
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|06|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|11|10|1938|06|07|df=y}}
| death_place =
| region =
| nationality = British
| citizenship =
| other_names =
| occupation = Psychiatrist, researcher
| period =
| education = [[London University]] <br/> [[University of Aberdeen]]
| discipline = 
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces = 
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Timothy John Crow''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE|FMedSci}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/671144/NY18_Queens_List_-_Final_.pdf|title=New Year's Honours 2018|work=[[Gov.uk]]|publisher=[[Government Digital Service]]|date=29 December 2017|accessdate=30 December 2017|page=26}}</ref> (7 June 1938 – 10 November 2024) was a British psychiatrist and researcher.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reader |first=W |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionarypsyc0000work/page/330 |title=Evolutionary Psychology: the Basics |last2=Workman |first2=L |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year= |isbn=978-0-521-80532-2 |publication-date=2023 |page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionarypsyc0000work/page/330 330]}}</ref> Much of his research was related to finding the causes of [[schizophrenia]]. He also had an interest in [[neurology]] and [[evolutionary theory]]. He was the Honorary Director of the [[Prince of Wales International Centre for Research into Schizophrenia and Depression]]. He qualified at the [[Royal London Hospital]] in 1964 and obtained a PhD at the [[University of Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]] in 1970. He was a [[Fellow]] of the [[Royal College of Physicians]], the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]] and the [[Academy of Medical Sciences]]. Crow was, for twenty years, Head of the Division of Psychiatry of the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] (MRC) Clinical Research Centre at [[Northwick Park Hospital]] and then a member of the External Scientific Staff of the MRC in [[Oxford]].

== Research ==
=== Neurobiology of reinforcement and motivation ===

Crow worked in the Department of Physiology at the University of Aberdeen in the late 1960s and early 1970s, where he conducted pharmacological and behavioural studies of reinforcement and self-stimulation in rats <ref>{{cite journal | last = Crow | first = T J | author-link = Tim Crow | title = Mode of Enhancement of Self Stimulation in Rats by Methamphetamine.| journal = Nature | volume = 224 | pages = 709–710 | date = 1969 | doi = 10.1038/224709a0 | url = https://doi.org/10.1038/224709a0 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> for his Medical Research Council funded PhD: "Experiments on the central actions of the amphetamines with particular reference to the functions of catecholamine-containing neurones". He published a number of papers <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anlezark |first=G M |last2=Crow |first2=T J |last3=Greenway |first3=A P |date=1973 |title=Impaired Learning and Decreased Cortical Norephrine after Bilateral Locus Coeruleus Lesions |journal=Science |volume=181 |pages=682–684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crow |first=T J |last2=Arbuthnott |first2=G W |date=1972 |title=Function of Catecholamine-containing Neurones in Mammalian Central Nervous System |journal=Nature New Biology |volume=238 |pages=245–246}}</ref> dissecting the role of the various catecholamines in reinforcement and motivation, and in 1973 was the first person to publish an article arguing for a key role for the neurotransmitter dopamine in 'incentive motivation'.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Crow | first = T J | author-link = Tim Crow | title = Catecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation. 2. A theoretical interpretation and some psychiatric implications | journal = Psychol. Med. | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–73 | date = 1973 | doi = 10.1017/s0033291700046353 | pmid = 4692492| url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/catecholaminecontaining-neurones-and-electrical-selfstimulation-2-a-theoretical-interpretation-and-some-psychiatric-implications/FA4C34BEB7C2B92CCAE66AA095616553 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Crow's role as the first scientist to link dopamine to incentive motivation has been acknowledged by Berridge <ref>{{cite journal | last = Berridge | first = K C | author-link = Kent Berridge | title = The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 191 | pages = 391–431 | date = 2007 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x | pmid = 17072591| url = https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x }}</ref> and by Robbins and Everitt.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Robbins | first = T W | author-link = Trevor Robbins | title = A role for mesencephalic dopamine in activation: commentary on Berridge | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 191 | pages = 433–437 | date = 2007 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-006-0528-7 | pmid = 16977476| url = https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0528-7 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>

