Rectangular function - Revision history

~2025-43286-94: /* Self convolution of the Rectangular function */ typo fix

2025-12-27T12:47:29Z

Self convolution of the Rectangular function: typo fix

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Redirect|Box function|the Conway box function|Minkowski's question-mark function#Conway box function}}
 {{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
-[[Image:Rectangular function.svg|300px|thumb|right|Rectangular function with a = 1]]
+[[Image:Rectangular function.svg|300px|thumb|right|Rectangular function with <math display="inline">T = 1</math>]]
 The '''rectangular function''' (also known as the '''rectangle function''', '''rect function''', '''Pi function''', '''Heaviside Pi function''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/HeavisidePi.html |title=HeavisidePi, Wolfram Language function |author=Wolfram Research |date=2008 |access-date=October 11, 2022}}</ref> '''gate function''', '''unit pulse''', or the '''normalized [[boxcar function]]''') is defined as<ref name="wolfram">{{MathWorld |title=Rectangle Function |id=RectangleFunction}}</ref>
-<math display="block">\operatorname{rect}\left(\frac{t}{a}\right) = \Pi\left(\frac{t}{a}\right) =
+<math display="block">\operatorname{rect}\left(\frac{t}{T}\right) = \Pi\left(\frac{t}{T}\right) =
 \left\{\begin{array}{rl}
-, & \text{if } |t| > \frac{a}{2} \\
+, & \text{if } |t| > \frac{T}{2} \\
-  \frac{1}{2}, & \text{if } |t| = \frac{a}{2} \\
+  \frac{1}{2}, & \text{if } |t| = \frac{T}{2} \\
-, & \text{if } |t| < \frac{a}{2}.
+, & \text{if } |t| < \frac{T}{2}.
 \end{array}\right.</math>
-Alternative definitions of the function define <math display="inline">\operatorname{rect}\left(\pm\frac{1}{2}\right)</math> to be 0,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Ruye |title=Introduction to Orthogonal Transforms: With Applications in Data Processing and Analysis |pages=135–136 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KEKGjaiJn0C&pg=PA135 |isbn=9780521516884 }}</ref> 1,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tang |first=K. T. |title=Mathematical Methods for Engineers and Scientists: Fourier analysis, partial differential equations and variational models |page=85 |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gG-ybR3uIGsC&pg=PA85 |isbn=9783540446958 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=A. Anand |title=Signals and Systems |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |pages=258–260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGGa6BXhy3kC&pg=PA258 |isbn=9788120343108 |year=2011 }}</ref> or undefined.
+Alternative definitions of the function define <math display="inline">\operatorname{rect}\left(t=\pm\frac{T}{2}\right)</math> to be 0,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Ruye |title=Introduction to Orthogonal Transforms: With Applications in Data Processing and Analysis |pages=135–136 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KEKGjaiJn0C&pg=PA135 |isbn=9780521516884 }}</ref> 1,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tang |first=K. T. |title=Mathematical Methods for Engineers and Scientists: Fourier analysis, partial differential equations and variational models |page=85 |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gG-ybR3uIGsC&pg=PA85 |isbn=9783540446958 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=A. Anand |title=Signals and Systems |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |pages=258–260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGGa6BXhy3kC&pg=PA258 |isbn=9788120343108 |year=2011 }}</ref> or undefined. The area under the curve does not change for the different definitions of the functions at <math display="inline">t=\pm\frac{T}{2}</math>.
-Its periodic version is called a ''[[rectangular wave]]''.
+The rectangular function can be used as the basis for a ''[[rectangular wave]]''.
 ==History==
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 =a \frac{\sin(\pi af)}{\pi af} = a\ \operatorname{sinc}_\pi{(a f)}.</math>
-==Relation to the triangular function==
+==Self convolution of the Rectangular function==
-We can define the [[triangular function]] as the [[convolution]] of two rectangular functions:
+[[File:Splines resulting from successive convolution of the unit Rect function.png|thumb|The unit Rectangular function (in which <math display="inline">T=1</math>) along with the [[Piecewise function|piecewise defined]] [[spline (mathematics)|splines]] that result from successive convolutions of the Rectangular function with itself.]]
-<math display=block>\operatorname{tri(t/T)} = \operatorname{rect(2t/T)} * \operatorname{rect(2t/T)}.\,</math>
+A [[convolution]] of the discontinuous rectangular function with itself results in the triangular function, which is a continuous function:
 ==Use in probability==

