imported>Arctic Circle System: Merged Raute and Rawat into one branch in infobox

2023-12-31T03:53:24Z

Merged Raute and Rawat into one branch in infobox

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{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan branch of western Nepal and Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Raji–Raute
|region=[[Nepal]], [[India]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Greater Magaric languages|Greater Magaric]]
|fam3=[[Chepangic languages|Chepangic]]–Raji
|child1=[[Raji language|Raji]]
|child2=[[Raute language|Raute]]–[[Rawat language|Rawat]]
|glotto=raji1239
|glottorefname=Raji–Raute
}}

'''Raji–Raute''' is a branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan language family]] that includes the three closely related languages, namely [[Raji language|Raji]], [[Raute language|Raute]], and [[Rawat language|Rawat]]. They are spoken by small [[hunter-gatherer]] communities in the [[Terai]] region of [[Nepal]] and in neighboring [[Uttarakhand]], India.

Like some other Tibeto-Burman languages, Raji–Raute languages have [[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[sonorant]]s.<ref name="Fortier"/>

==Classification==
Raute and Rawat are closely related; Raji is more distantly related.<ref name="Fortier">Fortier, Jana. [https://www.academia.edu/8774701/Creating_an_Orthography_for_the_Raute_and_Rawat Creating an Orthography for the Raute and Rawat].</ref> Fortier classifies the Raji–Raute languages as follows.<ref name="Fortier"/> Note that language varieties that classify within the Rawat subgroup are known by various names; Raute of Dadeldhura/Darchula is taxonomically a Rawat language, and is not to be confused with [[Raute language|Raute]] proper.

;Raji–Raute
*Raute–Rawat
**[[Raute language|Raute]] (nomadic groups)
**[[Rawat language|Rawat]]
***Rajwar (spoken in Khirdwari)
***Rawat
****Rawat (also known as ''Ban Raji'')
****Raute of Dadeldhura/Darchula
*[[Raji language|Raji]]
**Naukule
**Bandale, Purbia

===Schorer (2016)===
Schorer (2016:293)<ref>Schorer, Nicolas. 2016. ''The Dura Language: Grammar and Phylogeny''. Leiden: Brill.</ref> classifies Raji–Raute as part of his newly proposed [[Greater Magaric languages|Greater Magaric]] group.
;[[Greater Magaric languages|Greater Magaric]]
*Dura
**''[[Dura language|Dura]]''
**''[[Tandrange language|Tandrange]]''
*[[Magaric languages|Magaric]]: ''[[Kham language|Kham]]'', ''[[Magar language|Magar]]''
*Chepangic-Raji
**[[Chepangic languages|Chepangic]]: ''[[Chepang language|Chepang]]'', ''[[Bhujel language|Bhujel]]''
**Raji-Raute

===Fortier (2012)===
A database of 700 words for items from households of Raute and Ban Rawat speakers (Fortier 2012) indicates a largely Sino-Tibetan language ancestry. Deep Root{{clarify|date=August 2013}} items include 58 words of Sino-Tibetan origin and 7 of [[Austroasiatic]] origin. Proto-family{{clarify|date=August 2013}} items include 281 morphemes of Proto-[[Tibeto-Burman]] origin. Meso-root,{{clarify|date=August 2013}} or subfamily items include 34 words of Proto-[[Kuki-Chin]] origin, 23 of Proto-[[Tani languages|Tani]] origin, 6 of Proto-[[Tangkhulic|Tangkulic]] origin, and 1 of Northern Chin origin. The database omits most loans of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] origin although 43 items were of [[Sanskrit]] origin. Work remains on identifying etymologies of the remaining 247 items in the Raute–Rawat database.

