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2025-10-30T05:16:24Z

Move 1 url. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#guardian.co.uk

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:16, 30 October 2025
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	'''Thomas Young''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society\|FRS]] (13 June 1773{{snd}}10 May 1829) was a British [[polymath]] who made notable contributions to the fields of [[Visual perception\|vision]], [[light]], [[solid mechanics]], [[energy]], [[physiology]], [[language]], [[harmony\|musical harmony]], and [[Egyptology]]. He was instrumental in the [[decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs]], specifically the [[Rosetta Stone]].		'''Thomas Young''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society\|FRS]] (13 June 1773{{snd}}10 May 1829) was a British [[polymath]] who made notable contributions to the fields of [[Visual perception\|vision]], [[light]], [[solid mechanics]], [[energy]], [[physiology]], [[language]], [[harmony\|musical harmony]], and [[Egyptology]]. He was instrumental in the [[decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs]], specifically the [[Rosetta Stone]].

	Young has been described as "[[The Last Man Who Knew Everything]]".<ref name=":0" /> His work influenced that of [[William Herschel]], [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], [[James Clerk Maxwell]], and [[Albert Einstein]]. Young is credited with establishing [[Christiaan Huygens]]' [[wave theory of light]], in contrast to the corpuscular theory of [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>{{cite book\|last=Kipnis\|first=Naum S.\|title= History of the Principle of Interference of Light\|date=1991\|publisher=Springer\|pages=65\|isbn=9780817623166 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7fvAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Young's work was subsequently supported by the work of [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Nolte\|first=David D.\|date=2023\|title=Interference: The History of Optical Interferometry and the Scientists Who Tamed Light (Oxford University Press, 2023)\|publisher=Oxford University Press \|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/interference-9780192869760 \|isbn=978-0192869760}}pp. 45-84</ref>		Young has been described as "[[The Last Man Who Knew Everything]]".<ref name=":0" /> His work influenced that of [[William Herschel]], [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], [[James Clerk Maxwell]], and [[Albert Einstein]]. Young is credited with establishing [[Christiaan Huygens]]' [[wave theory of light]], in contrast to the [[Corpuscular theory of light\|corpuscular theory]] of [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>{{cite book\|last=Kipnis\|first=Naum S.\|title= History of the Principle of Interference of Light\|date=1991\|publisher=Springer\|pages=65\|isbn=9780817623166 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7fvAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Young's work was subsequently supported by the work of [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]].<ref>{{Cite book\|author1-link=David D. Nolte\|last=Nolte\|first=David D.\|date=2023\|title=Interference: The History of Optical Interferometry and the Scientists Who Tamed Light (Oxford University Press, 2023)\|publisher=Oxford University Press \|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/interference-9780192869760 \|isbn=978-0192869760}}pp. 45-84</ref>

	==Personal life==		==Personal life==
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	==Research==		==Research==
	===Wave theory of light===		===Wave theory of light===
	{{see also\|~~Wave–particle duality~~}}		{{main\|Young's interference experiment}}
	In Young's own judgment, of his many achievements the most important was to establish the [[wave theory of light]] set out by Christiaan Huygens in his ''[[Treatise on Light]]'' (1690).<ref>{{cite web\|title=Thomas Young (1773–1829)\|url=http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/young.html\|publisher=UC Santa Barbara\|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Haidar\|first=Riad\|title=Thomas Young and the wave theory of light\|url=https://www.bibnum.education.fr/sites/default/files/71-young-analysis.pdf\|publisher=Bibnum\|access-date=5 September 2016\|archive-date=15 September 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915001601/https://www.bibnum.education.fr/sites/default/files/71-young-analysis.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> To do so, he had to overcome the century-old view, expressed in the venerable Newton's ''[[Opticks]]'', that light is a particle. ~~Nevertheless, in~~ the early 19th century Young put forth a number of theoretical reasons supporting the wave theory of light, and he developed two enduring demonstrations to support this viewpoint. With the [[ripple tank]] he demonstrated the idea of [[Interference (wave propagation)\|interference]] in the context of water waves. With [[Young's interference experiment]], the predecessor of the [[double-slit experiment]], he demonstrated interference in the context of light as a wave.		{{see also\|Light#Wave_theory}}
			In Young's own judgment, of his many achievements the most important was to establish the [[wave theory of light]] set out by Christiaan Huygens in his ''[[Treatise on Light]]'' (1690).<ref>{{cite web\|title=Thomas Young (1773–1829)\|url=http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/young.html\|publisher=UC Santa Barbara\|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Haidar\|first=Riad\|title=Thomas Young and the wave theory of light\|url=https://www.bibnum.education.fr/sites/default/files/71-young-analysis.pdf\|publisher=Bibnum\|access-date=5 September 2016\|archive-date=15 September 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915001601/https://www.bibnum.education.fr/sites/default/files/71-young-analysis.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> To do so, he had to overcome the century-old view, expressed in the venerable Newton's ''[[Opticks]]'', that light is a particle. In the early 19th century Young put forth a number of theoretical reasons supporting the wave theory of light, and he developed two enduring demonstrations to support this viewpoint. With the [[ripple tank]] he demonstrated the idea of [[Interference (wave propagation)\|interference]] in the context of water waves. With [[Young's interference experiment\|additional experiments]], including the predecessor of the [[double-slit experiment]], he demonstrated interference in the context of light as a wave.

