Sharpbill - Revision history

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	\| status = LC		\| status = LC
	\| status_system = IUCN3.1		\| status_system = IUCN3.1
	\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=BirdLife International \|date=2016 \|title=''Oxyruncus cristatus'' \|volume=2016 \|~~page~~=e.T22700982A93807719 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22700982A93807719.en \|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>		\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=BirdLife International \|date=2016 \|title=''Oxyruncus cristatus'' \|volume=2016 \|article-number=e.T22700982A93807719 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22700982A93807719.en \|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
			\| display_parents = 3
	\| grandparent_authority = [[Robert Ridgway\|Ridgway]], 1906		\| grandparent_authority = [[Robert Ridgway\|Ridgway]], 1906
	\| genus = Oxyruncus		\| genus = Oxyruncus

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	The genus ''Oxyruncus'' was erected by the Dutch zoologist [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] in 1820.<ref>{{ cite book \| last=Temminck \| first=Coenraad Jacob \| author-link=Coenraad Jacob Temminck \| title=Manuel d'ornithologie, ou, Tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe \| volume=Part 1 \| edition=2nd \| language=French \| place=Paris \| publisher=H. Cousin \| page=80 (LXXX) \| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41001529 }}</ref> The sharpbill was [[Species description\|described]] in 1821 by the English naturalist [[William Swainson]] under the [[binomial name]] ''Oxyrhuncus cristatus'' with an "h" inserted into the name of the genus.<ref>{{ cite book \| last=Swainson \| first=William \| author-link=William Swainson \| year=1821 \| title=Zoological illustrations, or, Original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals \| volume=1 \| place=London \| publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; and W. Wood \| at=Plate 49 text \| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29156672 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book \| editor-last=Traylor \| editor-first=Melvin A. Jr \| year=1979 \| title=Check-list of Birds of the World \| volume=8 \| publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology \| place=Cambridge, Massachusetts \| pages=308–309 \| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14501085 }}</ref> The word ''Oxyruncus'' is from the Ancient Greek ''oxus'' for "sharp" or "pointed" and ''rhunkhos'' "bill". The specific epithet is from the Latin ''cristatus'' for "crested" or "plumed".<ref>{{cite book \| last=Jobling \| first=James A. \| year=2010\| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names \| url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling \| publisher=Christopher Helm \| location=London \| isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 \| pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n121 121], 287 }}</ref>		The genus ''Oxyruncus'' was erected by the Dutch zoologist [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] in 1820.<ref>{{ cite book \| last=Temminck \| first=Coenraad Jacob \| author-link=Coenraad Jacob Temminck \| title=Manuel d'ornithologie, ou, Tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe \| volume=Part 1 \| edition=2nd \| language=French \| place=Paris \| publisher=H. Cousin \| page=80 (LXXX) \| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41001529 }}</ref> The sharpbill was [[Species description\|described]] in 1821 by the English naturalist [[William Swainson]] under the [[binomial name]] ''Oxyrhuncus cristatus'' with an "h" inserted into the name of the genus.<ref>{{ cite book \| last=Swainson \| first=William \| author-link=William Swainson \| year=1821 \| title=Zoological illustrations, or, Original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals \| volume=1 \| place=London \| publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; and W. Wood \| at=Plate 49 text \| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29156672 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book \| editor-last=Traylor \| editor-first=Melvin A. Jr \| year=1979 \| title=Check-list of Birds of the World \| volume=8 \| publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology \| place=Cambridge, Massachusetts \| pages=308–309 \| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14501085 }}</ref> The word ''Oxyruncus'' is from the Ancient Greek ''oxus'' for "sharp" or "pointed" and ''rhunkhos'' "bill". The specific epithet is from the Latin ''cristatus'' for "crested" or "plumed".<ref>{{cite book \| last=Jobling \| first=James A. \| year=2010\| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names \| url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling \| publisher=Christopher Helm \| location=London \| isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 \| pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n121 121], 287 }}</ref>

