imported>HereIGoAgain: /* Unusual codes */ Added notes on MJ's Dangerous album

2025-06-28T21:15:27Z

Unusual codes: Added notes on MJ's Dangerous album

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:15, 28 June 2025
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	*[[Celine Dion]] – ''[[Unison (Celine Dion album)\|Unison]]'' (1990) – AAD, DDD (four tracks)		*[[Celine Dion]] – ''[[Unison (Celine Dion album)\|Unison]]'' (1990) – AAD, DDD (four tracks)
	*Celine Dion – ''[[Celine Dion (album)\|Celine Dion]]'' (1992) – DAD, AAD (four tracks)		*Celine Dion – ''[[Celine Dion (album)\|Celine Dion]]'' (1992) – DAD, AAD (four tracks)
	*[[Michael Jackson]] – ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)\|Dangerous]]'' (1991) – DAD/AAD		*[[Michael Jackson]] – ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)\|Dangerous]]'' (1991) – DAD/AAD (Two of the tracks, "[[Heal the World]]" and "Keep the Faith", were recorded digitally while the rest were recorded on analog)<ref>{{cite web \|title=Michael Jackson - Dangerous (Numbered 180g Vinyl 2LP) \|url=https://mofi.com/shop/music/vinyl/michael-jackson-dangerous-numbered-180g-33rpm-vinyl-2lp/ \|website=[[Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab]] \|access-date=June 28, 2025 \|date=June 2025}}</ref>
	*[[Pet Shop Boys]] – ''[[Please (Pet Shop Boys album)\|Please]]'' (1986) – ADD/DDD (sans the very first CD release, which only features an ADD code; "ADD/DDD" editions mark six tracks "DDD")		*[[Pet Shop Boys]] – ''[[Please (Pet Shop Boys album)\|Please]]'' (1986) – ADD/DDD (sans the very first CD release, which only features an ADD code; "ADD/DDD" editions mark six tracks "DDD")

imported>Ashley Pomeroy: /* Representation of quality */

2025-05-17T20:51:57Z

Representation of quality

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{{Short description|Classification system for commercial compact disc releases}}
[[File:Madonna-spars-code.jpg|frame|right|AAD is the SPARS code (highlighted in red) on [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'s 1990 album, ''[[The Immaculate Collection]]'']]
The '''SPARS code''' is a three-position alphabetic classification system developed in the early 1980s by the [[Society of Professional Audio Recording Services]] (SPARS) for commercial [[compact disc]] releases to denote aspects of the [[sound recording and reproduction]] process, distinguishing between the use of [[Analog recording|analog equipment]] and [[Digital recording|digital equipment]]. The code's three positions refer to recording, [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]], and [[mastering (audio)|mastering]] respectively. The first two positions may be coded either "A" for analog or "D" for digital; the third position (mastering) is always "D" on digital CDs. The scheme was not originally intended to be limited to use on digital packaged media: it was also available for use in conjunction with analog releases such as vinyl or cassette (where the final character would always be "A"), but this was seldom done in practice.

The system was first implemented in 1984. Due to increasing complexity of recording and mixing processes developed over the code's first decade of use, SPARS decided to withdraw endorsement of the code in 1991 because they felt the code was overly simplistic and did not accurately reflect the complexity of typical recording and mixing processes in use at the time. However, many record labels continued to use the code and SPARS decided to re-endorse the SPARS code in 1995.

==Codes==
[[File:SPARS codes on 1980s Decca CDs (i).jpg|thumb|AAD, ADD and DDD codes seen on various CDs of archive material issued by [[Decca Records|Decca]] during the mid-to-late 1980s]]
The three letters of the code have the following meanings:
*First letter – the type of [[Sound recording and reproduction|audio recorder]] used during initial recording (analog or digital)
*Second letter – the type of audio recorder used during [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] (analog or digital)
*Third letter – the type of [[Audio mastering|mastering]] used (digital for CD releases, analog for cassette and vinyl)

Eight possible variants of the code exist:
*'''AAA''' – A fully analogue recording, from the original session to mastering. Since at least the mastering recorder must be digital to make a compact disc, this code is not applicable to CDs.<ref>{{citation|title=Compact Disc Player Maintenance and Repair|page=55|last1=McComb|first1=Gordon|last2=Cook|first2=John|publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=1987|isbn=0-8306-2790-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vy_Ngl1vAVYC&q=spars%20code%20AAA&pg=PA55}}</ref>
*'''ADA''' – Analog tape recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
*'''DAA''' – Digital recorder used for initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
*'''DDA''' – Digital recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
*'''AAD''' – Analog tape recorder used for initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
*'''ADD''' – Analog tape recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
*'''DAD''' – Digital recorder used for initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
*'''DDD''' – Digital recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.

