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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Monarchism |expanded=concepts}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Monarchism |expanded=concepts}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''royal charter''' is a formal grant issued by a monarch under [[royal prerogative]] as [[letters patent]]. Historically, they have been used to promulgate [[public law]]s, the most famous example being the English [[Magna Carta]] (great charter) of 1215, but since the 14th century have only been used in place of [[private act]]s to grant a right or power to an individual or a [[body corporate]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwT3b-hcuhYC&pg=PA331 |chapter=Charter |title=The Supplement to the Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge |volume=1 |date=1845 |pages=331–332 |publisher=[[Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]] |access-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182243/https://books.google.com/books?id=QwT3b-hcuhYC&pg=PA331#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Magna Carta 1215 |publisher=[[British Library]] |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/magna-carta-1215 |access-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003185514/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/magna-carta-1215 |archive-date=3 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Exporting Magna Carta: exclusionary liberties in Ireland and the world |journal=[[History Ireland]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |date=July 2015 |author=Peter Crooks |url=https://www.historyireland.com/volume-23/exporting-magna-carta-exclusionary-liberties-in-ireland-and-the-world/ |access-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101102415/https://www.historyireland.com/volume-23/exporting-magna-carta-exclusionary-liberties-in-ireland-and-the-world/ |archive-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as boroughs (with [[municipal charter]]s), [[university|universities]]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>and [[learned society|learned societies]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''royal charter''' is a formal grant issued by a monarch under [[royal prerogative]] as [[letters patent]]. Historically, they have been used to promulgate [[public law]]s, the most famous example being the English [[Magna Carta]] (great charter) of 1215, but since the 14th century have only been used in place of [[private act]]s to grant a right or power to an individual or a [[body corporate]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwT3b-hcuhYC&pg=PA331 |chapter=Charter |title=The Supplement to the Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge |volume=1 |date=1845 |pages=331–332 |publisher=[[Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]] |access-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182243/https://books.google.com/books?id=QwT3b-hcuhYC&pg=PA331#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Magna Carta 1215 |publisher=[[British Library]] |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/magna-carta-1215 |access-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003185514/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/magna-carta-1215 |archive-date=3 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Exporting Magna Carta: exclusionary liberties in Ireland and the world |journal=[[History Ireland]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |date=July 2015 |author=Peter Crooks |url=https://www.historyireland.com/volume-23/exporting-magna-carta-exclusionary-liberties-in-ireland-and-the-world/ |access-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101102415/https://www.historyireland.com/volume-23/exporting-magna-carta-exclusionary-liberties-in-ireland-and-the-world/ |archive-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as boroughs (with [[municipal charter]]s), [[university|universities]] and [[learned society|learned societies<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]], and were historically used to establish [[Chartered company|companies</ins>]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Charters should be distinguished from [[royal warrant of appointment|royal warrants of appointment]], [[grant of arms|grants of arms]], and other forms of letters patent, such as those granting an organisation the right to use the word "royal" in their name or granting [[city status in the United Kingdom|city status]], which do not have legislative effect.<ref>{{cite web |title=Granting arms |publisher=[[College of Arms]] |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/services/granting-arms |access-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907052931/https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/services/granting-arms |archive-date=7 September 2023}}</ref><ref name=PC>{{cite web |title=Royal Charters |publisher=Privy Council |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/ |access-date=31 December 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014014134/http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/ |archive-date=14 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guidance: Applications for Protected Royal Titles |website=royal.uk |url=https://www.royal.uk/sites/default/files/media/guidance_applications_for_the_title_royal.pdf |access-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504052653/https://www.royal.uk/sites/default/files/media/guidance_applications_for_the_title_royal.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chelmsford to receive Letters Patent granting city status |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 June 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-18342211 |access-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101102418/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-18342211 |archive-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> The British monarchy [[list of organisations in the United Kingdom with a royal charter|has issued over 1,000 royal charters]].<ref name=PC/> Of these about 750 remain in effect.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Charters should be distinguished from [[royal warrant of appointment|royal warrants of appointment]], [[grant of arms|grants of arms]], and other forms of letters patent, such as those granting an organisation the right to use the word "royal" in their name or granting [[city status in the United Kingdom|city status]], which do not have legislative effect.<ref>{{cite web |title=Granting arms |publisher=[[College of Arms]] |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/services/granting-arms |access-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907052931/https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/services/granting-arms |archive-date=7 September 2023}}</ref><ref name=PC>{{cite web |title=Royal Charters |publisher=Privy Council |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/ |access-date=31 December 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014014134/http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/ |archive-date=14 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guidance: Applications for Protected Royal Titles |website=royal.uk |url=https://www.royal.uk/sites/default/files/media/guidance_applications_for_the_title_royal.pdf |access-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504052653/https://www.royal.uk/sites/default/files/media/guidance_applications_for_the_title_royal.