	[[File:Young-Thomas-Lectures1807-Plate_XXX.jpg\|thumb\|Plate from "Lectures" of 1802 (RI), pub. 1807]]		[[File:Young-Thomas-Lectures1807-Plate_XXX.jpg\|thumb\|Plate from "Lectures" of 1802 (RI), pub. 1807]]
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	Furthermore, the idea can be traced to a paper by [[Leonhard Euler]] published in 1727, some 80 years before Thomas Young's 1807 paper.		Furthermore, the idea can be traced to a paper by [[Leonhard Euler]] published in 1727, some 80 years before Thomas Young's 1807 paper.

	~~The~~ Young's modulus relates the stress (~~pressure~~) in a body to its associated strain (change in ~~length as a ratio of the original~~ length); that is, stress = ''E'' × strain, for a uniaxially loaded specimen. Young's modulus is independent of the ~~component~~ under investigation; that is, it is an ~~inherent material~~ property (the ~~term modulus refers to an inherent~~ material ~~property)~~. Young's Modulus allowed, for the first time, prediction of the strain in a component subject to a known stress (and vice versa). Prior to Young's contribution, engineers were required to apply Hooke's F = kx relationship to identify the deformation (x) of a body subject to a known load (F), where the constant (k) is a function of both the geometry and material under consideration. Finding k required physical testing for any new component, as the F = kx relationship is a function of both geometry and material. Young's Modulus depends only on the material, not its geometry, thus allowing a revolution in engineering strategies.		Young's modulus relates the [[Stress (mechanics)\|stress]] (compression or decompression) in a body to its associated [[Strain (mechanics)\|strain]] (fractional change in length); that is, stress = ''E'' × strain, for a uniaxially loaded specimen. Young's modulus is independent of the quantity under investigation; that is, it is an [[Intensive and extensive properties\|intensive property]] of the material. Young's Modulus allowed, for the first time, prediction of the strain in a component subject to a known stress (and vice versa). Prior to Young's contribution, engineers were required to apply Hooke's F = kx relationship to identify the deformation (x) of a body subject to a known load (F), where the constant (k) is a function of both the geometry and material under consideration. Finding k required physical testing for any new component, as the F = kx relationship is a function of both geometry and material. Young's Modulus depends only on the material, not its geometry, thus allowing a revolution in engineering strategies.

