SQL - Revision history

imported>StereoFolic: Add citation for first paragraph

2026-07-02T17:10:31Z

Add citation for first paragraph

imported>StereoFolic: Reverted 1 edit by Anaf Ibn Shahibul (talk): This logo does not appear to be an official SQL logo

2025-12-31T22:11:49Z

Reverted 1 edit by Anaf Ibn Shahibul (talk): This logo does not appear to be an official SQL logo

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:11, 31 December 2025
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	'''Structured Query Language''' ('''SQL''') (<small>pronounced</small> {{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|ɛ\|s\|ˌ\|k\|j\|u\|ˈ\|ɛ\|l}} ''S-Q-L''; <small>or alternatively as</small> {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|s\|iː\|k\|w\|ə\|l\|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-SQL.wav}} "sequel")		'''Structured Query Language''' ('''SQL''') (<small>pronounced</small> {{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|ɛ\|s\|ˌ\|k\|j\|u\|ˈ\|ɛ\|l}} ''S-Q-L''; <small>or alternatively as</small> {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|s\|iː\|k\|w\|ə\|l\|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-SQL.wav}} "sequel")<ref name="learningSQL" /><ref name="chamberlin2001">{{cite journal \|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107215 \|last1=Chamberlin \|first1=Donald D. \|first2=Philip L. \|last2=Frana \|website=University Digital Conservancy \|title=Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin \|date=3 October 2001 \|hdl=11299/107215 \|access-date=14 January 2020 \|quote=We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS. \|archive-date=24 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224145836/https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107215 \|url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[domain-specific language]] used to manage data, especially in a [[relational database management system]] (RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handling [[Data model\|structured data]], i.e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables.
	<ref name="learningSQL" /><ref name="chamberlin2001">{{cite journal \|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107215 \|last1=Chamberlin \|first1=Donald D. \|first2=Philip L. \|last2=Frana \|website=University Digital Conservancy \|title=Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin \|date=3 October 2001 \|hdl=11299/107215 \|access-date=14 January 2020 \|quote=We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS. \|archive-date=24 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224145836/https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107215 \|url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[domain-specific language]] used to manage data, especially in a [[relational database management system]] (RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handling [[Data model\|structured data]], i.e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables.

	Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write [[API]]s such as [[ISAM]] or [[VSAM]]. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many [[Record (computer science)\|records]] with one single [[Command-line interface\|command]]. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify ''how'' to reach a record, i.e., with or without an [[Database index\|index]].		Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write [[API]]s such as [[ISAM]] or [[VSAM]]. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many [[Record (computer science)\|records]] with one single [[Command-line interface\|command]]. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify ''how'' to reach a record, i.e., with or without an [[Database index\|index]].
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	In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now [[Oracle Corporation]]) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-based [[Relational database\|RDBMS]] with aspirations of selling it to the [[United States Navy\|U.S. Navy]], [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and other [[Federal government of the United States\|U.S. government]] agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software introduced one of the first commercially available implementations of SQL, [[Oracle Database\|Oracle]] V2 (Version2) for [[VAX]] computers.		In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now [[Oracle Corporation]]) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-based [[Relational database\|RDBMS]] with aspirations of selling it to the [[United States Navy\|U.S. Navy]], [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and other [[Federal government of the United States\|U.S. government]] agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software introduced one of the first commercially available implementations of SQL, [[Oracle Database\|Oracle]] V2 (Version2) for [[VAX]] computers.