	The affinities of the sharpbill to other species has long puzzled ornithologists,<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1=Sibley \| first1=C.G. \| last2=Lanyon \| first2=S.M. \| last3=Ahlquist \| first3=J.E. \| date=1984 \| title=The relationships of the Sharpbill (''Oxyruncus cristatus'') \| journal=The Condor \| volume=86 \| issue=1 \| pages=48-52 \| doi=10.2307/1367344 \| jstor=1367344 \| url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/103416 \| url-access=subscription }}</ref> and this was only settled by the publication of large multilocus DNA sequencing studies.<ref name=oliveros>{{ cite journal \| last1=Oliveros \| first1=C.H. \| display-authors=etal \| year=2019 \| title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation \| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States \| volume=116 \| issue=16 \| pages=7916-7925 \| doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 \| doi-access=free \| hdl=1808/30907 \| hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=harvey>{{Cite journal \| last1=Harvey \| first1=M.G. \| display-authors=etal \| date=2020 \| title=The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot \| journal=Science \| volume=370 \| issue=6522 \| pages=1343-1348 \| doi=10.1126/science.aaz6970 }} A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website [http://www.harveybirdlab.org/docs/Harveyetal2020_Fig1_tree_HiRes.pdf here].</ref> The cladogram below shows the phylogenetic relationships of the sharpbill to other families in the [[parvorder]] Tyrannida. It is based on the study by Carl Oliveros and collaborators published in 2019 and the study by Michael Harvey and collaborators that was published in 2020.<ref name=oliveros/><ref name=harvey/> The families and species numbers are from the list maintained by the [[International Ornithologists' Union]] (IOC).<ref name=ioc>{{cite web\| editor1-last=Gill \| editor1-first=Frank \| editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) \| editor2-last=Donsker \| editor2-first=David \| editor3-last=Rasmussen \| editor3-first=Pamela \| editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen \| date=February 2025 \| title=Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards \| work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 \| url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/cotingas/ \| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union \| access-date=13 March 2025 }}</ref>		The affinities of the sharpbill to other species has long puzzled ornithologists,<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1=Sibley \| first1=C.G. \| last2=Lanyon \| first2=S.M. \| last3=Ahlquist \| first3=J.E. \| date=1984 \| title=The relationships of the Sharpbill (''Oxyruncus cristatus'') \| journal=The Condor \| volume=86 \| issue=1 \| pages=48-52 \| doi=10.2307/1367344 \| jstor=1367344 \| url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/103416 \| url-access=subscription }}</ref> and this was only settled by the publication of large multilocus DNA sequencing studies.<ref name=oliveros>{{ cite journal \| last1=Oliveros \| first1=C.H. \| display-authors=etal \| year=2019 \| title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation \| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States \| volume=116 \| issue=16 \| pages=7916-7925 \| doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 \| doi-access=free \| hdl=1808/30907 \| hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=harvey>{{Cite journal \| last1=Harvey \| first1=M.G. \| display-authors=etal \| date=2020 \| title=The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot \| journal=Science \| volume=370 \| issue=6522 \| pages=1343-1348 \| doi=10.1126/science.aaz6970 \| hdl=10138/329703 \| hdl-access=free }} A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website [http://www.harveybirdlab.org/docs/Harveyetal2020_Fig1_tree_HiRes.pdf here].</ref> The cladogram below shows the phylogenetic relationships of the sharpbill to other families in the [[parvorder]] Tyrannida. It is based on the study by Carl Oliveros and collaborators published in 2019 and the study by Michael Harvey and collaborators that was published in 2020.<ref name=oliveros/><ref name=harvey/> The families and species numbers are from the list maintained by the [[International Ornithologists' Union]] (IOC).<ref name=ioc>{{cite web\| editor1-last=Gill \| editor1-first=Frank \| editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) \| editor2-last=Donsker \| editor2-first=David \| editor3-last=Rasmussen \| editor3-first=Pamela \| editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen \| date=February 2025 \| title=Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards \| work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 \| url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/cotingas/ \| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union \| access-date=13 March 2025 }}</ref>
	{{Clade \| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%		{{Clade \| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
	\|label1=Tyrannida		\|label1=Tyrannida

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New page

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Sharpbill
| image = Sharpbill.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Oxyruncus cristatus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22700982A93807719 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22700982A93807719.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| grandparent_authority = [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1906
| genus = Oxyruncus
| parent_authority = [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1820
| species = cristatus
| authority = [[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1821
| range_map = Oxyruncus cristatus map.svg
}}

The '''sharpbill''' ('''''Oxyruncus cristatus''''') is a small [[passerine]] bird that is placed in its own family '''Oxyruncidae'''. It was formerly placed in the family [[Tityridae]]. Its range is from the mountainous areas of tropical [[South America]] and southern [[Central America]] ([[Panama]] and [[Costa Rica]]).

It inhabits the canopy of wet forest and feeds on [[fruit]] and some [[invertebrate]]s. It has an orange erectile crest, black-spotted yellowish underparts and scaling on the head and neck. As its name implies, it has a straight, pointed beak, which gives its common name.

Sharpbills are most commonly found in tall dense forests but occasionally venture to the forest edge. Their diet consists of primarily of fruit, but they will also take insects, hanging upside down in from twigs to obtain insect [[larva]]e. They will also travel in [[mixed-species feeding flock]]s with [[ovenbird (family)|ovenbirds]], [[tanager]]s, [[woodpecker]]s and [[cotinga]]s. The breeding system employed by this species is [[Animal sexual behaviour#Polygamy|polygamous]] with closely grouped males displaying in from a [[Lek mating|lek]].<ref name="Stiles">{{cite journal|last1=Stiles|first1=F. Gary|last2=Whitney|first2=Bret|title=Notes on the behavior of the Costa Rican Sharpbill (''Oxyruncus cristatus frater'') | journal= Auk | year=1983 |volume=100 |issue=1| pages=117–125 |doi=10.1093/auk/100.1.117| jstor=4086284 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v100n01/p0117-p0125.pdf }}</ref> The nest of the sharpbill is built by the female and is a small cup built on a slender branch. Chicks are fed by regurgitation.