	Young's problems in sometimes not expressing himself clearly were shown by his own definition of the modulus: "The modulus of the elasticity of any substance is a column of the same substance, capable of producing a pressure on its base which is to the weight causing a certain degree of compression as the length of the substance is to the diminution of its length." When this explanation was put to the Lords of the Admiralty, their clerk wrote to Young saying "Though science is much respected by their Lordships and your paper is much esteemed, it is too learned ... in short it is not understood."<ref>"Structures, or Why Things Don't Fall Down" by J. E. Gordon, Penguin Books, 1978.</ref>		Young's problems in sometimes not expressing himself clearly were shown by his own definition of the modulus: "The modulus of the elasticity of any substance is a column of the same substance, capable of producing a pressure on its base which is to the weight causing a certain degree of compression as the length of the substance is to the diminution of its length." When this explanation was put to the Lords of the Admiralty, their clerk wrote to Young saying "Though science is much respected by their Lordships and your paper is much esteemed, it is too learned ... in short it is not understood."<ref>"Structures, or Why Things Don't Fall Down" by J. E. Gordon, Penguin Books, 1978.</ref>
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	** [https://web.archive.org/web/20061228224508/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2006%2F11%2F26%2Fborob19.xml Reviewed] by Simon Singh in [https://web.archive.org/web/20001219165200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ ''The Telegraph''], 26 November 2006.		** [https://web.archive.org/web/20061228224508/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2006%2F11%2F26%2Fborob19.xml Reviewed] by Simon Singh in [https://web.archive.org/web/20001219165200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ ''The Telegraph''], 26 November 2006.
	** [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202174000/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2102-2487627,00.html Reviewed] by Rosemary Hill in [https://web.archive.org/web/20001027132124/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/ ''The Times''], 10 December 2006.		** [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202174000/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2102-2487627,00.html Reviewed] by Rosemary Hill in [https://web.archive.org/web/20001027132124/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/ ''The Times''], 10 December 2006.
	** [~~http~~://~~books~~.~~guardian~~.~~co.uk~~/~~review~~/~~story~~/~~0,,1993741,00~~.~~html~~ Reviewed] by PD Smith in ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 January 2007.		** [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/jan/20/featuresreviews.guardianreview7 Reviewed] by PD Smith in ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 January 2007.
	* {{cite book \| author = Saslow, Wayne \| title = Electricity, Magnetism, and Light \| year = 2002 \| publisher = Thomson Learning \| location = Toronton \| isbn = 978-0-12-619455-5}}- Discusses Young's theoretical and experimental work on interference		* {{cite book \| author = Saslow, Wayne \| title = Electricity, Magnetism, and Light \| year = 2002 \| publisher = Thomson Learning \| location = Toronton \| isbn = 978-0-12-619455-5}}- Discusses Young's theoretical and experimental work on interference
	* {{cite book \| last1 = Wood\|first1= Alex \| first2= Frank \|last2=Oldham \| title = Thomas Young \| year = 1954 \| publisher = Cambridge University Press \| location = Cambridge }}		* {{cite book \| last1 = Wood\|first1= Alex \| first2= Frank \|last2=Oldham \| title = Thomas Young \| year = 1954 \| publisher = Cambridge University Press \| location = Cambridge }}
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	[[Category:Systems thinking]]		[[Category:Systems thinking]]
	[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]		[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
			[[Category:Independent scientists]]

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:507C:445E:62F7:256D: /* Personal life */Added apostrophe

2025-06-15T18:13:05Z

Personal life: Added apostrophe

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:13, 15 June 2025
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	In 1804, Young married Eliza Maxwell. They had no children.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Young_Thomas.html\| first1=J. J.\|last1=O'Connor\| first2=E. F. \|last2=Robertson\| title=Thomas Young\|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland\| year=2006}}</ref>		In 1804, Young married Eliza Maxwell. They had no children.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Young_Thomas.html\| first1=J. J.\|last1=O'Connor\| first2=E. F. \|last2=Robertson\| title=Thomas Young\|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland\| year=2006}}</ref>

	Young died in his 56th year in London on 10 May 1829, having suffered recurrent attacks of "asthma". His autopsy revealed [[atherosclerosis]] of the aorta.<ref>{{Citation\|last1=Bruce Fye\|first1=W.\|title=Thomas Young\|journal=Clinical Cardiology\|volume=20\|issue=1\|pages=87–88\|year=1997\|doi=10.1002/clc.4960200119\|pmc=6656136\|pmid=8994746\|last2=Willis Hurst\|first2=J.}}</ref> His body was buried in the graveyard of St~~. Giles~~ Church at [[Farnborough, London\|Farnborough]], in the county of [[Kent]]. [[Westminster Abbey]] houses a white marble tablet in memory of Young,<ref>'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p58: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</ref> bearing an epitaph by [[Hudson Gurney]]:<ref>		Young died in his 56th year in London on 10 May 1829, having suffered recurrent attacks of "asthma". His autopsy revealed [[atherosclerosis]] of the aorta.<ref>{{Citation\|last1=Bruce Fye\|first1=W.\|title=Thomas Young\|journal=Clinical Cardiology\|volume=20\|issue=1\|pages=87–88\|year=1997\|doi=10.1002/clc.4960200119\|pmc=6656136\|pmid=8994746\|last2=Willis Hurst\|first2=J.}}</ref> His body was buried in the graveyard of St Giles’ Church at [[Farnborough, London\|Farnborough]], in the county of [[Kent]]. [[Westminster Abbey]] houses a white marble tablet in memory of Young,<ref>'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p58: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</ref> bearing an epitaph by [[Hudson Gurney]]:<ref>
	{{cite book\|author=Samuel Austin Allibone\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2MLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2904\|title=A Critical Dictionary of English Literature: And British and American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. Containing Thirty Thousand Biographies and Literary Notices, with Forty Indexes of Subjects, Volume 3\|publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co.\|year=1871\|page=2904}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Wood\|first1=Alexander\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHc6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA331\|title=Thomas Young Natural Philosopher 1773–1829\|last2=Oldham\|first2=Frank\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1954\|page=331}}</ref>		{{cite book\|author=Samuel Austin Allibone\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2MLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2904\|title=A Critical Dictionary of English Literature: And British and American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. Containing Thirty Thousand Biographies and Literary Notices, with Forty Indexes of Subjects, Volume 3\|publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co.\|year=1871\|page=2904}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Wood\|first1=Alexander\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHc6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA331\|title=Thomas Young Natural Philosopher 1773–1829\|last2=Oldham\|first2=Frank\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1954\|page=331}}</ref>

