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{{Short description|Suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox New Zealand suburb
| name = Redcliffs
| image = Barnett Park, Redcliff.jpg
| caption1 = Barnett Park
| city1 = [[Christchurch]]
| council = [[Christchurch City Council]]
| ward = Heathcote
| community_board = Waihoro Spreydon-Cashmere-Heathcote
| established =
| location_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|-43.563|172.731|region:NZ_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| area = 185
| arearef = <ref name="Area"/>
| population = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Redcliffs|y}}
| popdate = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2|||y}}
| popref = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2||||y}}
| airports =
| hospitals =
| map = {{infobox mapframe|coord={{coord|-43.563|172.731}}|zoom=10}}
| caption2 =
}}
{{Adjacent place
| centre = Redcliffs
| north = ([[Avon Heathcote Estuary]] / Ihutai)
| northeast =
| east =
| southeast = [[Moncks Bay]]
| south = ([[Port Hills]])
| southwest = [[Heathcote Valley]]
| west = [[Mount Pleasant, New Zealand|Mount Pleasant]]
| northwest =
}}

'''Redcliffs''' ({{langx|mi|Te Raekura}})<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lore and history of the South Island Māori |last=Taylor |first=W.A |year=1952 |location=Christchurch, New Zealand |pages=49}}</ref> is an outer coastal suburb of [[Christchurch]], [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]], New Zealand.

== History ==
The area of Redcliffs was first populated by humans about 700 years ago. In the 14th century, large groups of [[Māori people|Māori]], initially the [[Waitaha (South Island iwi)|Waitaha]] people and then the [[Kāti Māmoe|Ngāti Māmoe]] tribe, settled in the area. The [[Ngāi Tahu]] eventually displaced Ngāti Māmoe and were still living in the area when the first Europeans arrived.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://redcliffs.org.nz/about-redcliffs/|title=About Redcliffs » Redcliffs Residents Association|website=redcliffs.org.nz|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

The Māori name for the mudflats near the suburb is ''Ohikaparuparu'', it is an important shellfish gathering site for Māori.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Te Whakatau Kaupapa: Ngai Tahu resource management strategy for the Canterbury Region. |last1=Tau |first1=T.M |pages=5–24 |work=Aoraki Press |last2=Goodall |first2=A. |year=1990 |publication-place=Wellington, New Zealand |last3=Palmer |first3=D.}}</ref>

The Moa Bone Point Cave (''Te Ana o Hineraki)'' in Redcliffs was excavated under the direction of [[Julius von Haast]] in 1872, and numerous artefacts were found.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 1933 |title=Where the Maori trod |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TDN19330104.2.101.5? |work=Taranaki Daily News |pages=8 |via=[[Papers Past]]}}</ref> Many further investigations have been undertaken since that time. Artefacts found included [[moa]] bones and egg shells, bones of seals, birds and fish, shellfish and many Māori [[taonga]]. This suggests that Moa Bone Point Cave was used as shelter by the first Māori people but also used as a place to store valuable items.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/ti-kouka-whenua/te-ana-o-hineraki/|title=Te Ana o Hineraki – Moa Bone Point Cave|website=my.christchurchcitylibraries.com|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

[[Moncks Cave]] is another smaller cave located in Redcliffs. It was discovered by road workers in 1889, and is considered to be one of the greatest archaeological sites in New Zealand because of the evidence that it has provided of early Māori occupation, including wooden artefacts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 1987 |title=Moncks Cave treasures |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19870307.2.116.8 |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=[[The Press]] |pages=22 |via=[[Papers Past]]}}</ref><ref name="heritage">{{NZHPT|9067}}</ref>

==Location ==
The suburb is most directly accessed from the [[Christchurch Central City|city centre]] by a causeway that crosses the [[Avon Heathcote Estuary]] and is the suburb immediately before [[Sumner, New Zealand|Sumner]]. Alternatively, Redcliffs can be accessed through McCormack's Bay Road, which circles the perimeter of the Avon Heathcote Estuary.<ref name="that mysterious 1984 document that I won't name">CCC, 1984</ref> The coastal road from Redcliffs to Sumner allows for further access to the port and suburb of [[Lyttelton, New Zealand|Lyttelton]] and the [[Port Hills]], and an alternative—if long—route to the city centre.

==Geology==
Redcliffs is characterised by rocky, hilly geography and has many natural caves in its sides. The domineering cliffs of Redcliffs are a snapshot of the region's volcanic origins. The cliffs are tinged with veins of red [[tephra]], and composed of [[Lava|'A'ā lava flows]]; the suburb draws its name from this the most notable of its physical features.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 November 2008|last=McKinnon|first=Malcolm|title=Place names: Redcliffs|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/19350/redcliffs|website=[[Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]| access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Redcliffs covers {{Convert|1.85|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787|access-date=22 December 2023|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> It had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Redcliffs|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2|||y|y||,}} with a population density of {{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Redcliffs|y}}|R}}/1.85|0}} people per km<sup>2</sup>.