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chelmsford to receive Letters Patent granting city status |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 June 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-18342211 |access-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101102418/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-18342211 |archive-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> The British monarchy [[list of organisations in the United Kingdom with a royal charter|has issued over 1,000 royal charters]].<ref name=PC/> Of these about 750 remain in effect.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Charters have been used in [[Middle Ages|Europe since medieval times]] to grant rights and privileges to towns, boroughs, and cities. During the 14th and 15th centuries the concept of incorporation of a municipality by royal charter evolved.<ref>{{cite book |pages=[https://archive.org/details/britishboroughc00balluoft/page/25 25]–26 |title=British Borough Charters |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/britishboroughc00balluoft}}</ref> Royal charters were used in England to make the most formal grants of various rights, titles, etc. until the reign of [[Henry VIII]], with [[letters patent]] being used for less solemn grants. After the eighth year of Henry VIII, all grants under the [[Great Seal]] were issued as letters patent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal grants in letters patent and charters from 1199 |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archive]] |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/royal-grants-letters-patent-charters-from-1199/ |access-date=14 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925082914/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/royal-grants-letters-patent-charters-from-1199/ |archive-date=25 September 2022}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Charters have been used in [[Middle Ages|Europe since medieval times]] to grant rights and privileges to towns, boroughs, and cities. During the 14th and 15th centuries the concept of incorporation of a municipality by royal charter evolved.<ref>{{cite book |pages=[https://archive.org/details/britishboroughc00balluoft/page/25 25]–26 |title=British Borough Charters |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/britishboroughc00balluoft}}</ref> Royal charters were used in England to make the most formal grants of various rights, titles, etc. until the reign of [[Henry VIII]], with [[letters patent]] being used for less solemn grants. After the eighth year of Henry VIII, all grants under the [[Great Seal]] were issued as letters patent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal grants in letters patent and charters from 1199 |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archive]] |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/royal-grants-letters-patent-charters-from-1199/ |access-date=14 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925082914/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/royal-grants-letters-patent-charters-from-1199/ |archive-date=25 September 2022}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Among the past and present groups formed by royal charter are the [[Merchants of the Staple|Company of Merchants of the Staple of England]] (13th century), the [[British East India Company]] (1600), the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], the [[Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China]] (since merged into [[Standard Chartered]]), [[P&O]], the [[British South Africa Company]], and some of the [[British colonization of the Americas|former British colonies on the North American mainland]], [[livery companies|City livery companies]], the [[Bank of England]] and the [[BBC]] (see [[BBC Charter]]).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/governance/charter<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/ </del>BBC Trust | Charter and Agreement] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519200442/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/governance/charter |date=19 May 2022}}</del>.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Among the past and present groups formed by royal charter are the [[Merchants of the Staple|Company of Merchants of the Staple of England]] (13th century), the [[British East India Company]] (1600), the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], the [[Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China]] (since merged into [[Standard Chartered]]), [[P&O]], the [[British South Africa Company]], and some of the [[British colonization of the Americas|former British colonies on the North American mainland]], [[livery companies|City livery companies]], the [[Bank of England]] and the [[BBC]] (see [[BBC Charter]]).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/governance/charter BBC Trust | Charter and Agreement] .</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Corporations===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Corporations===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Royal charters continue to be used in the United Kingdom to incorporate charities and [[British professional bodies|professional bodies]], to raise [[non-metropolitan district|districts]] to [[borough status in the United Kingdom|borough status]], and to grant university status and degree awarding powers to colleges previously incorporated by royal charter.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Royal charters continue to be used in the United Kingdom to incorporate charities and [[British professional bodies|professional bodies]], to raise [[non-metropolitan district|districts]] to [[borough status in the United Kingdom|borough status]], and to grant university status and degree awarding powers to colleges previously incorporated by royal charter.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most new grants of royal charters are reserved for eminent professional bodies, learned societies, or charities "which can demonstrate pre-eminence, stability and permanence in their particular field".<ref name=privy>{{cite web |title=Royal Charters |publisher=Privy Council |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/ |access-date=20 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014014134/http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/ |archive-date=14 October 2011}}</ref> The body in question has to demonstrate not just pre-eminence and financial stability but also that bringing it under public regulation in this manner is in the public interest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Applying for a Royal Charter |publisher=Privy Council |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/applying-for-a-royal-charter/ |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> In 2016, the decision to grant a royal charter to the (British) [[Association for Project Management]] (APM) was challenged in the court by the (American) [[Project Management Institute]] (PMI), who feared it would give a competitive advantage to APM and claimed the criteria had not been correctly applied; the courts ruled that while the possibility of suffering a competitive disadvantage did give PMI standing to challenge the decision, the Privy Council was permitted to take the public interest (in having a chartered body promoting the profession of project management) into account as outweighing any failure to meet the criteria in full.