imported>Natsuhata: /* Fourier transform of the rectangular function */

2025-05-28T21:11:04Z

Fourier transform of the rectangular function

New page

{{Short description|Function whose graph is 0, then 1, then 0 again, in an almost-everywhere continuous way}}
{{Redirect|Box function|the Conway box function|Minkowski's question-mark function#Conway box function}}
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
[[Image:Rectangular function.svg|300px|thumb|right|Rectangular function with a = 1]]

The '''rectangular function''' (also known as the '''rectangle function''', '''rect function''', '''Pi function''', '''Heaviside Pi function''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/HeavisidePi.html |title=HeavisidePi, Wolfram Language function |author=Wolfram Research |date=2008 |access-date=October 11, 2022}}</ref> '''gate function''', '''unit pulse''', or the '''normalized [[boxcar function]]''') is defined as<ref name="wolfram">{{MathWorld |title=Rectangle Function |id=RectangleFunction}}</ref>

<math display="block">\operatorname{rect}\left(\frac{t}{a}\right) = \Pi\left(\frac{t}{a}\right) =
\left\{\begin{array}{rl}
0, & \text{if } |t| > \frac{a}{2} \\
\frac{1}{2}, & \text{if } |t| = \frac{a}{2} \\
1, & \text{if } |t| < \frac{a}{2}.
\end{array}\right.</math>

Alternative definitions of the function define <math display="inline">\operatorname{rect}\left(\pm\frac{1}{2}\right)</math> to be 0,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Ruye |title=Introduction to Orthogonal Transforms: With Applications in Data Processing and Analysis |pages=135–136 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KEKGjaiJn0C&pg=PA135 |isbn=9780521516884 }}</ref> 1,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tang |first=K. T. |title=Mathematical Methods for Engineers and Scientists: Fourier analysis, partial differential equations and variational models |page=85 |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gG-ybR3uIGsC&pg=PA85 |isbn=9783540446958 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=A. Anand |title=Signals and Systems |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |pages=258–260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGGa6BXhy3kC&pg=PA258 |isbn=9788120343108 |year=2011 }}</ref> or undefined.

Its periodic version is called a ''[[rectangular wave]]''.

==History==
The ''rect'' function has been introduced 1953 by [[Philip Woodward|Woodward]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klauder |first=John R |title=The Theory and Design of Chirp Radars |pages=745–808 |journal=Bell System Technical Journal |year=1960 |volume=39 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1960.tb03942.x |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6773600 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> in "Probability and Information Theory, with Applications to Radar"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woodward |first=Philipp M |title=Probability and Information Theory, with Applications to Radar |publisher=Pergamon Press |pages=29 |year=1953 }}</ref> as an ideal [[Window function#Rectangular window|cutout operator]], together with the [[Sinc function|''sinc'' function]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Higgins |first=John Rowland |title=Sampling Theory in Fourier and Signal Analysis: Foundations |pages=4 |publisher=Oxford University Press Inc. |year=1996 |isbn=0198596995 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zayed |first=Ahmed I |title=Handbook of Function and Generalized Function Transformations |pages=507 |publisher=CRC Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780849380761 }}</ref> as an ideal [[Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula|interpolation operator]], and their counter operations which are [[Sampling (signal processing)|sampling]] ([[Dirac comb#Dirac-comb identity|''comb'' operator]]) and [[Periodic summation|replicating]] ([[Dirac comb#Dirac-comb identity|''rep'' operator]]), respectively.