	By 1986, [[American National Standards Institute\|ANSI]] and [[International Organization for Standardization\|ISO]] standard groups officially adopted the standard "Database Language SQL" language definition. [[SQL language revisions\|New versions of the standard]] were published in 1989, [[SQL-92\|1992]], 1996, [[SQL:1999\|1999]], [[SQL:2003\|2003]], [[SQL:2006\|2006]], [[SQL:2008\|2008]], [[SQL:2011\|2011]],<ref name="Early History">{{cite journal\|last1=Chamberlin\|first1=Donald\|title=Early History of SQL\|journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing\|date=2012\|volume=34\|issue=4\|pages=78–82\|doi=10.1109/MAHC.2012.61\|s2cid=1322572}}</ref> [[SQL:2016\|2016]] and, most recently, [[SQL:2023\|2023]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=ISO - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange \|url=https://www.iso.org/committee/45342/x/catalogue/p/1/u/0/w/0/d/0 \|website=www.iso.org \|access-date=2 January 2021 \|archive-date=16 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024321/https://www.iso.org/committee/45342/x/catalogue/p/1/u/0/w/0/d/0 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		By 1986, [[American National Standards Institute\|ANSI]] and [[International Organization for Standardization\|ISO]] standard groups officially adopted the standard "Database Language SQL" language definition. [[SQL language revisions\|New versions of the standard]] were published in 1989, [[SQL-92\|1992]], 1996, [[SQL:1999\|1999]], [[SQL:2003\|2003]], [[SQL:2006\|2006]], [[SQL:2008\|2008]], [[SQL:2011\|2011]],<ref name="Early History">{{cite journal\|last1=Chamberlin\|first1=Donald\|title=Early History of SQL\|journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing\|date=2012\|volume=34\|issue=4\|pages=78–82\|doi=10.1109/MAHC.2012.61\|bibcode=2012IAHC...34d..78C \|s2cid=1322572}}</ref> [[SQL:2016\|2016]] and, most recently, [[SQL:2023\|2023]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=ISO - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange \|url=https://www.iso.org/committee/45342/x/catalogue/p/1/u/0/w/0/d/0 \|website=www.iso.org \|access-date=2 January 2021 \|archive-date=16 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024321/https://www.iso.org/committee/45342/x/catalogue/p/1/u/0/w/0/d/0 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	==Interoperability and standardization==		==Interoperability and standardization==

~2025-33693-99: /* History */

2025-11-15T00:16:41Z

History

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imported>Physicsworld8: /* References */

2025-06-24T07:38:34Z

References

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:38, 24 June 2025
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	Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write [[API]]s such as [[ISAM]] or [[VSAM]]. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many [[Record (computer science)\|records]] with one single [[Command-line interface\|command]]. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify ''how'' to reach a record, i.e., with or without an [[Database index\|index]].		Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write [[API]]s such as [[ISAM]] or [[VSAM]]. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many [[Record (computer science)\|records]] with one single [[Command-line interface\|command]]. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify ''how'' to reach a record, i.e., with or without an [[Database index\|index]].

