imported>Surfingslovak: Replace YouTube link with digital.gov link as primary citation source

2025-12-28T02:28:56Z

Replace YouTube link with digital.gov link as primary citation source

imported>Eyesinthefire: Changed Frame QR description - previous version was lifted directly from citation without quoting

2025-06-23T16:40:07Z

Changed Frame QR description - previous version was lifted directly from citation without quoting

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:40, 23 June 2025
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	Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes are used over a much wider range of applications. These include commercial tracking, warehouse stock control, entertainment and transport ticketing, product and loyalty marketing, and in-store product labeling.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2023}} Examples of marketing include where a company's discounted and percent discount can be captured using a QR code decoder that is a mobile app, or storing a company's information such as address and related information alongside its alpha-numeric text data as can be seen in telephone directory [[yellow pages]].{{Citation needed\|date=March 2023}}		Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes are used over a much wider range of applications. These include commercial tracking, warehouse stock control, entertainment and transport ticketing, product and loyalty marketing, and in-store product labeling.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2023}} Examples of marketing include where a company's discounted and percent discount can be captured using a QR code decoder that is a mobile app, or storing a company's information such as address and related information alongside its alpha-numeric text data as can be seen in telephone directory [[yellow pages]].{{Citation needed\|date=March 2023}}

			[[File:Food Expo and Poultry Expo 2025 (01).webm\|thumb\|right\|Demo of printing a QR code]]
	They can also be used to store personal information for organizations. An example of this is the [[Philippines]] [[National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)\|National Bureau of Investigation]] (NBI) where NBI clearances now come with a QR code. Many of these applications target [[mobile phone\|mobile-phone]] users (via [[mobile tagging]]). Users may receive text, add a vCard contact to their device, open a URL, or compose an [[email#Message format\|e-mail]] or text message after scanning QR codes. They can generate and print their own QR codes for others to scan and use by visiting one of several pay or free QR code-generating sites or apps. [[Google]] had an [[API]], now deprecated, to generate QR codes,<ref>{{cite web \|date=26 May 2015 \|title=Getting Started with Infographics (deprecated) \|url=https://google-developers.appspot.com/chart/infographics/docs/overview \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629232058/https://google-developers.appspot.com/chart/infographics/docs/overview \|archive-date=29 June 2016 \|access-date=27 May 2016 \|website=google-developers.appspot.com}}</ref> and apps for scanning QR codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.708media.com/qrcode/qr-code-readers-iphone-android-blackberry-windows-phone-7/ \| title=QR Code Readers for iPhone, Android, Blackberry and Windows Phone 7 \| url-status=live \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825233859/http://www.708media.com/qrcode/qr-code-readers-iphone-android-blackberry-windows-phone-7/ \| archive-date=25 August 2011\| date=2010-12-07}}</ref>		They can also be used to store personal information for organizations. An example of this is the [[Philippines]] [[National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)\|National Bureau of Investigation]] (NBI) where NBI clearances now come with a QR code. Many of these applications target [[mobile phone\|mobile-phone]] users (via [[mobile tagging]]). Users may receive text, add a vCard contact to their device, open a URL, or compose an [[email#Message format\|e-mail]] or text message after scanning QR codes. They can generate and print their own QR codes for others to scan and use by visiting one of several pay or free QR code-generating sites or apps. [[Google]] had an [[API]], now deprecated, to generate QR codes,<ref>{{cite web \|date=26 May 2015 \|title=Getting Started with Infographics (deprecated) \|url=https://google-developers.appspot.com/chart/infographics/docs/overview \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629232058/https://google-developers.appspot.com/chart/infographics/docs/overview \|archive-date=29 June 2016 \|access-date=27 May 2016 \|website=google-developers.appspot.com}}</ref> and apps for scanning QR codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.708media.com/qrcode/qr-code-readers-iphone-android-blackberry-windows-phone-7/ \| title=QR Code Readers for iPhone, Android, Blackberry and Windows Phone 7 \| url-status=live \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825233859/http://www.708media.com/qrcode/qr-code-readers-iphone-android-blackberry-windows-phone-7/ \| archive-date=25 August 2011\| date=2010-12-07}}</ref>