==Relation to the boxcar function==
The rectangular function is a special case of the more general [[boxcar function]]:

<math display=block>\operatorname{rect}\left(\frac{t-X}{Y} \right) = H(t - (X - Y/2)) - H(t - (X + Y/2)) = H(t - X + Y/2) - H(t - X - Y/2)</math>

where <math>H(x)</math> is the [[Heaviside step function]]; the function is centered at <math>X</math> and has duration <math>Y</math>, from <math>X-Y/2</math> to <math>X+Y/2.</math>
==Fourier transform of the rectangular function==
[[File:Sinc_function_(normalized).svg|thumb|400px|right|Plot of normalized <math>\operatorname{sinc}(x)</math> function (i.e. <math>\operatorname{sinc}(\pi x)</math>) with its spectral frequency components.]]

The [[Fourier transform#Tables of important Fourier transforms|unitary Fourier transforms]] of the rectangular function are<ref name="wolfram"/>
<math display="block">\int_{-\infty}^\infty \operatorname{rect}(t)\cdot e^{-i 2\pi f t} \, dt
=\frac{\sin(\pi f)}{\pi f} = \operatorname{sinc}(\pi f) =\operatorname{sinc}_\pi(f),</math>
using ordinary frequency {{mvar|f}}, where [[sinc function|<math>\operatorname{sinc}_\pi</math>]] is the normalized form<ref>Wolfram MathWorld, https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SincFunction.html</ref> of the [[sinc function]] and
<math display="block">\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{-\infty}^\infty \operatorname{rect}(t)\cdot e^{-i \omega t} \, dt
=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\cdot \frac{\sin\left(\omega/2 \right)}{\omega/2}
=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \cdot \operatorname{sinc}\left(\omega/2 \right),
</math>
using angular frequency <math>\omega</math>, where [[sinc function|<math>\operatorname{sinc}</math>]] is the unnormalized form of the [[sinc function]].

For <math>\operatorname{rect} (x/a)</math>, its Fourier transform is<math display="block">\int_{-\infty}^\infty \operatorname{rect}\left(\frac{t}{a}\right)\cdot e^{-i 2\pi f t} \, dt
=a \frac{\sin(\pi af)}{\pi af} = a\ \operatorname{sinc}_\pi{(a f)}.</math>

==Relation to the triangular function==
We can define the [[triangular function]] as the [[convolution]] of two rectangular functions:

<math display=block>\operatorname{tri(t/T)} = \operatorname{rect(2t/T)} * \operatorname{rect(2t/T)}.\,</math>

==Use in probability==
{{Main |Uniform distribution (continuous)}}
Viewing the rectangular function as a [[probability density function]], it is a special case of the [[Uniform distribution (continuous)|continuous uniform distribution]] with <math>a = -1/2, b = 1/2.</math> The [[characteristic function (probability theory)|characteristic function]] is

<math display=block>\varphi(k) = \frac{\sin(k/2)}{k/2},</math>

and its [[moment-generating function]] is

<math display=block>M(k) = \frac{\sinh(k/2)}{k/2},</math>

where <math>\sinh(t)</math> is the [[hyperbolic sine]] function.

==Rational approximation==
The pulse function may also be expressed as a limit of a [[rational function]]:

<math display="block">\Pi(t) = \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty, n\in \mathbb(Z)} \frac{1}{(2t)^{2n}+1}.</math>

===Demonstration of validity===
First, we consider the case where <math display=inline>|t|<\frac{1}{2}.</math> Notice that the term <math display=inline>(2t)^{2n}</math> is always positive for integer <math>n.</math> However, <math>2t<1</math> and hence <math display=inline>(2t)^{2n}</math> approaches zero for large <math>n.</math>

It follows that:
<math display="block">\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty, n\in \mathbb(Z)} \frac{1}{(2t)^{2n}+1} = \frac{1}{0+1} = 1, |t|<\tfrac{1}{2}.</math>