	Originally based upon [[relational algebra]] and [[tuple relational calculus]], SQL consists of many types of statements,<ref>[[SQL-92]], 4.22 SQL-statements, 4.22.1 Classes of SQL-statements "There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:", 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function "The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:"; [[SQL:2003]] 4.11 SQL-statements, and later revisions.</ref> which may be informally classed as [[sublanguage]]s, commonly: [[~~Data Query~~ language~~\|Data query Language~~]] (DQL), [[data definition language~~\|Data Definition Language~~]] (DDL), [[data control language~~\|Data Control Language~~]] (DCL), and [[data manipulation language~~\|Data Manipulation Language~~]] (DML).<ref>{{cite book		Originally based upon [[relational algebra]] and [[tuple relational calculus]], SQL consists of many types of statements,<ref>[[SQL-92]], 4.22 SQL-statements, 4.22.1 Classes of SQL-statements "There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:", 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function "The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:"; [[SQL:2003]] 4.11 SQL-statements, and later revisions.</ref> which may be informally classed as [[sublanguage]]s, commonly: [[data query language]] (DQL), [[data definition language]] (DDL), [[data control language]] (DCL), and [[data manipulation language]] (DML).<ref>{{cite book
	\|title=Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language		\|title=Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language
	\|first=Mark		\|first=Mark
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	<ref name="SQL-Fundamentals">{{cite news \| last = Chapple \| first = Mike \| title = SQL Fundamentals \| work = Databases \| publisher = About.com \| url = http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm \| access-date = 28 January 2009 \| archive-date = 22 February 2009 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090222225300/http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm \| url-status = dead }}</ref>		<ref name="SQL-Fundamentals">{{cite news \| last = Chapple \| first = Mike \| title = SQL Fundamentals \| work = Databases \| publisher = About.com \| url = http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm \| access-date = 28 January 2009 \| archive-date = 22 February 2009 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090222225300/http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm \| url-status = dead }}</ref>
	<ref name="IBM-sql">{{cite web \| title = Structured Query Language (SQL) \| publisher = International Business Machines \| url = http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2luw/v9/index.jsp?topic=com.ibm.db2.udb.admin.doc/doc/c0004100.htm \| date = 27 October 2006 \| access-date = 10 June 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="IBM-sql">{{cite web \| title = Structured Query Language (SQL) \| publisher = International Business Machines \| url = http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2luw/v9/index.jsp?topic=com.ibm.db2.udb.admin.doc/doc/c0004100.htm \| date = 27 October 2006 \| access-date = 10 June 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="ISO 9075:1987">{{cite web \| url = https://www.iso.org/standard/~~16661~~.html \| title = ISO 9075:1987: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework) \| date = 1 June ~~1987~~ \| access-date = ~~7 May 2019 \| archive-date = 7 May 2019 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190507214157/https://www.iso.org/standard/16661.html~~ \| url-status = live }}</ref>		<ref name="ISO 9075:1987">{{cite web \| url = https://www.iso.org/standard/76583.html \| title = ISO 9075:1987: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework) \| date = 1 June 2023 \| access-date = 24 June 2025 \| url-status = live }}</ref>
	<ref name="chamberlin-boyce-sequel">{{ cite journal \| last1 = Chamberlin \| first1 = Donald D \| last2 = Boyce \| first2 = Raymond F \| title = SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language \| journal = Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control \| pages = 249–64 \| publisher = Association for Computing Machinery \| year = 1974 \| url = http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf \| access-date = 9 June 2007 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212100/http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf \|archive-date=26 September 2007 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		<ref name="chamberlin-boyce-sequel">{{ cite journal \| last1 = Chamberlin \| first1 = Donald D \| last2 = Boyce \| first2 = Raymond F \| title = SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language \| journal = Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control \| pages = 249–64 \| publisher = Association for Computing Machinery \| year = 1974 \| url = http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf \| access-date = 9 June 2007 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212100/http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf \|archive-date=26 September 2007 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
	<ref name="oppel-databases">{{cite book \| last = Oppel \| first = Andy \| title = Databases Demystified \| publisher = McGraw-Hill Osborne Media \| date = 27 February 2004 \| location = [[San Francisco, CA]] \| pages = 90–1 \| url = http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=112&isbn=0071469605 \| isbn = 978-0-07-146960-9 \| archive-date = 14 January 2012 \| access-date = 12 May 2011 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114180544/http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=112&isbn=0071469605 \| url-status = live }}</ref>		<ref name="oppel-databases">{{cite book \| last = Oppel \| first = Andy \| title = Databases Demystified \| publisher = McGraw-Hill Osborne Media \| date = 27 February 2004 \| location = [[San Francisco, CA]] \| pages = 90–1 \| url = http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=112&isbn=0071469605 \| isbn = 978-0-07-146960-9 \| archive-date = 14 January 2012 \| access-date = 12 May 2011 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114180544/http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=112&isbn=0071469605 \| url-status = live }}</ref>

imported>Greenman: Restored revision 1295202538 by Ttmms (talk): Unexplained

2025-06-14T08:39:30Z

Restored revision 1295202538 by Ttmms (talk): Unexplained

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imported>Ylee: /* History */ -wl

2025-05-31T05:05:24Z

History: -wl

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:38, 24 June 2025
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	Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write [[API]]s such as [[ISAM]] or [[VSAM]]. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many [[Record (computer science)\|records]] with one single [[Command-line interface\|command]]. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify ''how'' to reach a record, i.e., with or without an [[Database index\|index]].		Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write [[API]]s such as [[ISAM]] or [[VSAM]]. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many [[Record (computer science)\|records]] with one single [[Command-line interface\|command]]. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify ''how'' to reach a record, i.e., with or without an [[Database index\|index]].