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	In 2017, [[Singapore]] created a task force including government agencies such as the [[Monetary Authority of Singapore]] and [[Infocomm Media Development Authority]] to spearhead a system for e-payments using standardized QR code specifications. These specific dimensions are specialized for Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=IMDA \|date=November 9, 2022 \|title=Annex A – Fact sheet on Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR) \|url=https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/Imda/Files/About/Media-Releases/2018/Annex-A--Singapore-Quick-Response-Code-SGQR.pdf \|access-date=10 November 2022 \|archive-date=5 December 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205182456/https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/Imda/Files/About/Media-Releases/2018/Annex-A--Singapore-Quick-Response-Code-SGQR.pdf \|url-status=live}}</ref>		In 2017, [[Singapore]] created a task force including government agencies such as the [[Monetary Authority of Singapore]] and [[Infocomm Media Development Authority]] to spearhead a system for e-payments using standardized QR code specifications. These specific dimensions are specialized for Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=IMDA \|date=November 9, 2022 \|title=Annex A – Fact sheet on Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR) \|url=https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/Imda/Files/About/Media-Releases/2018/Annex-A--Singapore-Quick-Response-Code-SGQR.pdf \|access-date=10 November 2022 \|archive-date=5 December 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205182456/https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/Imda/Files/About/Media-Releases/2018/Annex-A--Singapore-Quick-Response-Code-SGQR.pdf \|url-status=live}}</ref>

	The e-payment system, Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR), essentially merges various QR codes into one label that can be used by both parties in the payment system. This allows for various banking apps to facilitate payments between multiple customers and a merchant that displays a single QR code. The SGQR scheme is co-owned by MAS and IMDA.<ref name=sgqr>{{Cite web \|last=Monetary Authority of Singapore \|date=November 9, 2022 \|title=Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR) \|url=https://www.mas.gov.sg/development/e-payments/sgqr \|access-date=10 November 2022 \|archive-date=26 July 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726112709/https://www.mas.gov.sg/development/e-payments/sgqr \|url-status=live}}</ref> A single ~~SDQR~~ label contains e-payments and combines multiple payment options. People making purchases can scan the code and see which payment options the merchant accepts.<ref name=sgqr/>		The e-payment system, Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR), essentially merges various QR codes into one label that can be used by both parties in the payment system. This allows for various banking apps to facilitate payments between multiple customers and a merchant that displays a single QR code. The SGQR scheme is co-owned by MAS and IMDA.<ref name=sgqr>{{Cite web \|last=Monetary Authority of Singapore \|date=November 9, 2022 \|title=Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR) \|url=https://www.mas.gov.sg/development/e-payments/sgqr \|access-date=10 November 2022 \|archive-date=26 July 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726112709/https://www.mas.gov.sg/development/e-payments/sgqr \|url-status=live}}</ref> A single SGQR label contains e-payments and combines multiple payment options. People making purchases can scan the code and see which payment options the merchant accepts.<ref name=sgqr/>

	=== Website login ===		=== Website login ===
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	== Design ==		== Design ==
	Unlike the older, one-dimensional barcodes that were designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a two-dimensional digital [[image sensor]] and then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The processor locates the three ~~distinctive so-called "~~finder patterns~~" (~~each consisting of three superimposed concentric squares of differing contrast~~<ref>ISO IEC 18004 §6.3.3.1</ref>)~~ at the upper left, upper right and lower left corners of the QR code image, using a smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted to binary numbers and validated with an error-correcting algorithm.		Unlike the older, one-dimensional barcodes that were designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a two-dimensional digital [[image sensor]] and then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The processor locates the three finder patterns, each consisting of three superimposed concentric squares of differing contrast at the upper left, upper right and lower left corners of the QR code image,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=ISO/IEC 18004:2024(en) - QR code bar code symbology specification \|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:18004:ed-4:v1:en \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620035759/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:18004:ed-4:v1:en \|archive-date=20 June 2025 \|access-date=22 June 2025 \|website=[[International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref> using a smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted to binary numbers and validated with an error-correcting algorithm.