=== Psychosis and schizophrenia ===
In 1978 Crow, in conjunction with his colleague Eve Johnstone and others, showed that the anti-psychotic drug, [[flupentixol]], reduced the severity of schizophrenic delusions specifically because of its action on the neurotransmitter [[dopamine]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnstone |first=E C |last2=Crow |first2=T J |last3=Frith |first3=C D |last4=Carney |first4=M W |last5=Price |first5=J S |date=1978 |title=Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. |journal=Lancet |volume=1(8069) |pages=848–851}}</ref> Johnstone, Crow and colleagues were also the first to demonstrate, by randomised double-blind clinical trials, that [[electroconvulsive therapy]] (ECT) could reduce the symptoms of [[endogenous depression]], albeit over a short time period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnstone |first=E C |last2=Deakin |first2=J F |last3=Lawler |first3=P |last4=Frith |first4=C D |last5=Stevens |first5=M |last6=McPherson |first6=K |last7=Crow |first7=T J |date=1980 |title=The Northwick Park electroconvulsive therapy trial |journal=Lancet |volume=2 (8208-8209) |pages=1317–1320}}</ref> This finding has been substantially replicated in many other settings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pagnin |first=D |last2=de Queiroz |first2=V |last3=Pini |first3=S |last4=Cassano |first4=G B |date=2004 |title=Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review |journal=Journal of Electroconvulsive Therapy |volume=20 |pages=13–20}}</ref>

Crow's long term research interests were in the nature and causation of the major [[psychoses]]. These illnesses are characterised by the presence of [[delusions]], [[hallucinations]], and [[Thought disorder|disorders of thinking]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ban |first=T A |date=2001 |title=Evolution of Diagnostic Criteria in Psychoses |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=3 |pages=257–263}}</ref> that generally start in early and middle adult life.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solmi |first=M |last2=Radua |first2=J |last3=Olivola |first3=M |last4=Croce |first4=E |date=2022 |title=Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |volume=27 |pages=281–295}}</ref> Encompassing [[schizophrenia]] and [[manic-depressive]] psychosis, these disorders are common, being diagnosed in around 2% of the population in the course of a lifetime, but with wide cultural variation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jongsma |first=H E |last2=Gayer-Anderson |first2=C |last3=Lasalvia |first3=A |last4= |year=2018 |title=Treated Incidence of Psychotic Disorders in the Multinational EU-GEI Study |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=75 |pages=36–46}}</ref>

In the first [[CT scan]] study in 1976 Crow and colleagues at Northwick Park Hospital demonstrated that there are, across groups, structural differences in the brain (e.g. a degree of enlargement of the [[cerebral ventricles]]) in individuals who have suffered from schizophrenia compared to healthy people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnstone |first1=E |last2=Crow |first2=TJ |last3=Frith |first3=CD |last4=Husband |first4=J |last5=Kreel |first5=L |date= |title=Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. |journal=Lancet |publisher= |volume=2(7992) |issue= |pages=924–926 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90890-4}}</ref> Much subsequent work with [[MRI scans]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iliuta |first=F P |last2=Manea |first2=M C |last3=Budisteanu |first3=M |last4=Ciobanu |first4=A M |last5=Manea |first5=M |year=2021 |title=Magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia:luxury or necessity? (Review) |journal=Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine |volume=22 |pages=765–770}}</ref> and in [[post-mortem brain studies]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=P J |year=2000 |title=Postmortem Studies in Schizophrenia |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=2 |pages=349–357}}</ref> has confirmed this, suggesting that the differences are in the [[cerebral cortex]] and are particularly related to the subtle asymmetries that are characteristic of the human cortex.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Crow |first=T J |author-link=Tim Crow |date=1997 |title=Schizophrenia as failure of hemispheric dominance for language |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |publisher=Elsevier |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=339–343 |doi=10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01071-0 |issn=0166-2236 |pmid=9246721 |s2cid=208787124}}</ref> Crow also demonstrated that people with schizophrenia show less left-sided [[Lateralization of brain function|cerebral dominance]] for some components of language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angrilli |first=A |last2=Spironelli |first2=C |last3=Elbert |first3=T |last4=Crow |first4=T J |last5=Marano |first5=G |last6=Stegagno |first6=L |date=2009 |title=Schizophrenia as failure of left hemispheric dominance for the phonological component of language. |journal=PLoS One |volume=4 |pages=e4507}}</ref>