==Distribution==
Raji-Raute varieties are spoken in the following areas of Nepal and India.<ref name="Fortier"/>
*Dadeldhura/Darchula [[Raute language|Raute]]: [[Darchula District]] and [[Dadeldhura District]], Nepal
*Ban Raji/[[Rawat language|Rawat]]: [[Pithoragarh District]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
*Khirdwari Rajwar: [[Champawat District]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
*[[Raute language|Raute]]: nomadic, 10 districts of western Nepal
*Bandale [[Raji language|Raji]]: [[Surkhet District]] and [[Kailali District]], Nepal
*Naukule [[Raji language|Raji]]: [[Kailali District]], Nepal
*Purbia [[Raji language|Raji]]: [[Bardia (Nepal)|Bardia District]], Nepal

==Vocabulary==
The comparative vocabulary lists of Raji and Raute below are from Rastogi & Fortier (2005). Rastogi & Fortier (2005) also provide Purbia Raji and Janggali Raute forms.

===Swadesh list===
The following is a 100-word [[Swadesh list]] from Rastogi & Fortier (2005).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! English gloss !! Rawati ([[Raji language|Raji]]) !! Khamci ([[Raute language|Raute]])
|-
| 1 || I || naa || ngaa
|-
| 2 || you, thou || nang || naa, nhhang
|-
| 3 || we || naani jammaa || ngaa, na, nani
|-
| 4 || this || ai || ii
|-
| 5 || that || aiyaa || he
|-
| 6 || who || chuin || 'se; tse, nhhamʔ
|-
| 7 || what || hu || hai, hang
|-
| 8 || not || haa || nai, nā (as verb suffix: -re/rai)
|-
| 9 || all || jammaa ~ jammal || mwalyae
|-
| 10 || many || jikkal || bo-kani, bo, buoh
|-
| 11 || one || daa, ga || daa
|-
| 12 || two || nii ~ nhii || nhi
|-
| 13 || big || bai-inaa || ghaare
|-
| 14 || long || lang ||
|-
| 15 || small || ʈuhaa, chui-ce || lhhaʔ
|-
| 16 || woman || maʈhialaa || umaakhala, umaa
|-
| 17 || man || manjha || ba, s'ye; s'yela, māukyaa
|-
| 18 || person || manca || mi: mur; murka, mukala
|-
| 19 || fish || boraa || gaah, gap
|-
| 20 || bird || gidhaa || bwaah, buaʔ
|-
| 21 || dog || kuii || kwui
|-
| 22 || louse || sira || shuhroh
|-
| 23 || tree || shiing || s'iu; tsiu, shing
|-
| 24 || seed || biye ||
|-
| 25 || leaf || huwaah, huwaa-aa, khuaa || hwaah, waʔ
|-
| 26 || root || jadao || goy, nyuri (wild yams), dz'ra
|-
| 27 || bark || siing khallaw || thaapa, thakpa
|-
| 28 || skin || khallyai || kiri; kriakaa, kirikyae
|-
| 29 || flesh (meat) || sya || s'yaa, yaa, pyaa, s'iu, shiaeʔ
|-
| 30 || blood || khui || s'ui, ks'ap
|-
| 31 || bone || haɖang || haare, haar'm
|-
| 32 || grease || || ge; gela
|-
| 33 || egg || anɖaa || bhi; bhibhiya, bhiya
|-
| 34 || horn || sioang || sikk'm
|-
| 35 || tail || pucheraa || muahta, mukyae
|-
| 36 || feather || pakhaa || phakaa, pwohx
|-
| 37 || hair || haamuu || rung
|-
| 38 || head || gaɽaa || garaah, g'rhha
|-
| 39 || ear || ghunaa, hunaa || gunaah
|-
| 40 || eye || mhiike, niike || mikaah; mhiiga
|-
| 41 || nose || shinaa || 'sinaah, shinga
|-
