http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=ShellacShellac - Revision history2026-05-06T14:37:49ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.1http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Shellac&diff=3191226&oldid=previmported>Macrakis: Concision2025-10-08T08:04:57Z<p>Concision</p>
<a href="http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Shellac&diff=3191226&oldid=732788">Show changes</a>imported>Macrakishttp://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Shellac&diff=732788&oldid=prev2405:201:4013:B800:4462:E8FC:E844:51D5: /* History */ Updated dead link2025-06-23T02:34:15Z<p><span class="autocomment">History: </span> Updated dead link</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:34, 23 June 2025</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid shellac has a limited shelf life (about 1 year), so is sold in dry form for dissolution before use. Liquid shellac sold in hardware stores is often marked with the production (mixing) date, so the consumer can know whether the shellac inside is still good. Some manufacturers (e.g., Zinsser) have ceased labeling shellac with the production date, but the production date may be discernible from the production lot code. Alternatively, old shellac may be tested to see if it is still usable: a few drops on glass should dry to a hard surface in roughly 15 minutes. Shellac that remains tacky for a long time is no longer usable. Storage life depends on peak temperature, so refrigeration extends shelf life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shellac |url=https://www.cargohandbook.com/Shellac |website=Cargo Handbook |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid shellac has a limited shelf life (about 1 year), so is sold in dry form for dissolution before use. Liquid shellac sold in hardware stores is often marked with the production (mixing) date, so the consumer can know whether the shellac inside is still good. Some manufacturers (e.g., Zinsser) have ceased labeling shellac with the production date, but the production date may be discernible from the production lot code. Alternatively, old shellac may be tested to see if it is still usable: a few drops on glass should dry to a hard surface in roughly 15 minutes. Shellac that remains tacky for a long time is no longer usable. Storage life depends on peak temperature, so refrigeration extends shelf life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shellac |url=https://www.cargohandbook.com/Shellac |website=Cargo Handbook |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The thickness (concentration) of shellac is measured by the unit "pound cut", referring to the amount (in pounds) of shellac flakes dissolved in a gallon of denatured alcohol. For example: a 1-lb. cut of shellac is the strength obtained by dissolving one pound of shellac flakes in a gallon of alcohol (equivalent to {{convert|1|lb/USgal|g/L|abbr=off|disp=out}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shellac.net/PoundCutChart.html |title= Dissolving & Mixing Shellac Flakes: Shellac 'Pound Cut' Chart |website=shellac.net |access-date=19 October 2020 }}</ref> Most pre-mixed commercial preparations come at a 3-lb. cut. Multiple thin layers of shellac produce a significantly better end result than a few thick layers. Thick layers of shellac do not adhere to the substrate or to each other well, and thus can peel off with relative ease; in addition, thick shellac will obscure fine details in carved designs in wood and other substrates.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The thickness (concentration) of shellac is measured by the unit "pound cut", referring to the amount (in pounds) of shellac flakes dissolved in a gallon of denatured alcohol. For example: a 1-lb. cut of shellac is the strength obtained by dissolving one pound of shellac flakes in a gallon of alcohol (equivalent to {{convert|1|lb/USgal|g/L|abbr=off|disp=out}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shellac.net/PoundCutChart.html |title= Dissolving & Mixing Shellac Flakes: Shellac 'Pound Cut' Chart |website=shellac.net |access-date=19 October 2020 }}</ref> Most pre-mixed commercial preparations come at a 3-lb. cut. Multiple thin layers of shellac produce a significantly better end result than a few thick layers. Thick layers of shellac do not adhere to the substrate or to each other well, and thus can peel off with relative ease; in addition, thick shellac will obscure fine details in carved designs in wood and other substrates.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== History ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== History ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Laksha - ලාක්ෂා - Lacquerware.jpg|thumb|right|''Laksha'' is a traditional form of lacquerware from Sri Lanka which is made from shellac derived from [[Lac (resin)|Lac]] resin.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Laksha - ලාක්ෂා - Lacquerware.jpg|thumb|right|''Laksha'' is a traditional form of lacquerware from Sri Lanka which is made from shellac derived from [[Lac (resin)|Lac]] resin.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The earliest written evidence of shellac goes back {{formatnum:3000}} years, but shellac is known to have been used earlier.<ref name="naturalhandyman.com">[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://www.naturalhandyman.com/iip/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">author/zinsser</del>/shellac.html Naturalhandyman.com : DEFEND, PRESERVE, AND PROTECT WITH SHELLAC : The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">story </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shellac</del>]</ref> According to the ancient Indian epic poem, the [[Mahabharata]], an entire palace was coated with dried shellac.<ref name="naturalhandyman.com" /></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The earliest written evidence of shellac goes back {{formatnum:3000}} years, but shellac is known to have been used earlier.<ref name="naturalhandyman.com">[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://www.naturalhandyman.com/iip/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">infpai</ins>/shellac.html Naturalhandyman.com : DEFEND, PRESERVE, AND PROTECT WITH SHELLAC : The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Story </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Shellac</ins>]</ref> According to the ancient Indian epic poem, the [[Mahabharata]], an entire palace was coated with dried shellac.<ref name="naturalhandyman.com" /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Shellac was uncommonly used as a dyestuff for as long as there was a trade with the [[East Indies]]. According to Merrifield,<ref name="Merrifield">{{cite book</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Shellac was uncommonly used as a dyestuff for as long as there was a trade with the [[East Indies]]. According to Merrifield,<ref name="Merrifield">{{cite book</div></td></tr>