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Oxyruncus'' was erected by the Dutch zoologist [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] in 1820.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Temminck | first=Coenraad Jacob | author-link=Coenraad Jacob Temminck | title=Manuel d'ornithologie, ou, Tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe | volume=Part 1 | edition=2nd | language=French | place=Paris | publisher=H. Cousin | page=80 (LXXX) | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41001529 }}</ref> The sharpbill was [[Species description|described]] in 1821 by the English naturalist [[William Swainson]] under the [[binomial name]] ''Oxyrhuncus cristatus'' with an "h" inserted into the name of the genus.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Swainson | first=William | author-link=William Swainson | year=1821 | title=Zoological illustrations, or, Original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals | volume=1 | place=London | publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; and W. Wood | at=Plate 49 text | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29156672 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Traylor | editor-first=Melvin A. Jr | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=8 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | pages=308–309 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14501085 }}</ref> The word ''Oxyruncus'' is from the Ancient Greek ''oxus'' for "sharp" or "pointed" and ''rhunkhos'' "bill". The specific epithet is from the Latin ''cristatus'' for "crested" or "plumed".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n121 121], 287 }}</ref>

The affinities of the sharpbill to other species has long puzzled ornithologists,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Sibley | first1=C.G. | last2=Lanyon | first2=S.M. | last3=Ahlquist | first3=J.E. | date=1984 | title=The relationships of the Sharpbill (''Oxyruncus cristatus'') | journal=The Condor | volume=86 | issue=1 | pages=48-52 | doi=10.2307/1367344 | jstor=1367344 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/103416 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> and this was only settled by the publication of large multilocus DNA sequencing studies.<ref name=oliveros>{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C.H. | display-authors=etal | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916-7925 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | doi-access=free | hdl=1808/30907 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=harvey>{{Cite journal | last1=Harvey | first1=M.G. | display-authors=etal | date=2020 | title=The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot | journal=Science | volume=370 | issue=6522 | pages=1343-1348 | doi=10.1126/science.aaz6970 }} A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website [http://www.harveybirdlab.org/docs/Harveyetal2020_Fig1_tree_HiRes.pdf here].</ref> The cladogram below shows the phylogenetic relationships of the sharpbill to other families in the [[parvorder]] Tyrannida. It is based on the study by Carl Oliveros and collaborators published in 2019 and the study by Michael Harvey and collaborators that was published in 2020.<ref name=oliveros/><ref name=harvey/> The families and species numbers are from the list maintained by the [[International Ornithologists' Union]] (IOC).<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/cotingas/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=13 March 2025 }}</ref>
{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=Tyrannida
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Tityridae]]
|1=becards & allies (37 species in 7 genera)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Oxyruncidae]]
|1=''[[Oxyruncus]]'' – '''sharpbill'''
|label2=[[Onychorhynchidae]]
|2=royal flycatchers and allies (7 species in 3 genera)
}}
|label2=[[Tyrannidae]]
|2=tyrant flycatchers (447 species in 106 genera)
}}
}}
}}

Four [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/cotingas/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=13 March 2025 }}</ref>
* ''Oxyruncus cristatus frater'' ([[Philip Sclater|Sclater, PL]] & [[Osbert Salvin|Salvin]], 1868) – Costa Rica and west Panama
* ''Oxyruncus cristatus brooksi'' [[Outram Bangs|Bangs]] & [[Thomas Barbour|Barbour]], 1922 – east Panama
* ''Oxyruncus cristatus hypoglaucus'' (Salvin & [[Frederick DuCane Godman|Godman]], 1883) – southeast Venezuela, the Guianas and north Brazil
* ''Oxyruncus cristatus cristatus'' Swainson, 1821 – southeast Brazil, east Paraguay and northeast Argentina

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Charles G. Sibley; Scott M. Lanyon; Jon E. Ahlquist (1984) "The relationships of the Sharpbill (''Oxyruncus cristatus'')" ''Condor'' '''86'''(1) 48–52.

==External links==
*[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/grzimek_birds/Oxyruncidae/Oxyruncus_cristatus.jpg/view.html Image at ADW]

{{Passeriformes|T.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q920534|from2=Q10803545}}

[[Category:Birds of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Birds of Panama]]
[[Category:Birds of Brazil]]
[[Category:Birds of Peruvian Amazonia]]
[[Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield]]
[[Category:Birds of the Atlantic Forest]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1821]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Swainson]]