	Originally based upon [[relational algebra]] and [[tuple relational calculus]], SQL consists of many types of statements,<ref>[[SQL-92]], 4.22 SQL-statements, 4.22.1 Classes of SQL-statements "There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:", 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function "The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:"; [[SQL:2003]] 4.11 SQL-statements, and later revisions.</ref> which may be informally classed as [[sublanguage]]s, commonly: [[~~Data Query~~ language~~\|Data query Language~~]] (DQL), [[data definition language~~\|Data Definition Language~~]] (DDL), [[data control language~~\|Data Control Language~~]] (DCL), and [[data manipulation language~~\|Data Manipulation Language~~]] (DML).<ref>{{cite book		Originally based upon [[relational algebra]] and [[tuple relational calculus]], SQL consists of many types of statements,<ref>[[SQL-92]], 4.22 SQL-statements, 4.22.1 Classes of SQL-statements "There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:", 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function "The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:"; [[SQL:2003]] 4.11 SQL-statements, and later revisions.</ref> which may be informally classed as [[sublanguage]]s, commonly: [[data query language]] (DQL), [[data definition language]] (DDL), [[data control language]] (DCL), and [[data manipulation language]] (DML).<ref>{{cite book
	\|title=Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language		\|title=Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language
	\|first=Mark		\|first=Mark
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	<ref name="SQL-Fundamentals">{{cite news \| last = Chapple \| first = Mike \| title = SQL Fundamentals \| work = Databases \| publisher = About.com \| url = http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm \| access-date = 28 January 2009 \| archive-date = 22 February 2009 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090222225300/http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm \| url-status = dead }}</ref>		<ref name="SQL-Fundamentals">{{cite news \| last = Chapple \| first = Mike \| title = SQL Fundamentals \| work = Databases \| publisher = About.com \| url = http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm \| access-date = 28 January 2009 \| archive-date = 22 February 2009 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090222225300/http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm \| url-status = dead }}</ref>
	<ref name="IBM-sql">{{cite web \| title = Structured Query Language (SQL) \| publisher = International Business Machines \| url = http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2luw/v9/index.jsp?topic=com.ibm.db2.udb.admin.doc/doc/c0004100.htm \| date = 27 October 2006 \| access-date = 10 June 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="IBM-sql">{{cite web \| title = Structured Query Language (SQL) \| publisher = International Business Machines \| url = http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2luw/v9/index.jsp?topic=com.ibm.db2.udb.admin.doc/doc/c0004100.htm \| date = 27 October 2006 \| access-date = 10 June 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="ISO 9075:1987">{{cite web \| url = https://www.iso.org/standard/~~16661~~.html \| title = ISO 9075:1987: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework) \| date = 1 June ~~1987~~ \| access-date = ~~7 May 2019 \| archive-date = 7 May 2019 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190507214157/https://www.iso.org/standard/16661.html~~ \| url-status = live }}</ref>		<ref name="ISO 9075:1987">{{cite web \| url = https://www.iso.org/standard/76583.html \| title = ISO 9075:1987: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework) \| date = 1 June 2023 \| access-date = 24 June 2025 \| url-status = live }}</ref>
	<ref name="chamberlin-boyce-sequel">{{ cite journal \| last1 = Chamberlin \| first1 = Donald D \| last2 = Boyce \| first2 = Raymond F \| title = SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language \| journal = Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control \| pages = 249–64 \| publisher = Association for Computing Machinery \| year = 1974 \| url = http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf \| access-date = 9 June 2007 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212100/http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf \|archive-date=26 September 2007 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		<ref name="chamberlin-boyce-sequel">{{ cite journal \| last1 = Chamberlin \| first1 = Donald D \| last2 = Boyce \| first2 = Raymond F \| title = SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language \| journal = Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control \| pages = 249–64 \| publisher = Association for Computing Machinery \| year = 1974 \| url = http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf \| access-date = 9 June 2007 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212100/http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf \|archive-date=26 September 2007 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
	<ref name="oppel-databases">{{cite book \| last = Oppel \| first = Andy \| title = Databases Demystified \| publisher = McGraw-Hill Osborne Media \| date = 27 February 2004 \| location = [[San Francisco, CA]] \| pages = 90–1 \| url = http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=112&isbn=0071469605 \| isbn = 978-0-07-146960-9 \| archive-date = 14 January 2012 \| access-date = 12 May 2011 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114180544/http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=112&isbn=0071469605 \| url-status = live }}</ref>		<ref name="oppel-databases">{{cite book \| last = Oppel \| first = Andy \| title = Databases Demystified \| publisher = McGraw-Hill Osborne Media \| date = 27 February 2004 \| location = [[San Francisco, CA]] \| pages = 90–1 \| url = http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=112&isbn=0071469605 \| isbn = 978-0-07-146960-9 \| archive-date = 14 January 2012 \| access-date = 12 May 2011 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114180544/http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=112&isbn=0071469605 \| url-status = live }}</ref>