As digital tape recorders only became widely available in the late 1970s, almost all recordings prior to this date that appear on CD will be AAD or ADD, having been digitally remastered. This means that the original analog master tape has been converted (transcribed) to digital. It does not always imply that there has been any additional editing or mixing, although this may have taken place.

In practice DAD was very rare, as many companies (especially the well-known classical music labels) used digital tape recorders (which were not prohibitively more expensive than analog tape recorders) during the editing or mixing stage.

The [[Optical disc packaging#Jewel case|jewel box]] booklet and/or inlay of early compact discs included the SPARS code, typically DDD, ADD, or AAD. The [[typeface]] [http://new.myfonts.com/fonts/fontsite/combi-numerals-symbols/combi-symbols-cd-102399/ Combi Symbols CD] includes the two common ways that the code was written on recordings.

==History==
[[Chris Stone (entrepreneur)|Chris Stone]] and other members of the [[Society of Professional Audio Recording Services]] (SPARS) proposed the code with a set of guidelines for CD manufacturers to mark their product with an indication of exactly which parts of the recording process were analog and which were digital.<ref name=sparshistory>{{cite web|url=http://spars.com/about/history/#h1981|title=SPARS History: 1979– |year=1999 |accessdate=2012-09-24 |last=Caldwell|first=Pete}}</ref>

The SPARS code was first introduced on commercial CD releases by [[PolyGram]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=High Fidelity | date=October 1984 |title=Audio/Video Currents}}</ref>

SPARS withdrew endorsement of the code in 1991 due to confusion over analog and digital conversions and interfaces; many felt the SPARS code oversimplified and meaningless.<ref name=sparshistory/> However, many labels continued to use it, and in 1995, the organization re-endorsed the code.<ref name=sparshistory/>

==Limitations==

===Lack of detail===
The main limitation of the code is that it only covers the type of recorder used, not taking into account other equipment used in the production of the recording. For example, during the mixing stage (the middle letter in the code) many DDD recordings may have actually been converted from digital to analog, mixed on an analog mixing console, but converted back to digital and digitally recorded, thus earning it a D in the relevant part of the code. In addition to this, many recordings have effects or parts of different recordings added on to them, creating more confusion for the code.

===Representation of quality===
Regardless of the quality of the recording, many DDD [[classical music]] compact discs typically sold for considerably more than their ADD counterparts of the same work, due to a perceived premium attached to the fledgling digital recording technology. For instance, [[Herbert von Karajan]]'s and [[Berliner Philharmoniker]]'s rendition of Beethoven's [[Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 3]], an analogue recording from 1977 that won the [[Grand Prix du Disque]], sold for considerably less than their 1984 digital recording of the same piece, though the newer recording was not particularly critically acclaimed.