	=== Information capacity ===		=== Information capacity ===
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	=== Micro QR code {{anchor\|micro}} ===		=== Micro QR code {{anchor\|micro}} ===

	Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR code standard for applications where symbol size is limited. There are four different versions (sizes) of Micro QR codes: the smallest is 11×11 modules; the largest can hold 35 numeric characters,<ref>Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification, ISO/IEC 18004:2006 cor. 2009, pages 3, 6.</ref> or 21 [[ASCII]] alphanumeric characters, or 15 bytes (~~128~~ bits).		Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR code standard for applications where symbol size is limited. There are four different versions (sizes) of Micro QR codes: the smallest is 11×11 modules; the largest can hold 35 numeric characters,<ref>Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification, ISO/IEC 18004:2006 cor. 2009, pages 3, 6.</ref> or 21 [[ASCII]] alphanumeric characters, or 15 bytes (120 bits).
	<gallery widths="100" heights="100">		<gallery widths="100" heights="100">
	File:Micro QR Example.svg\|Micro QR code example		File:Micro QR Example.svg\|Micro QR code example
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	=== Frame QR ===		=== Frame QR ===
	~~[[File:~~Frame QR ~~Code.png\|alt=Sample~~ of ~~Frame~~ QR code, which ~~appears like a typical QR~~ code ~~with~~ a ~~square cutout.\|thumb\|Sample of a Frame QR that encodes a text message saying "This is a specimen for the Wikimedia Foundation".\|125x125px]]~~
	~~[[File:Wiki-FQRC.png\|thumb\|This shows how FrameQR can combine both the code and the image together and that the~~ frame ~~doesn't have to be square but could be~~ a ~~circle as well~~.]]		Frame QR is a variant of the QR code standard which arranges the code in a frame around a central empty area. It is intended to be used in applications where an image, artwork, or branding is desired to be part of the code.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Frame QR\|url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/codes/frameqr.html\|website=qrcode.com\|access-date=26 December 2017\|archive-date=20 December 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220045522/http://www.qrcode.com/en/codes/frameqr.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	~~Frame QR~~ is ~~a QR code with a "canvas area" that can~~ be ~~flexibly~~ used~~. In the center of this code is the canvas area,~~ where ~~graphics~~, ~~letters~~, ~~and more can~~ be ~~flexibly arranged, making it possible to lay out~~ the code ~~without losing the design of illustrations, photos, etc~~.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Frame QR\|url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/codes/frameqr.html\|website=qrcode.com\|access-date=26 December 2017\|archive-date=20 December 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220045522/http://www.qrcode.com/en/codes/frameqr.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>		<gallery widths="200 heights="100" ">
			File:Frame QR Code.png\|Frame QR example
			File:Wiki-FQRC.png\|Frame QR code example with a circular frame and the [[Wikipedia logo]] composed into its interior
			</gallery>

	=== HCC2D ===		=== HCC2D ===
	~~[[File:Hcc2d.png\|thumb\|Samples of the High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) code: (a) 4-color HCC2D code and (b) 8-color HCC2D code.]]~~