{{Historical populations|2006|2,079|2013|1,776|2018|1,971|percentages=pagr|align=left|source=<ref name="Census 2018"/>}}
Redcliffs had a population of 1,971 at the [[2018 New Zealand census]], an increase of 195 people (11.0%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]], and a decrease of 108 people (−5.2%) since the [[2006 New Zealand census|2006 census]]. There were 822 households, comprising 933 males and 1,035 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.9 males per female. The median age was 49.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 276 people (14.0%) aged under 15 years, 285 (14.5%) aged 15 to 29, 957 (48.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 453 (23.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 93.2% European/[[Pākehā]], 7.3% [[Māori people|Māori]], 0.8% [[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pasifika]], 4.3% [[Asian New Zealanders|Asian]], and 2.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 24.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.3% had no religion, 35.5% were [[Christianity in New Zealand|Christian]], 0.2% had [[Religion of Māori people|Māori religious beliefs]], 0.8% were [[Hinduism in New Zealand|Hindu]], 1.1% were [[Islam in New Zealand|Muslim]], 0.8% were [[Buddhism in New Zealand|Buddhist]] and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 615 (36.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 144 (8.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $43,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 483 people (28.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 783 (46.2%) people were employed full-time, 291 (17.2%) were part-time, and 39 (2.3%) were unemployed.<ref name="Census 2018">{{NZ census 2018|Redcliffs (332100)|redcliffs|Redcliffs}}</ref>

The suburb is affluent by New Zealand standards and property values are relatively high, with the average house costing NZ$450,000 in 2006.<ref>Real Estate Institute of New Zealand</ref> Redcliffs has a significant number of [[baby boomer]]s.

==Recreation==
Barnett Park, open to public access, and a product of the earliest council recreation planning in the wider Christchurch region, is located in Redcliffs.<ref name="that mysterious 1984 document that I won't name" /> The suburb also hosts a bowling green, and a smaller park adjacent to the estuary which bears the suburb's name, Redcliffs Park.
[[File:Earthquake damage to stately home in Redclifts - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|Earthquake damage to a house in Redcliffs ]]

==2011 Christchurch earthquake==
[[File:Redcliffs landslide1.JPG|thumb|A landslide against the cliffs beside Redcliffs School, occurring from the [[2011 Christchurch earthquake]]|alt=]]
{{main|2011 Christchurch earthquake}}
In contrast to the [[2010 Canterbury earthquake|September 2010 earthquake]], Redcliffs and the surrounding hills suffered significant damage in the [[2011 Christchurch earthquake|22 February 2011 earthquake]]. Dozens of houses were deemed unliveable and hundreds more damaged. There was a large scale evacuation of several streets in Redcliffs at 10pm on Thursday, 24 February after some cliffs surrounding Redcliffs were deemed unstable. The following morning, a few streets or partial streets remained cordoned off but many people were able to return to their homes immediately.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/multimedia/tv/national/46926.html |title=Television | Scoop News |publisher=Scoop.co.nz |access-date=2013-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-asia-pacific-12563177 |title=New Zealand earthquake: Hopes fade for 200 missing |publisher=BBC News|date=2011-02-24 |access-date=2013-08-14}}</ref>

By 7 March, detailed geotechnical inspections of the affected land inside the remaining cordons began with a view to removing them. They were removed on 8 March.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hyde |first=Peter |title=Tuesday March 8, 6pm |url= http://webcentre.co.nz/quake.htm |work=Redcliffs Community NewsSheet |publisher=Webcentre Ltd |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref>

Redcliffs citizens launched a local information centre on 26 February, followed by a regular newsletter from 27 February,<ref>{{cite web |last=Hyde |first=Peter |url= http://webcentre.co.nz/quake/quake1.pdf |work=Redcliffs Community NewsSheet #1|title=Redcliffs Community NewsSheet |publisher=Webcentre Ltd}}</ref> followed by two support websites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webcentre.co.nz/quake.htm |title=Redcliffs Community NewsSheet – Webcentre Ltd |publisher=Webcentre.co.nz |access-date=2013-08-14}}</ref>

On 2 March, Redcliffs resident Peter Hyde launched a viral call<ref>{{cite web|last=Hyde|first=Peter|title=Christchurch Quake – More Action Needed in Eastern Suburbs Right Now|url=http://webcentre.co.nz/quake/originalcall.htm|publisher=Webcentre.co.uk}}</ref> to encourage more support, especially key supplies and information, for the worst affected Eastern suburbs of Christchurch. In particular those to the north of Redcliffs such as Parklands, Aranui, Bromley, Avonside, Bexley and New Brighton.

=== Redcliffs School ===
Te Raekura Redcliffs School is a full primary school catering for years 1 to 8.<ref>{{TKI|3483|Te Raekura Redcliffs School}}</ref> It had a roll of {{NZ school roll data|3483|y}} as of {{NZ school roll data|||y|y||.}}

The school opened in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://redcliffs.school.nz/a/K1p5UFT|title=History|publisher=Te Raekura Redcliffs School|date=7 June 2019}}</ref> It was temporarily relocated to Van Asch Deaf Education Centre, {{convert|4.5|km}} from the original Main Road site, after the June 2011 aftershock. This decision came after concerns of the safety of pupils as the cliffs behind the school became unstable.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/103756402/christchurchs-redcliffs-school-move-to-be-fasttracked|title=Christchurch's Redcliffs School move to be fast tracked|website=Stuff|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> In 2015 and 2016, Redcliffs School faced the risk of closure due to the risk of further disruption. After community backlash, it was decided to build a new site in Redcliffs Park, across the road from the original site. The new site was opened in June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=Redcliffs School returns home after nine years|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/121896989/redcliffs-school-returns-home-after-nine-years|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Stuff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.redcliffs.school.nz/a/0sYX5Zt |title=Principal's Welcome|last=Admin|website=Redcliffs School|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{cite thesis|first=Georgia|last=Kirby|title=Redcliffs Archaeological History and Material Culture |url=https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/graduate/Redcliffs-Archaeological-History-and-Material-Culture/9926479939301891|date=2017|degree=MA|publisher=[[University of Otago]]|access-date=3 May 2024}}
* [https://redcliffs.org.nz/ Redcliffs Residents Association]

{{Christchurch City, New Zealand}}
{{Banks Peninsula}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Christchurch]]

Redcliffs - Revision history

imported>Alexeyevitch: wlnks