==Examples==
These albums with common SPARS codes (AAD, ADD, DDD) are arranged by year of release on CD, where known:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Album
!Artist
!SPARS Code
!Notes
|-
|1984
|''[[Body and Soul (Joe Jackson album)|Body and Soul]]''
|[[Joe Jackson (musician)|Joe Jackson]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Zoolook]]''
|[[Jean-Michel Jarre]]
|DDD
|Mislabeled as an analog recording on 21st-century remasters
|-
|1984
|[[Grace Under Pressure (Rush album)|''Grace Under Pressure'']]
|[[Rush (band)|Rush]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Love at First Sting]]''
|[[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1984
|''[[The Unforgettable Fire]]''
|[[U2]]
|ADD
|
|-
|1985
|[[Brothers in Arms (album)|''Brothers In Arms'']]
|[[Dire Straits]]
|DDD<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-1HpoR0y2oC&q=Which+SSL+mixer+was+used+on+dire+straits+brothers+at+arms&pg=PT357|title=Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music|last=Milner|first=Greg|date=2009|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0865479388|chapter=Chapter 7: The Story of the Band That Clipped Itself to Death (and Other Dispatches from the Loudness War)}}</ref>
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Little Creatures]]''
|[[Talking Heads]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Invisible Touch]]''
|[[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
|ADD
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Control (Janet Jackson album)|Control]]''
|[[Janet Jackson]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1986
|[[Notorious (Duran Duran album)|''Notorious'']]
|[[Duran Duran]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1986
|[[Somewhere in Time (Iron Maiden album)|''Somewhere In Time'']]
|[[Iron Maiden]]
|ADD
|
|-
|1986
|[[Turbo (Judas Priest album)|''Turbo'']]
|[[Judas Priest]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1986
|[[The Thin Red Line (album)|''The Thin Red Line'']]
|[[Glass Tiger]]
|ADD
|
|-
|1986
|[[Rage for Order|''Rage For Order'']]
|[[Queensrÿche]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1986
|[[True Stories (Talking Heads album)|''True Stories'']]
|[[Talking Heads]]
|DDD
|Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1986 [[Sire Records]] CD release, which has no SPARS code.
|-
|1986
|[[Master of Puppets|''Master Of Puppets'']]
|[[Metallica]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1987
|[[Whitesnake (album)|''Whitesnake'']]
|[[Whitesnake]]
|DDD
|Misidentified as an analog recording on the US [[Geffen Records]] CD release, which has no SPARS code.
|-
|1987
|[[Bad (album)|''Bad'']]
|[[Michael Jackson]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Music for the Masses]]''
|[[Depeche Mode]]
|DDD
|Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1987 [[Sire Records]] CD release despite retaining the DDD SPARS code.
|-
|1987
|''[[...Nothing Like the Sun]]''
|[[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Love Hysteria]]''
|[[Peter Murphy (musician)|Peter Murphy]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1988
|[[Lead Me On (Amy Grant album)|''Lead Me On'']]
|[[Amy Grant]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1988
|[[Small World (Huey Lewis and the News album)|''Small World'']]
|[[Huey Lewis and the News|Huey Lewis And The News]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1988
|[[Flag (Yello album)|''Flag'']]
|[[Yello]]
|ADD
|
|-
|1989
|''[[When Dream and Day Unite]]''
|[[Dream Theater]]
|ADD
|
|-
|1989
|''[[The Miracle (album)|The Miracle]]''
|[[Queen (band)|Queen]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1989
|''[[The Seeds of Love]]''
|[[Tears for Fears]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Rei Momo]]''
|[[David Byrne]]
|ADD
|
|-
|1989
|[[Enjoy Yourself (Kylie Minogue album)|''Enjoy Yourself'']]
|[[Kylie Minogue]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1990
|[[Wanted: Dead or Alive (Kool G Rap & DJ Polo album)|''Wanted: Dead Or Alive'']]
|[[Kool G Rap]] & [[DJ Polo]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1990
|[[Down to Earth (Monie Love album)|''Down to Earth'']]
|[[Monie Love]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1990
|''[[The Layla Sessions: 20th Anniversary Edition|The Layla Sessions]]''
|[[Derek and the Dominos]]
|ADD
|20th anniversary digital remix. (Previously AAD)
|-
|1991
|''[[The Soul Cages]]''
|[[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1991
|[[Waking Up the Neighbours|''Waking Up The Neighbours'']]
|[[Bryan Adams]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1991
|[[Loveless (My Bloody Valentine album)|''Loveless'']]
|[[My Bloody Valentine (band)|My Bloody Valentine]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1991
|[[Out of Time (album)|''Out Of Time'']]
|[[R.E.M.]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1991
|[[Real Life (Simple Minds album)|''Real Life'']]
|[[Simple Minds]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1991
|''[[On Every Street]]''
|[[Dire Straits]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Bandwagonesque]]''
|[[Teenage Fanclub]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1992
|[[Angel Dust (Faith No More album)|''Angel Dust'']]
|[[Faith No More]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Ten Summoner's Tales]]''
|[[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
|DDD
|-
|1993
|[[In Utero (album)|''In Utero'']]
|[[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Superunknown]]''
|[[Soundgarden]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1994
|[[Weezer (1994 album)|''Weezer'']]
|[[Weezer]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Live Through This]]''
|[[Hole (band)|Hole]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1995
|''[[A Thousand Memories]]''
|[[Rhett Akins]]
|DDD
|
|-
|1995
|[[Astro-Creep: 2000 – Songs of Love, Destruction and Other Synthetic Delusions of the Electric Head|''Astro-Creep: 2000'']]
|[[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]]
|AAD
|
|-
|1996
|[[Heavy Machinery (album)|Heavy Machinery]]
|[[Jens Johansson]], [[Anders Johansson (drummer)|Anders Johansson]], [[Allan Holdsworth]]
|
DDD
|Present on Japanese & Swedish pressings.
|}