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court of Appeal dismisses judicial review challenge to grant of Royal Charter |date=30 June 2016 |publisher=Withers |url=https://www.withersworldwide.com/en-gb/insight/court-of-appeal-dismisses-judicial-review-challenge-to-grant-of-royal-charter |access-date=20 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112450/https://www.withersworldwide.com/en-gb/insight/court-of-appeal-dismisses-judicial-review-challenge-to-grant-of-royal-charter |archive-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> A list of UK chartered professional associations is at {{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">format link</del>|List of professional associations in the United Kingdom#Chartered}}.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most new grants of royal charters are reserved for eminent professional bodies, learned societies, or charities "which can demonstrate pre-eminence, stability and permanence in their particular field".<ref name=privy>{{cite web |title=Royal Charters |publisher=Privy Council |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/ |access-date=20 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014014134/http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/ |archive-date=14 October 2011}}</ref> The body in question has to demonstrate not just pre-eminence and financial stability but also that bringing it under public regulation in this manner is in the public interest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Applying for a Royal Charter |publisher=Privy Council |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/applying-for-a-royal-charter/ |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> In 2016, the decision to grant a royal charter to the (British) [[Association for Project Management]] (APM) was challenged in the court by the (American) [[Project Management Institute]] (PMI), who feared it would give a competitive advantage to APM and claimed the criteria had not been correctly applied; the courts ruled that while the possibility of suffering a competitive disadvantage did give PMI standing to challenge the decision, the Privy Council was permitted to take the public interest (in having a chartered body promoting the profession of project management) into account as outweighing any failure to meet the criteria in full.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court of Appeal dismisses judicial review challenge to grant of Royal Charter |date=30 June 2016 |publisher=Withers |url=https://www.withersworldwide.com/en-gb/insight/court-of-appeal-dismisses-judicial-review-challenge-to-grant-of-royal-charter |access-date=20 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112450/https://www.withersworldwide.com/en-gb/insight/court-of-appeal-dismisses-judicial-review-challenge-to-grant-of-royal-charter |archive-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> A list of UK chartered professional associations is at {{<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">slink</ins>|List of professional associations in the United Kingdom#Chartered}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Individual [[chartered (professional)|chartered designations]], such as [[chartered accountant]] or [[chartered engineer]], are granted by some chartered professional bodies to individual members that meet certain criteria. The Privy Council's policy is that all chartered designations should be broadly similar, and most require Master's level qualifications (or similar experience).<ref name="Charter FAQ">{{cite web |title=Chartered bodies |publisher=Privy Council |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/list-of-charters-granted/ |access-date=20 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203165101/https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/list-of-charters-granted/ |archive-date=3 December 2019}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Individual [[chartered (professional)|chartered designations]], such as [[chartered accountant]] or [[chartered engineer]], are granted by some chartered professional bodies to individual members that meet certain criteria. The Privy Council's policy is that all chartered designations should be broadly similar, and most require Master's level qualifications (or similar experience).<ref name="Charter FAQ">{{cite web |title=Chartered bodies |publisher=Privy Council |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/list-of-charters-granted/ |access-date=20 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203165101/https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/list-of-charters-granted/ |archive-date=3 December 2019}}</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>imported>GreenC bothttp://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Royal_charter&diff=739790&oldid=previmported>Wbm1058: redirect bypass from Queens University of Ireland to Queen's University of Ireland using popups2025-06-25T01:00:42Z<p>redirect bypass from <a href="/wiki143/index.php?title=Queens_University_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens University of Ireland">Queens University of Ireland</a> to <a href="/wiki143/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_of_Ireland" title="Queen's University of Ireland">Queen's University of Ireland</a> using <a href="/wiki143/index.php?title=En:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation popups (page does not exist)">popups</a></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:00, 25 June 2025</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>UCL was incorporated by royal charter in 1836, but without university status or degree-awarding powers, which went instead to the [[University of London]], created by royal charter with the explicit power to grant degrees in Arts, Law, and Medicine. Durham University was incorporated by royal charter in 1837 (explicitly not founding the university, which it describes as having been "established under our Royal sanction, and the authority of our Parliament") but although this confirmed that it had "all the property, rights, and privileges which ... are incident to a University established by our Royal Charter" it contained no explicit grant of degree-awarding powers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Charter |publisher=Durham University |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/about/governance/charter/ |access-date=10 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004625/https://www.dur.ac.uk/about/governance/charter/ |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> This was considered sufficient for it to award "degrees in all the faculties",<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmpBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA471 |page=471 |title=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |chapter=Universities |publisher=Black |date=1860 |volume=21 |access-date=11 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182733/https://books.google.com/books?id=hmpBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA471#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> but all future university royal charters explicitly stated that they were creating a university and explicitly granted degree-awarding power. Both London (1878) and Durham (1895) later received supplemental charters allowing the granting of degrees to women, which was considered to require explicit authorisation. After going through four charters and a number of supplemental charters, London was reconstituted by Act of Parliament in 1898.