imported>Tom Radulovich: added Category:Biota of the Temperate Northern Pacific using HotCat

2025-01-17T02:56:21Z

added Category:Biota of the Temperate Northern Pacific using HotCat

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{{Short description|Species of Phaeophyceae, type of kelp}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Saccharina latissima 2.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Saccharina
| species = latissima
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) C.E. Lane, C. Mayes, Druehl, et G. W. Saunders<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lane | first1=C. E. |first2=C. |last2=Mayes |first3=L. D. |last3=Druehl |first4=G. W. |last4=Saunders | year=2006 | title=A multi-gene molecular investigation of the kelp (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) supports substantial taxonomic re-organization | journal=Journal of Phycology | volume=42 | issue=2 | pages=493–512 | doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00204.x| s2cid=53329947 }}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Fucus saccharinus'' <small>L.</small>
* ''Laminaria saccharina'' <small>(L.) Lamouroux</small>
}}

'''''Saccharina latissima''''' is a [[brown alga]] (class Phaeophyceae), of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Laminariaceae]]. It is known by the common names '''sugar kelp''',<ref name="Bekkby">{{cite journal |last1=Bekkby |first1=T. |last2=Moy |first2=F. |year=2011 |title=Developing spatial models of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) potential distribution modelling of the kelp species Laminaria hyperborea |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |issue=66 |pages=2106–2115}}</ref> '''sea belt''',<ref name="Dickinson">{{cite book |last=Dickinson |first=C. I |year=1963 |title=British Seaweeds |publisher=The Kew Series}}</ref> and '''Devil's apron''',<ref name="The Free Dictionary">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1913 |title=Devil's Apron |encyclopedia=Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=C. & G. Merriam Co. |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Devil's+apron}}</ref> and is one of the species known to [[Japanese cuisine]] as '''[[kombu]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seaweeds of the Pacific Northwest – A Guide to Identifying 25 Common Seaweeds of the Washington Coast |url=https://seaweedsofpnw.com/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is found in the north [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Arctic Ocean]] and north [[Pacific Ocean]].

==Description==
''Saccharina latissima'' is a yellowish brown colour with a long narrow, undivided blade that can grow to {{convert|5|m|ft}} long and {{convert|20|cm|frac=2}} wide. The central band is dimpled while the margins are smoother with a wavy edge, this is to cause greater water movement around the blades to aid in gas exchange. The frond is attached to the rock by stout [[rhizoids]] about 5 mm in diameter<ref name="Dickinson"/> in the [[Intertidal zone|intertidal]] and [[sublittoral zone]]s by a claw-like [[holdfast (biology)|holdfast]] and a short, pliable, cylindrical stipe.<ref name="TSS">[http://www.seaweed.ie/descriptions/Saccharina_latissima.html Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux] The Seaweed Site. Retrieved 2011-09-20.</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
It is found in the north [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Arctic Ocean]] and north [[Pacific Ocean]]. It is common along the coast of Northern Europe as far south as [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] Spain. In North America, it is found on the East Coast down to [[Long Island]], although historically extended down to [[New Jersey]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martindale |first1=I.C. |year=1889 |title=MARINE ALGÆ OF THE NEW JERSEY COAST AND ADJACENT WATERS OF STATEN ISLAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43392237 |journal=Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=87-109,111}}</ref> and on the West Coast down to the state of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]. On the coast of Asia, it is found south to [[Korea]] and [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neiva |first1=J. |last2=Paulino |first2=C. |last3=Nielsen |first3=M. M. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=Glacial vicariance drives phylogeographic diversification in the amphi-boreal kelp Saccharina latissima |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=8 |page=1112 |bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1112N |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19620-7 |pmc=5773594 |pmid=29348650}}</ref>

==Ecology==
''Saccharina latissima'' is an ecologically important system. It is a primary producer, delivering plant material to the coastal food web. The three-dimensional forests also serve as a habitat for animals, resulting in a high biodiversity. Fish, shellfish and other animals find food and hiding places within these forests.<ref>Christie H, Norderhaug KM, Fredriksen S. 2009. Macrophytes as habitat for fauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series 396: 221-233</ref>

It can be infected by the [[pathogenic fungus]] (to kelp) ''[[Phycomelaina laminariae]]''.<ref Name="HH&GGE2004">Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4090/Fjolrit_45.pdf?sequence=1 ''Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir'' [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi]. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X</ref>

== Threats ==
In 2004, scientists reported a loss in sugar kelp of up to 80% at Skagerrak and 40% at the West coast of Norway.<ref name="Bekkby" /><ref>Rinde E, Christie H. 1992. A survey of rocky bottom communities in the coastal area of Telemark. NINA Oppdragsmelding 133: 1-23.</ref><ref>Moy, F., Christie, H. 2012. Large-scale shift from sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) to ephemeral algae along the south and west coast of Norway. Marine Biology Research 8: 309-321</ref> The reasons for this loss are not fully understood, but the increase in ocean temperature, high levels of nutrients and the reduction in animal species feeding off the filamentous algae are suggested as the most likely reasons.<ref>Moy, F., Stålnacke, P., 2007. Sugar Kelp Project: Analyses of Climate and Environmental Data with Relevance for Sugar Kelp, SFT Report TA-2279/2007, NIVA Report 5454, 210 pp.</ref>

== Uses ==
Sugar kelp is used as a food in many places where it grows, one of many species often called kombu. Sugar kelp can be used as a vegetable in salads but is most frequently used in soups and stocks where it provides savory flavors and is especially highly valued in vegetarian cooking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Kombu & How Do You Use It? |url=https://www.thekitchn.com/ingredient-spotlight-kombu-75445 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Kitchn |language=en}}</ref> Kombu is a key component of [[miso soup]]. The savory flavor of sugar kelp comes from free amino acids like [[Glutamic acid|glutamate]]. [[Monosodium glutamate]] was first isolated from ''Saccharina''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-07 |title=MSG: A Brief History |url=https://foodinsight.org/msg-a-brief-history/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Food Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> Sugar kelp gets its name due to it containing the sugar alcohol [[mannitol]] which is extracted from it to be used as a sugar substitute, especially for chewing gum.<ref>{{Citation |last=Qin |first=Yimin |title=6 – Applications of Bioactive Seaweed Substances in Functional Food Products |date=2018-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128133125000066 |work=Bioactive Seaweeds for Food Applications |pages=111–134 |editor-last=Qin |editor-first=Yimin |publisher=Academic Press |language=en |isbn=978-0-12-813312-5 |access-date=2022-08-25}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Alga Toco Saccharina latissima.jpg
File:Saccharina latissima NOAA.jpg|''Saccharina latissima'' on a beach
File:Laminaria cukrowa - zatAwaczynska.jpg|''Saccharina lattissima'' from [[Avacha Bay]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category|position=left|Saccharina latissima}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q228105}}

[[Category:Laminariaceae]]
[[Category:Marine biota of Europe]]
[[Category:Edible algae]]
[[Category:Flora of France]]
[[Category:Protists described in 1753]]
[[Category:Brown algae species]]
[[Category:Biota of the Temperate Northern Pacific]]

Saccharina latissima - Revision history

imported>Tom Radulovich: added Category:Biota of the Temperate Northern Pacific using HotCat