===Pre-1984 digital recordings===
Many older recordings previously issued on vinyl were reissued on CD, beginning with the format's commercial introduction in late 1982 (see [[Digital recording]] for a timeline). Reissue CDs often only have the original LP's copyright dates on them, so it's not obvious when the CDs were actually made. If they bear a SPARS code, though, the manufacture date was no earlier than 1984. Most of these older recordings were analog, so it's not unusual to see AAD and ADD codes, but occasional examples of digital-recording codes appear on later CD editions, such as these:

*[[Ry Cooder]] – ''[[Bop till You Drop]]'' (1979; first CD release 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first digitally-recorded album in the world.
*[[Paul Davis (singer)|Paul Davis]] – ''[[Cool Night]]'' (1981; first CD Release Feb. 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code 1983) – DDD; first album which was digitally recorded and mixed at Monarch Sound In Atlanta Georgia.
*[[ABBA]] – ''[[The Visitors (ABBA album)|The Visitors]]'' (1981; first CD release Oct. 1982; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first commercial album pressed on [[Compact Disc]], itself the first publicly available format for digital audio.
*[[Peter Gabriel]] – ''[[Peter Gabriel (1982 album)|Peter Gabriel]]'' (1982; first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code 1988) – DDD (incorrectly printed as "AAD" on first release with SPARS code)
*[[Donald Fagen]] – ''[[The Nightfly]]'' (1982; date of first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD

===Unusual codes===
;Different codes for different tracks
*[[David Bowie]] – The [[Rykodisc]] reissues of ''[[Diamond Dogs]]'' (1974), ''[[David Live]]'' (1974), ''[[Station to Station]]'' (1976), ''[[Low (David Bowie album)|Low]]'' (1977), ''[["Heroes" (album)|"Heroes"]]'' (1977), and ''[[Lodger (album)|Lodger]]'' (1979) feature AAD codes for the main albums and ADD codes for the bonus tracks. The accompanying compilation ''[[Changesbowie]]'' (1990) likewise uses both AAD and ADD codes, with the latter applying to the songs "[[Blue Jean (song)|Blue Jean]]" and "[[Fame (David Bowie song)#"Fame '90"|Fame '90]]".
*[[Celine Dion]] – ''[[Unison (Celine Dion album)|Unison]]'' (1990) – AAD, DDD (four tracks)
*Celine Dion – ''[[Celine Dion (album)|Celine Dion]]'' (1992) – DAD, AAD (four tracks)
*[[Michael Jackson]] – ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991) – DAD/AAD
*[[Pet Shop Boys]] – ''[[Please (Pet Shop Boys album)|Please]]'' (1986) – ADD/DDD (sans the very first CD release, which only features an ADD code; "ADD/DDD" editions mark six tracks "DDD")

;Different codes for the same tracks
*[[Kate Bush]] – ''[[Hounds of Love]]'' (1985) – ADD on European CDs and on the disc label of the 1985 US CD, AAD on the back cover of the 1985 US CD.
*[[Phil Collins]] – ''[[No Jacket Required]]'' (1985) – ADD on the back cover, AAD on the rear booklet.
*[[The Cure]] – ''[[Pornography (album)|Pornography]]'' (1982) – ADD on European CDs and the back cover of US CDs, AAD on the disc label of US CDs.
*[[King Crimson]] – ''[[Three of a Perfect Pair]]'' (1984) – ADD on the 1984 US CD, AAD on the 1988 Japanese CD.
*[[Pet Shop Boys]] – ''[[Please (Pet Shop Boys album)|Please]]'' (1986) – ADD on the very first CD release, "ADD/DDD" on reissues.
*[[The Police]] – ''[[Every Breath You Take: The Singles]]'' (1986) – AAD on the European CD release, ADD on the US CD release.
*[[Queen (band)|Queen]] – ''[[A Kind of Magic]]'' (1986) – DDD in most regions, ADD on the US CD release.
*[[Sting (musician)|Sting]] – ''[[The Dream of the Blue Turtles]]'' (1985) – AAD on early European CDs, ADD on later CDs, DDD on the [[Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab]] CD.