| 42 || mouth || khaaber || chyu(re), mu
|-
| 43 || tooth || daaɽo || s'wāah, tshwa
|-
| 44 || tongue || jibaiɽo || laale, muuhm, mhhwOm
|-
| 45 || fingernail || nhiang || leehm, lhhel
|-
| 46 || foot || bhaa, panjaa || bhaah
|-
| 47 || knee || puhai || phukh, gaʈho
|-
| 48 || hand || hakai || aakhaa
|-
| 49 || belly (stomach) || laado || guduu, gudong, photo ('entrails')
|-
| 50 || neck || gardhan || manto, m'nthu, ghaature
|-
| 51 || breast || cucca || susi
|-
| 52 || heart || || paatii, mutu
|-
| 53 || liver || mulyaa || kharabdaah, bara
|-
| 54 || drink || tung || jhum, jaaya, hum, ti-I, tì
|-
| 55 || eat || jaako, jale, jaa-aa || jaa; jaaku; jaaya, ka; kaare
|-
| 56 || bite || kai || ka; kaiyaa, k'I
|-
| 57 || see || guhe || bigaap, bighhae
|-
| 58 || hear || huung-ye || guno, gunaare
|-
| 59 || know || dahau ||
|-
| 60 || sleep || iishe || s'ii; s'iyaah, she, kwih
|-
| 61 || die || shiiya || s'i; s'iya
|-
| 62 || kill || haate-ko || ath-oh
|-
| 63 || swim || raa pe || kha-buwa, bou-kha-buwa, bowti
|-
| 64 || fly || bo || bwaah (n.?), pharaei (v.?)
|-
| 65 || walk || || hwaa-I, khwa
|-
| 66 || come || biir/hi-ir || bi; biye, bi-e, pi-ye
|-
| 67 || lie || jhuʈi-haa-syaa || lat (lie down)
|-
| 68 || sit || khuung yaa || sweh, sweh guni; aysapha, dzuye
|-
| 69 || stand || yeki || phuyo; phayaah, phuyu
|-
| 70 || give || bai-y, baiko || nyaa; bayaa, khaalu
|-
| 71 || say || neko || khaama (to speak); thi-i, shi dhaami
|-
| 72 || sun || diiho || bel, berh, dhāmu
|-
| 73 || moon || dunnaa || jhyunna, bair, berh (not exact terms for moon, not comp.)
|-
| 74 || star || taaraa || tui-tui
|-
| 75 || water || tii, chi || tsi
|-
| 76 || rain || barkhaa || s'gyae, tii-i
|-
| 77 || stone || ||
|-
| 78 || sand || ballyaa || bolyaa
|-
| 79 || earth || dexa || desha [< [[Nepali language|Nepali]]], samsar
|-
| 80 || cloud || diiho || dewaah, dewaʔ
|-
| 81 || smoke || || dhukaāh, dhuma
|-
| 82 || fire || bhåoy / mhai || mhe:h, muhèi
|-
| 83 || ash || dhuli || kuhli, duhri, dhulo
|-
| 84 || burn || lung (vi.) ||
|-
| 85 || path || yong || yaun-khyaa-nu, yung
|-
| 86 || mountain || biʈʈaa; dhaɽe (peak) || manam (hill); malam, kheɖ'
|-
| 87 || red || ʈulhariyaa || tui, sha
|-
| 88 || green || hariyo / hariya || hwaa (dark green - gagina), kamaiyo, k'm'iu
|-
| 89 || yellow || pero, piilè || byaalo, hwi-byelo, p'rhho
|-
| 90 || white || dhaurya || dhyaulyaa, dhyaurya, dhauɽia, ghouraya
|-
| 91 || black || tuknahaa || tokaanye, namaro
|-
| 92 || night || gaire || gadhir
|-
| 93 || hot || gamma [< [[Indo-Aryan languages|IA]]] || chunu, ghohnohw
|-
| 94 || cold || ʈhanɖa [< [[Indo-Aryan languages|IA]]] || jungha, dzung
|-
| 95 || full || bharata || jimai (filled), bwohb
|-
| 96 || new || nong || niu, nhu; n'u
|-
| 97 || good || nhikah || namar (person), lagalo
|-
| 98 || round || baʈulo ||
|-
| 99 || dry || kaarau we (vi.) || karaao
|-
| 100 || name || naam || miĩhga
|}

