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Chambers and Tolkien

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{{Short description|British academic and author (1874–1942)}}
{{Distinguish|Robert William Chambers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
[[File:Raymond Wilson Chambers.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Raymond Wilson Chambers by [[Walter Stoneman]], 1933]]
'''Raymond Wilson Chambers''' (12 November 1874 – 23 April 1942) was a British literary scholar, author, librarian and academic; throughout his career he was associated with [[University College London]] (UCL).

==Life==
Chambers was born at [[Staxton]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] (now [[North Yorkshire]]), on 12 November 1874, the only son of Thomas Herbert Chambers, commercial traveller, and Annie, daughter of William Wilson. The family was not financially stable- "as a boy he knew privation."<ref>{{cite ODNB | url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32355 | doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32355 | date=2004 | last1=Everett | first1=Dorothy | title=Chambers, Raymond Wilson (1874–1942), literary scholar | editor-first1=John D. | editor-last1=Haigh }}</ref> Chambers was educated at University College, studying under such eminent scholars as [[W. P. Ker]] and [[A. E. Housman]]; he was Librarian at that institution from 1901 to 1922, and assistant professor in the English department, 1904–14. He served in [[World War I]], with the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] in [[France]], and in [[Belgium]] with the [[YMCA]]/[[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|B.E.F.]] Chambers became [[Quain Professor]] of English at UCL in 1922. Chambers wrote on a wide variety of subjects relating to English literature, history, and culture; notably, he worked on the Shakespearean additions to the play [[Sir Thomas More (play)|''Sir Thomas More'']], with [[Alfred W. Pollard]] and other scholars. His acclaimed 1935 biography, ''Thomas More'', was awarded the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==Chambers and Tolkien==
Chambers was a friend of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and their careers parallel each other at many points: both were Catholics (Tolkien a Roman and Chambers an [[Anglo-Catholicism|Anglo-Catholic]]<ref>"Housman once complained to [Arthur] Platt that I had an unfair advantage over him in these bouts, because, as a member of the Church of England, I could treat the Almighty with an irreverence that would be resented in him, a professing Atheist". ''Man’s Unconquerable Mind'', p. 377.</ref>), scholars of Old English literature, both experienced the horrors of trench warfare in World War I (Chambers was too old to be an enlisted man, however), and both wrote influentially on ''Beowulf'' (Chambers' writings were one of the inspirations for Tolkien's "[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]"). [[Thomas Shippey]] described Chambers as "a patron and supporter of Tolkien in his early years."<ref>Shippey, p. 62.</ref> Tolkien gladly ready and re-read the Moro's biography written by Chambers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ordway |first=Holly |title=Tolkien's Faith. A Spiritual Biography |date=September 2, 2023 |publisher=Word on Fire Academy |year= |isbn=978-1-68578-991-6 |chapter=Chapter 22 Saints and Angels}}</ref>

Chambers wrote an article of criticism on a piece of prose relating to the earlier Middle English period ''Ancren Riwle''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macaulay|first=G. C.|date=1914|title=The "Ancren Riwle"|journal=The Modern Language Review|volume=9|issue=1|pages=63–78|doi=10.2307/3713428|issn=0026-7937|jstor=3713428|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2315615}}</ref> The edition he worked on was compiled by James Morton and, as Chambers believed, Morton's compilation is "a solid piece of work" that renovated ''Ancren Riwle'' in English. He concurs with his peers that the title of the work is translated as ''Rule.'' In his article "Recent Research Upon the ''Ancren Riwle''", he compares the French version of the work with the English version and points out to some of the paradoxes that occur between the two, such as the occurrence of rhyme in the English version which is non-existent in the French one. He suggested that there is also another discrepancy between the original work and the English translation in that the original portrays three ladies whose life of martyrdom was characterized by pain in the earlier Middle English period, whereas the English translation imparts a sense of ambient kindness in their feminine lifestyle to the reader, along with an aura of pleasantness to be inferred from the Medieval period when reading the English translation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chambers|first=R. W.|date=1 January 1925|journal=The Review of English Studies|language=en|volume=os-I|issue=1|pages=4–23|doi=10.1093/res/os-I.1.4|issn=0034-6551|title=Recent Research Upon the Ancren Riwle}}</ref>

John Garth writes that the title of ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' "recalls R.W. Chambers' reference 'to the lost Tale of Wade,'" in a chapter of his study of the Old English poem ''[[Widsith]]'' that focuses on the old sea-legends of the ancient Germanic tribes of the north-western European coastlands (and which also deals with Éarendel). Chambers criticized the Romans for disdaining the Germanic peoples and failing to record their songs and tales, and laments the fact that, despite King [[Alfred the Great|Alfred's]] love for the old days, the [[Anglo Saxons]] wrote too few of them down: "'So this world of high-spirited, chivalrous song has passed away,’ says Chambers. 'It is our duty then to gather up reverently such fragments of the old Teutonic epic as fortune has preserved in our English tongue and to learn from them all we can of that collection of stories of which these fragments are the earliest vernacular record.'"<ref>Garth, p.229</ref><ref>Chambers, 1912, p 3-4.</ref> This passage suggests that Chambers' work had inspired the broad outlines of Tolkien's original project—the piecing together of a mythology for England.