<ref>{{cite web |pages=7–24 |title=History of the University |publisher=University of London |date=1912 |work=The Historical Record (1836–1912) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0VAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA7 |access-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182814/https://books.google.com/books?id=h0VAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>UCL was incorporated by royal charter in 1836, but without university status or degree-awarding powers, which went instead to the [[University of London]], created by royal charter with the explicit power to grant degrees in Arts, Law, and Medicine. Durham University was incorporated by royal charter in 1837 (explicitly not founding the university, which it describes as having been "established under our Royal sanction, and the authority of our Parliament") but although this confirmed that it had "all the property, rights, and privileges which ... are incident to a University established by our Royal Charter" it contained no explicit grant of degree-awarding powers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Charter |publisher=Durham University |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/about/governance/charter/ |access-date=10 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004625/https://www.dur.ac.uk/about/governance/charter/ |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> This was considered sufficient for it to award "degrees in all the faculties",<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmpBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA471 |page=471 |title=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |chapter=Universities |publisher=Black |date=1860 |volume=21 |access-date=11 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182733/https://books.google.com/books?id=hmpBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA471#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> but all future university royal charters explicitly stated that they were creating a university and explicitly granted degree-awarding power. Both London (1878) and Durham (1895) later received supplemental charters allowing the granting of degrees to women, which was considered to require explicit authorisation. After going through four charters and a number of supplemental charters, London was reconstituted by Act of Parliament in 1898.<ref>{{cite web |pages=7–24 |title=History of the University |publisher=University of London |date=1912 |work=The Historical Record (1836–1912) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0VAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA7 |access-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182814/https://books.google.com/books?id=h0VAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Queen's Colleges in Ireland, at [[Queen's University Belfast|Belfast]], [[University College Cork|Cork]], and [[NUI Galway|Galway]], were established by royal charter in 1845, as colleges without degree awarding powers. The [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Queens </del>University of Ireland]] received its royal charter in 1850, stating "We do will, order, constitute, ordain and found an University&nbsp;... and the same shall possess and exercise the full powers of granting all such Degrees as are granted by other Universities or Colleges in the faculties of Arts, Medicine and Law".<ref>{{cite book |page=16 |title=The Queen's University Calendar |date=1859 |publisher=Queens University (Ireland) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA16 |access-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182742/https://books.google.com/books?id=UeMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> This served as the degree awarding body for the Queen's Colleges until it was replaced by the [[Royal University of Ireland]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Queen's Colleges in Ireland, at [[Queen's University Belfast|Belfast]], [[University College Cork|Cork]], and [[NUI Galway|Galway]], were established by royal charter in 1845, as colleges without degree awarding powers. The [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Queen's </ins>University of Ireland]] received its royal charter in 1850, stating "We do will, order, constitute, ordain and found an University&nbsp;... and the same shall possess and exercise the full powers of granting all such Degrees as are granted by other Universities or Colleges in the faculties of Arts, Medicine and Law".<ref>{{cite book |page=16 |title=The Queen's University Calendar |date=1859 |publisher=Queens University (Ireland) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA16 |access-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182742/https://books.google.com/books?id=UeMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> This served as the degree awarding body for the Queen's Colleges until it was replaced by the [[Royal University of Ireland]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The royal charter of the [[Victoria University (United Kingdom)|Victoria University]] in 1880 started explicitly that "There shall be and is hereby constituted and founded a University" and granted an explicit power of awarding degrees (except in medicine, added by supplemental charter in 1883).<ref>{{cite book |pages=6–7 |title=The Victoria University Calendar |date=1882 |last1=Univ |first1=Manchester |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_t8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA6 |access-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182905/https://books.google.com/books?id=_t8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The royal charter of the [[Victoria University (United Kingdom)|Victoria University]] in 1880 started explicitly that "There shall be and is hereby constituted and founded a University" and granted an explicit power of awarding degrees (except in medicine, added by supplemental charter in 1883).<ref>{{cite book |pages=6–7 |title=The Victoria University Calendar |date=1882 |last1=Univ |first1=Manchester |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_t8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA6 |access-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182905/https://books.google.com/books?id=_t8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Wbm1058http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Royal_charter&diff=67725&oldid=previmported>OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.2025-05-26T03:20:16Z<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OABOT" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:OABOT">Open access bot</a>: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.</p>
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