In the 1980s, Crow published an article,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crow |first=TJ |year=1980 |title=Positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms and the role of dopamine. |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=137 |pages=383–386}}</ref> focusing on the classification of the symptoms of the disease rather than focusing on the cluster of symptoms in individual patients, that became a breakthrough in the field of research on schizophrenia.<ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna, P.J. |first=P.J. |title=Schizophrenic Speech |last2=Oh |first2=T.M. |publisher=Cambridge University press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0521009058 |location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> He also introduced the idea of two syndromes of schizophrenia one based on [[positive symptoms]] and the other on [[negative symptoms]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crow |first=T.J. |year=1980 |title=Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=280(6207) |pages=66–68}}</ref> which contributed to an understanding of the cognitive nature of schizophrenia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frith |first=C D |title=The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781317608295 |pages=11–12}}</ref>

In 1989, Crow was awarded the Lieber Prize for Outstanding Achievement In Schizophrenia Research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crow |first=T J |date=1990 |title=The Lieber Award Acceptance Lecture. September 8, 1989 |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=3 |pages=99–102}}</ref> In a retrospective review of 20 years of evidence of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the brains of people with schizophrenia, [[Robin Murray|Sir Robin Murray]] described the work of Johnstone and Crow on ventricular enlargement and negative symptoms in psychosis as being widely regarded by British psychiatrists as ‘marking the beginning of modern schizophrenia research’.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=R M |date=1994 |title=Neurodevelopmental Schizophrenia: The Rediscovery of Dementia Praecox. |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=165 |issue=S25 |pages=6–12}}</ref>

=== Psychosis and Human Evolution ===
Based on the supposition that language and psychosis are specifically human conditions,<ref name=":0" /> Crow spent his later career investigating the implications for schizophrenia of the occurrence of cerebral asymmetry in humans but not chimpanzees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=X |last2=Crow |first2=T J |last3=Hopkins |first3=W D |last4=Gong |first4=Q |last5=Roberts |first5=N |date=2018 |title=Human torque is not present in chimpanzee brain. |journal=NeuroImage |volume=165 |pages=1–9}}</ref> Further work on handedness, heritability of psychosis, sex differences in age of onset in schizophrenia, and genes on the sex chromosomes in schizophrenia<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crow |first=T J |date=2013 |title=The XY gene hypothesis of psychosis: origins and current status. |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=162 |pages=1–25}}</ref> contributed to a large, but as yet unresolved, body of work on the contribution of the sex chromosomes, to brain development and function, including propensity to schizophrenia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bache |first=E K |last2=DeLisi |first2=L E |date=2018 |title=The sex chromosome hypothesis of schizophrenia:alive, dead, or forgotten? A commentary and review. |journal=Molecular Neuropsychiatry |issue=83-89}}</ref>

== Death ==
Crow died from complications of [[Parkinson's disease]] on 10 November 2024, at the age of 86.<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title=Professor Tim Crow obituary: pioneering psychiatric researcher |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/professor-tim-crow-obituary-pioneering-psychiatric-researcher-6xhwgxjpp |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=The Times |date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311003228/http://powic.sane.org.uk/professortimcrow.htm Professor Tim Crow], on the Prince of Wales International Centre for SANE Research Website

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crow, Tim}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:British psychiatrists]]
[[Category:People educated at Shrewsbury School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London Hospital Medical College]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Schizophrenia researchers]]
[[Category:Scientists from London]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]