;A/DDD
* [[Mötley Crüe]] – ''[[Decade of Decadence 81-91]]'' (1991) – The A/D for the first letter was probably written to reflect that the compilation had both songs that were recorded with analog tape and songs that were recorded digitally.

;DD
*[[DMP Digital Music Products|DMP]] albums were recorded "Direct to Digital" (a digital equivalent of [[Direct-to-disc recording]]) with no mixing step. Notable among them are the albums of digital recording pioneers [[Flim & the BB's]].

;AAA
*[[Aerosmith]] – ''[[Get a Grip]]'' (1993) – AAA (printed on CD releases despite CDs requiring a digital master)
*[[David Bowie]] – [[Rykodisc]]'s vinyl and cassette editions of his back catalogue – AAA and/or ADA
*[[The Thermals]] – ''[[Personal Life (album)|Personal Life]]'' (2010) – AAA (printed on vinyl issue)

;ADA
*HB – The End of New Beginnings (Music Cassette) – Hell Breaks (2013) – ADA

;AADSD
*[[Atlantic Records]]' Atlantic 75 Audiophile Series (2023-2024) features this code for the [[Direct Stream Digital]] layer on [[Super Audio CD]] releases (the [[Compact Disc Digital Audio]] layer, meanwhile, uses the standard AAD code).

;DAD
*[[Simple Minds]] – ''[[Street Fighting Years]]'' (1989) – DAD
*[[Erasure (duo)|Erasure]] – ''[[The Innocents (Erasure album)|The Innocents]]'' (1988) – DAD
*[[Gin Blossoms]] – ''[[New Miserable Experience]]'' (1992, original issue) – DAD
*[[They Might Be Giants]] – ''[[Flood (They Might Be Giants album)|Flood]]'' (1990) – DAD
*[[Ministry (band)|Ministry]] – ''[[Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs|Psalm 69]]'' (1992) – DAD
*[[Destiny in Space]]/[[Blue Planet (film)|Blue Planet]]/[[The Dream Is Alive]] – ''Original Motion Picture Soundtracks'' (Released together on one CD, 1994) – DAD
*[[ABC (band)|ABC]] – ''[[How to Be a...Zillionaire!]]'' (1985) – DAD
*[[Pixies (band)|Pixies]] – ''[[Bossanova (Pixies album)|Bossanova]]'' (1990) – DAD
*[[D.A.D. (band)|D-A-D]] – ''[[Riskin' It All]]'' (1991) – DAD
*[[Joe Sample]] – ''Sample This'' (1997) – DAD

;DDDD
*[[Wendy Carlos]] – ''[[Switched-On Bach#Release|Switched-On Bach 2000]]'' (1992) – DDDD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital; this may not be a SPARS-endorsed code.)
*[[Haswell & Hecker]] – ''[[Blackest Ever Black]]'' (Electroacoustic UPIC Recordings) (2007) – DDDD

;DDAD
*[[Front 242]] – ''[[06:21:03:11 Up Evil]]'' and ''[[05:22:09:12 Off]]'' (both 1993) – DDAD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital. Ie, the music on the records were made on digital instruments and recorded digitally, but mixed using analog equipment)

;DDA/DDD
*[[Kenny Roberts (musician)|Kenny Roberts]] – ''You're My Kind of People'' and ''It Only Makes Me Cry (Forgetting You)'' (1988; early 2000s CD releases) – DDA/DDD (Digital Recording And Mixing, but initially released only on analog formats.)

== See also ==
* [[Comparison of analog and digital recording]]
* [[Digital recording]]
* [[Sound recording and reproduction]]
* [[High Definition Compatible Digital]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spars Code}}
[[Category:Compact disc]]

SPARS code - Revision history

imported>HereIGoAgain: /* Unusual codes */ Added notes on MJ's Dangerous album

imported>Ashley Pomeroy: /* Representation of quality */