	Researchers have proposed a new High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) Code, which builds upon a QR code basis for preserving the QR robustness to distortions and uses colors for increasing data density (as of 2014 it is still in the prototyping phase). The HCC2D code specification is described in details in Querini ''et al.'' (2011),<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Querini \|first1=M\|last2=Grillo\|first2=A\|last3=Lentini\|first3=A\|last4=Italiano\|first4=GF \|title=2D Color Barcodes for Mobile Phones \|journal=International Journal of Computer Science and Applications \|date=2011 \|volume=8 \|issue=1 \|pages=136-155 \|url=http://www.tmrfindia.org/ijcsa/v8i19.pdf \|access-date=21 December 2024\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033918/http://www.tmrfindia.org/ijcsa/v8i19.pdf\|archivedate=4 March 2016\|publisher=Technomathematics Research Foundation}}</ref> while techniques for color classification of HCC2D code cells are described in detail in Querini and [[Giuseppe F. Italiano\|Italiano]] (2014),<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Querini \|first1=Marco \|last2=Italiano \|first2=Giuseppi F \|title=Reliability and Data Density in High Capacity Color Barcodes \|journal=Computer Science and Information Systems \|date=2014 \|volume=11 \|issue=4 \|pages=1595-1615 \|doi=10.2298/CSIS131218054Q \|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1820-0214/2014/1820-02141400054Q.pdf \|access-date=21 December 2024\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724205900/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1820-0214/2014/1820-02141400054Q.pdf\|archivedate=24 July 2015}}</ref> which is an extended version of Querini and Italiano (2013).<ref name="Querini and Italiano (2013)">{{cite web\|publisher=Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information System\|url=https://fedcsis.org/proceedings/2013/pliks/67.pdf\|date=2013\|title=Color classifiers for 2D color barcodes\|last1=Querini \|first1=Marco \|last2=Italiano \|first2=Giuseppi F\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724212247/https://fedcsis.org/proceedings/2013/pliks/67.pdf\|archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>		Researchers have proposed a new High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) Code, which builds upon a QR code basis for preserving the QR robustness to distortions and uses colors for increasing data density (as of 2014 it is still in the prototyping phase). The HCC2D code specification is described in details in Querini ''et al.'' (2011),<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Querini \|first1=M\|last2=Grillo\|first2=A\|last3=Lentini\|first3=A\|last4=Italiano\|first4=GF \|title=2D Color Barcodes for Mobile Phones \|journal=International Journal of Computer Science and Applications \|date=2011 \|volume=8 \|issue=1 \|pages=136-155 \|url=http://www.tmrfindia.org/ijcsa/v8i19.pdf \|access-date=21 December 2024\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033918/http://www.tmrfindia.org/ijcsa/v8i19.pdf\|archivedate=4 March 2016\|publisher=Technomathematics Research Foundation}}</ref> while techniques for color classification of HCC2D code cells are described in detail in Querini and [[Giuseppe F. Italiano\|Italiano]] (2014),<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Querini \|first1=Marco \|last2=Italiano \|first2=Giuseppi F \|title=Reliability and Data Density in High Capacity Color Barcodes \|journal=Computer Science and Information Systems \|date=2014 \|volume=11 \|issue=4 \|pages=1595-1615 \|doi=10.2298/CSIS131218054Q \|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1820-0214/2014/1820-02141400054Q.pdf \|access-date=21 December 2024\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724205900/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1820-0214/2014/1820-02141400054Q.pdf\|archivedate=24 July 2015}}</ref> which is an extended version of Querini and Italiano (2013).<ref name="Querini and Italiano (2013)">{{cite web\|publisher=Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information System\|url=https://fedcsis.org/proceedings/2013/pliks/67.pdf\|date=2013\|title=Color classifiers for 2D color barcodes\|last1=Querini \|first1=Marco \|last2=Italiano \|first2=Giuseppi F\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724212247/https://fedcsis.org/proceedings/2013/pliks/67.pdf\|archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>

	Introducing colors into QR codes requires addressing additional issues. In particular, during QR code reading only the brightness information is taken into account, while HCC2D codes have to cope with chromatic distortions during the decoding phase. In order to ensure adaptation to chromatic distortions that arise in each scanned code, HCC2D codes make use of an additional field: the Color Palette Pattern. This is because color cells of a Color Palette Pattern are supposed to be distorted in the same way as color cells of the Encoding Region. Replicated color palettes are used for training machine-learning classifiers.		Introducing colors into QR codes requires addressing additional issues. In particular, during QR code reading only the brightness information is taken into account, while HCC2D codes have to cope with chromatic distortions during the decoding phase. In order to ensure adaptation to chromatic distortions that arise in each scanned code, HCC2D codes make use of an additional field: the Color Palette Pattern. This is because color cells of a Color Palette Pattern are supposed to be distorted in the same way as color cells of the Encoding Region. Replicated color palettes are used for training machine-learning classifiers.
			<gallery widths="250" heights="100">
			File:Hcc2d.png\|HCC2D code examples: (a) 4-color HCC2D code and (b) 8-color HCC2D code
			</gallery>

	=== Accessible QR (AQR) ===		=== Accessible QR (AQR) ===
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	* [[High Capacity Color Barcode]]		* [[High Capacity Color Barcode]]
	* [[JAB Code]]		* [[JAB Code]]
			* [[MaxiCode]]
	* [[PDF417]]		* [[PDF417]]
	* [[QRpedia]]		* [[QRpedia]]
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	* [[SPARQCode]]		* [[SPARQCode]]
	* [[Touchatag]]		* [[Touchatag]]
	* [[MaxiCode]]
	<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->		<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->

2003:EC:3735:9000:49A3:31E0:A0FB:6A82 at 21:06, 19 June 2025

2025-06-19T21:06:27Z

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imported>Natg 19: /* Adoption */ chronological

2025-05-29T18:03:17Z

Adoption: chronological

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QR code - Revision history

imported>Surfingslovak: Replace YouTube link with digital.gov link as primary citation source

imported>Eyesinthefire: Changed Frame QR description - previous version was lifted directly from citation without quoting

2003:EC:3735:9000:49A3:31E0:A0FB:6A82 at 21:06, 19 June 2025

imported>Natg 19: /* Adoption */ chronological