== Collections ==
Chambers donated c.600 books from his own collection to [[University College London]] during his lifetime; this material now forms the Chambers Book Collection.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UCL Special Collections |date=23 August 2018 |title=Chambers Book Collection |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/chambers-books |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=UCL Special Collections |language=en}}</ref> Chambers' sister Getrude donated another c.600 books to the collection after his death in 1943.<ref name=":0" /> The Chambers Book collection includes editions of [[Thomas More]]'s works and many books on English language and literature, often annotated by Chambers. The collection also consists of tracts on medieval English, French and German language and literature from the 19th century which were initially collected by German philologist [[Eugen Kölbing|Eugen Kolbing]].<ref name=":0" />

After Chambers' death his executors presented [[University College London]] with his personal papers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=UCL Special Collections |title=Chambers Papers |url=https://archives.ucl.ac.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=CHAMBERS |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=UCL Archives Catalogue}}</ref> The archive contains material relating to all Chambers' published works, correspondence (including letters sent during his service in France and Belgium during the [[World War I|First World War]]), and notes on [[Piers Plowman]] and [[Thomas More]].<ref name=":1" /> Shortly after the initial donation the archive received an additional donation of material from Chambers' colleague Elsie Hitchcock, who established the Chambers Memorial Lecture in his memory.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL English |date=30 April 2018 |title=History of the English Department |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/english/department/history-of-the-english-department |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=UCL English |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected Chambers works==

*''[[Widsith]]: A Study in Old and English Heroic Legend,'' Kamal public school, 1912.
*''Recent Research Upon the [[Ancren Riwle]],'' London, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1925.
*''[[John Ruskin|Ruskin]] (and Others) on [[Byron]],'' Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1925.
*''On the Continuity of English Prose from [[Alfred Aetheling|Alfred]] to More and His School,'' London, [[Early English Text Society]]/Oxford University Press, 1932.
*''Chapters on the [[Exeter Book]]'', London, Percy Lund, Humphries & Co. Ltd. 1933
*''[[Thomas More]],'' London, Cape, 1935.
*''The Place of St. Thomas More in English Literature and History,'' London, Longman, 1937.
*''Man's Unconquerable Mind,'' London, Cape, 1939.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

* Chambers, R. W., and Janet Percival. ''The Papers of Raymond Wilson Chambers (1874-1942): a Handlist''. London: The Library, 1978.
* Chambers, R. W., ''[[Widsith]]: A Study in Old English Heroic Legend'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912
* [[John Garth (author)|Garth, John]]. ''[[Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth]]''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.
* [[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]. ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
*The Scholar as Librarian as Collector." R.W. Chambers Memorial Lecture at University College, London. ''[[The Book Collector]]'' 17 no 3 (Autumn 1968): 279-284.
* Sissons, Charles Jasper, and Hilda Winifred Husbands. ''Raymond Wilson Chambers, 1874-1942.'' London: Cumberlege, 1945.
*Wilks, John. ''The Influence of R. W. Chambers on the Development of University Libraries: The 2nd Chambers Memorial Lecture Delivered at University College London'' 29 January 1953. London: [[H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.|H. K. Lewis]] for University College London, 1953. Print.

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=36790| name=Raymond Wilson Chambers}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Chambers, Raymond Wilson|name=Raymond Wilson Chambers (annotator)|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Raymond Wilson Chambers}}
*[https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078612 Finding aid to Howard Kenneth Clark papers on R.W. Chambers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
*[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/chambers-books Chambers Book Collection] at [[University College London]]
*[https://archives.ucl.ac.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=CHAMBERS Chambers Papers] at [[University College London]]

{{Shakespeare scholars}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chambers, Raymond Wilson}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglo-Saxon studies scholars]]
[[Category:Germanic studies scholars]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Academics of University College London]]
[[Category:English Anglo-Catholics]]
[[Category:Anglo-Catholic writers]]
[[Category:British librarians]]

Raymond Wilson Chambers - Revision history

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