</table>2405:201:4013:B800:4462:E8FC:E844:51D5http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Shellac&diff=634841&oldid=prev71.235.247.73 at 08:00, 15 June 20252025-06-15T08:00:21Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:00, 15 June 2025</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Shellac liquid (cropped).jpeg|thumb|right|Shellac in alcohol]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Shellac liquid (cropped).jpeg|thumb|right|Shellac in alcohol]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Shellac''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|l|æ|k}})<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/shellac |work=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 October 2020 |title=Shellac }}</ref> is a [[resin]] secreted by the female [[Kerria lacca|lac bug]] on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. Chemically, it is mainly composed of [[aleuritic acid]], jalaric acid, shellolic acid, and other natural waxes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Irimia-Vladu |first1=Mihai |last2=Głowacki |first2=Eric Daniel |last3=Schwabegger |first3=Günther |last4=Leonat |first4=Lucia |last5=Akpinar |first5=Hava Zekiye |last6=Sitter |first6=Helmut |last7=Bauer |first7=Siegfried |last8=Sariciftci |first8=Niyazi Serdar |date=2013 |title=Natural resin shellac as a substrate and a dielectric layer for organic field-effect transistors |url=https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3gc40388b |journal=Green Chemistry |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1473 |doi=10.1039/c3gc40388b |issn=1463-9262|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in [[ethanol|alcohol]] to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food [[glazing agent|glaze]] and [[wood finish]]. Shellac functions as a tough natural [[primer (paint)|primer]], [[sanding]] [[sealant]], [[tannin]]-blocker, [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">odour</del>]]-blocker, [[wood stain|stain]], and [[Gloss (material appearance)|high-gloss]] [[varnish]]. Shellac was once used in electrical applications as it possesses good [[electrical insulation|insulation]] qualities and seals out moisture. [[Phonograph]] and 78&nbsp;rpm [[gramophone record]]s were made of shellac until they were gradually replaced by [[polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Shellac''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|l|æ|k}})<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/shellac |work=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 October 2020 |title=Shellac }}</ref> is a [[resin]] secreted by the female [[Kerria lacca|lac bug]] on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. Chemically, it is mainly composed of [[aleuritic acid]], jalaric acid, shellolic acid, and other natural waxes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Irimia-Vladu |first1=Mihai |last2=Głowacki |first2=Eric Daniel |last3=Schwabegger |first3=Günther |last4=Leonat |first4=Lucia |last5=Akpinar |first5=Hava Zekiye |last6=Sitter |first6=Helmut |last7=Bauer |first7=Siegfried |last8=Sariciftci |first8=Niyazi Serdar |date=2013 |title=Natural resin shellac as a substrate and a dielectric layer for organic field-effect transistors |url=https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3gc40388b |journal=Green Chemistry |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1473 |doi=10.1039/c3gc40388b |issn=1463-9262|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in [[ethanol|alcohol]] to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food [[glazing agent|glaze]] and [[wood finish]]. Shellac functions as a tough natural [[primer (paint)|primer]], [[sanding]] [[sealant]], [[tannin]]-blocker, [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">odor</ins>]]-blocker, [[wood stain|stain]], and [[Gloss (material appearance)|high-gloss]] [[varnish]]. Shellac was once used in electrical applications as it possesses good [[electrical insulation|insulation]] qualities and seals out moisture. [[Phonograph]] and 78&nbsp;rpm [[gramophone record]]s were made of shellac until they were gradually replaced by [[polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the time shellac replaced oil and wax finishes in the 19th century, it was one of the dominant wood finishes in the western world until it was largely replaced by [[nitrocellulose lacquer]] in the 1920s and 1930s. Besides wood finishing, shellac is used as an ingredient in food, medication and candy as ''[[resinous glaze|confectioner's glaze]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=The Strange Ingredient Used To Make Jelly Beans Shiny |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1041516/the-strange-ingredient-used-to-make-jelly-beans-shiny/ |work=TastingTable |last=Lee |first=John |publisher=Static Media}}</ref> as well as a means of preserving harvested [[citrus fruit]].<ref> {{cite journal |title=Shellac Formulations To Reduce Epiphytic Survival of Coliform Bacteria on Citrus Fruit Postharvest |journal=Journal of Food Protection |first1=Raymond G. |last1=Mcguire |first2=Robert D. |last2=Hagenmaier |doi=10.4315/0362-028X-64.11.1756 |volume=64 |issue=11 |date=1 November 2001 |pages=1756–1760|pmid=11726155 |doi-access=free }}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the time shellac replaced oil and wax finishes in the 19th century, it was one of the dominant wood finishes in the western world until it was largely replaced by [[nitrocellulose lacquer]] in the 1920s and 1930s. Besides wood finishing, shellac is used as an ingredient in food, medication and candy as ''[[resinous glaze|confectioner's glaze]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=The Strange Ingredient Used To Make Jelly Beans Shiny |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1041516/the-strange-ingredient-used-to-make-jelly-beans-shiny/ |work=TastingTable |last=Lee |first=John |publisher=Static Media}}</ref> as well as a means of preserving harvested [[citrus fruit]].<ref> {{cite journal |title=Shellac Formulations To Reduce Epiphytic Survival of Coliform Bacteria on Citrus Fruit Postharvest |journal=Journal of Food Protection |first1=Raymond G. |last1=Mcguire |first2=Robert D. |last2=Hagenmaier |doi=10.4315/0362-028X-64.11.1756 |volume=64 |issue=11 |date=1 November 2001 |pages=1756–1760|pmid=11726155 |doi-access=free }}</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>71.235.247.73http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Shellac&diff=36441&oldid=previmported>OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.2025-05-23T05:30:54Z<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OABOT" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:OABOT">Open access bot</a>: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.</p>
<a href="http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Shellac&diff=36441">Show changes</a>imported>OAbot