Second, we consider the case where <math display="inline">|t|>\frac{1}{2}.</math> Notice that the term <math display="inline">(2t)^{2n}</math> is always positive for integer <math>n.</math> However, <math>2t>1</math> and hence <math display="inline">(2t)^{2n}</math> grows very large for large <math>n.</math>

It follows that:
<math display="block">\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty, n\in \mathbb(Z)} \frac{1}{(2t)^{2n}+1} = \frac{1}{+\infty+1} = 0, |t|>\tfrac{1}{2}.</math>

Third, we consider the case where <math display="inline">|t| = \frac{1}{2}.</math> We may simply substitute in our equation:

<math display="block">\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty, n\in \mathbb(Z)} \frac{1}{(2t)^{2n}+1} = \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty, n\in \mathbb(Z)} \frac{1}{1^{2n}+1} = \frac{1}{1+1} = \tfrac{1}{2}.</math>

We see that it satisfies the definition of the pulse function. Therefore,

<math display="block">\operatorname{rect}(t) = \Pi(t) = \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty, n\in \mathbb(Z)} \frac{1}{(2t)^{2n}+1} = \begin{cases}
0 & \mbox{if } |t| > \frac{1}{2} \\
\frac{1}{2} & \mbox{if } |t| = \frac{1}{2} \\
1 & \mbox{if } |t| < \frac{1}{2}. \\
\end{cases}</math>

== Dirac delta function ==
The rectangle function can be used to represent the [[Dirac delta function]] <math>\delta (x)</math>.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Khare |first1=Kedar |title=Fourier Optics and Computational Imaging |last2=Butola |first2=Mansi |last3=Rajora |first3=Sunaina |publisher=Springer |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-18353-9 |edition=2nd |pages=15–16 |chapter=Chapter 2.4 Sampling by Averaging, Distributions and Delta Function |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-18353-9}}</ref> Specifically,<math display="block">\delta (x) = \lim_{a \to 0} \frac{1}{a}\operatorname{rect}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right).</math>For a function <math>g(x)</math>, its average over the width ''<math>a</math>'' around 0 in the function domain is calculated as,

<math display="block">g_{avg}(0) = \frac{1}{a} \int\limits_{- \infty}^{\infty} dx\ g(x) \operatorname{rect}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right).</math>
To obtain <math>g(0)</math>, the following limit is applied,

<math display="block">g(0) = \lim_{a \to 0} \frac{1}{a} \int\limits_{- \infty}^{\infty} dx\ g(x) \operatorname{rect}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)</math>
and this can be written in terms of the Dirac delta function as,
<math display="block">g(0) = \int\limits_{- \infty}^{\infty} dx\ g(x) \delta (x).</math>The Fourier transform of the Dirac delta function <math>\delta (t)</math> is

<math display="block">\delta (f)
= \int_{-\infty}^\infty \delta (t) \cdot e^{-i 2\pi f t} \, dt
= \lim_{a \to 0} \frac{1}{a} \int_{-\infty}^\infty \operatorname{rect}\left(\frac{t}{a}\right)\cdot e^{-i 2\pi f t} \, dt
= \lim_{a \to 0} \operatorname{sinc}{(a f)}.</math>
where the [[sinc function]] here is the normalized sinc function. Because the first zero of the sinc function is at <math>f = 1 / a</math> and <math>a</math> goes to infinity, the Fourier transform of <math>\delta (t)</math> is

<math display="block">\delta (f) = 1,</math>
means that the frequency spectrum of the Dirac delta function is infinitely broad. As a pulse is shorten in time, it is larger in spectrum.

==See also==
*[[Fourier transform]]
*[[Square wave (waveform)|Square wave]]
*[[Step function]]
*[[Top-hat filter]]
*[[Boxcar function]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rectangular Function}}
[[Category:Special functions]]