===Body parts===
Rastogi & Fortier (2005) list the following body part terms.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! English gloss !! Rawati ([[Raji language|Raji]]) !! Khamci ([[Raute language|Raute]])
|-
| 1 || arm || pa:ti [< [[Indo-Aryan languages|IA]]] || arkha:, wa:u
|-
| 2 || belly || la:do (Purbia Raji dang) || 1. photo (belly); 2. gudu ~ gudong; (Janggali gudang) (“intestines”?)
|-
| 3 || blood || khui || 1. s'ui:; 2. kshap (kshap recorded by C. Bandhu (pers. comm.))
|-
| 4 || breast || cucci || susi
|-
| 5 || ear || ghuna ~ huna || guna:
|-
| 6 || eye || ni:hke || mi:hka
|-
| 7 || finger || aguliya || hubela
|-
| 8 || fingernail || nihang || lem ~ le:hng ~ li:hm
|-
| 9 || foot || bhaa || bhaa
|-
| 10 || hair || haamu ~ hamo ~ ha ngo || [< [[Nepali language|Nepali]]]
|-
| 11 || hand || haake (Purbia Raji yak) || a:khaa, la:ku (Janggali ha:kai)
|-
| 12 || head || garaa || garaa
|-
| 13 || hip, buttocks || || s'yi-li
|-
| 14 || goiter || || kok
|-
| 15 || knee, joint || puhei ~ puhai ~ puher || phuk
|-
| 16 || leg || || bhaa
|-
| 17 || lip || autha [< [[Indo-Aryan languages|IA]]] || cyure; cyura
|-
| 18 || mouth || khaaber || 1. cyure; 2. mu ~ mu:hm: ~ mum
|-
| 19 || neck || gardhan [< [[Indo-Aryan languages|IA]]] (Purbia Raji tuk) || 1. manto; mani; 2. ghaature [< [[Nepali language|Nepali]]]
|-
| 20 || nipple, breast || || chuchu
|-
| 21 || nose || s'inna || tsinaa ~ sinaa
|-
| 22 || nostrils || || dhodo
|-
| 23 || shoulders || kadhang [< [[Indo-Aryan languages|IA]]] || kum [< [[Nepali language|Nepali]]]
|-
| 24 || skin || khallyai || kiriki ~ kiliki ~ kikaa
|-
| 25 || teeth, tooth || swaa || swaåh; chuwaa; miu
|-
| 26 || thighs || jangaa || 1. kare, 2. bhaa
|-
| 27 || vulva || || pi
|}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* George van Driem (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill.
*Fortier, Jana (2012) "Annotated Dictionary of Raute and Rawat Languages" [https://www.academia.edu/2079645/ANNOTATED_DICTIONARY_OF_RAUTE_AND_RAWAT_TWO_TIBETO-BURMAN_LANGUAGES_OF_THE_HIMALAYAS]
*Rastogi, Kavita and Jana Fortier. 2005. Daa, Nii, Sum/Khung: Comparative Vocabulary of the West-Central Himalayan Languages Rawati (Raji) and Khamci (Raute). Indian Linguistics 66. 105–115.

==Further reading==
*Fortier, Jana. 2019. ''[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674984349 A Comparative Dictionary of Raute and Rawat: Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Central Himalayas]''. Harvard Oriental Series 88. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|9780674984349}}
*Krishan, Shree. 2003. ''Darma, Chaudangsi, and Raji''. In: Randy J. LaPolla (ed.), Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh, pp. 139–272.

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Greater Magaric languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raji-Raute languages}}
[[Category:Raji–Raute languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Raji–Raute languages - Revision history

imported>Arctic Circle System: Merged Raute and Rawat into one branch in infobox