imported>Stepwise Continuous Dysfunction: /* Medicine */ split up long sentence

2025-05-31T23:34:58Z

Medicine: split up long sentence

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:13, 15 June 2025
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	In 1804, Young married Eliza Maxwell. They had no children.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Young_Thomas.html\| first1=J. J.\|last1=O'Connor\| first2=E. F. \|last2=Robertson\| title=Thomas Young\|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland\| year=2006}}</ref>		In 1804, Young married Eliza Maxwell. They had no children.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Young_Thomas.html\| first1=J. J.\|last1=O'Connor\| first2=E. F. \|last2=Robertson\| title=Thomas Young\|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland\| year=2006}}</ref>

	Young died in his 56th year in London on 10 May 1829, having suffered recurrent attacks of "asthma". His autopsy revealed [[atherosclerosis]] of the aorta.<ref>{{Citation\|last1=Bruce Fye\|first1=W.\|title=Thomas Young\|journal=Clinical Cardiology\|volume=20\|issue=1\|pages=87–88\|year=1997\|doi=10.1002/clc.4960200119\|pmc=6656136\|pmid=8994746\|last2=Willis Hurst\|first2=J.}}</ref> His body was buried in the graveyard of St~~. Giles~~ Church at [[Farnborough, London\|Farnborough]], in the county of [[Kent]]. [[Westminster Abbey]] houses a white marble tablet in memory of Young,<ref>'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p58: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</ref> bearing an epitaph by [[Hudson Gurney]]:<ref>		Young died in his 56th year in London on 10 May 1829, having suffered recurrent attacks of "asthma". His autopsy revealed [[atherosclerosis]] of the aorta.<ref>{{Citation\|last1=Bruce Fye\|first1=W.\|title=Thomas Young\|journal=Clinical Cardiology\|volume=20\|issue=1\|pages=87–88\|year=1997\|doi=10.1002/clc.4960200119\|pmc=6656136\|pmid=8994746\|last2=Willis Hurst\|first2=J.}}</ref> His body was buried in the graveyard of St Giles’ Church at [[Farnborough, London\|Farnborough]], in the county of [[Kent]]. [[Westminster Abbey]] houses a white marble tablet in memory of Young,<ref>'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p58: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</ref> bearing an epitaph by [[Hudson Gurney]]:<ref>
	{{cite book\|author=Samuel Austin Allibone\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2MLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2904\|title=A Critical Dictionary of English Literature: And British and American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. Containing Thirty Thousand Biographies and Literary Notices, with Forty Indexes of Subjects, Volume 3\|publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co.\|year=1871\|page=2904}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Wood\|first1=Alexander\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHc6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA331\|title=Thomas Young Natural Philosopher 1773–1829\|last2=Oldham\|first2=Frank\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1954\|page=331}}</ref>		{{cite book\|author=Samuel Austin Allibone\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2MLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2904\|title=A Critical Dictionary of English Literature: And British and American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. Containing Thirty Thousand Biographies and Literary Notices, with Forty Indexes of Subjects, Volume 3\|publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co.\|year=1871\|page=2904}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Wood\|first1=Alexander\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHc6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA331\|title=Thomas Young Natural Philosopher 1773–1829\|last2=Oldham\|first2=Frank\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1954\|page=331}}</ref>

Thomas Young (scientist) - Revision history

imported>GreenC bot: Move 1 url. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#guardian.co.uk

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:507C:445E:62F7:256D: /* Personal life */Added apostrophe

imported>Stepwise Continuous Dysfunction: /* Medicine */ split up long sentence