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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>In [[computer science]], '''programming by example''' ('''PbE'''), also termed '''programming by demonstration''' or more generally as '''demonstrational programming''', is an [[end-user development]] technique for [[machine learning|teaching a computer new behavior]] by demonstrating actions on concrete examples.<ref>[https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/machine-learning-framework-programming-example/ A Machine Learning Framework for Programming by Example - Microsoft]</ref> The system records user actions and infers a generalized [[Computer program|program]] that can be used on new examples.<br />
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PbE is intended to be easier to do than traditional [[computer programming]], which generally requires learning and using a [[programming language]]. Many PbE systems have been developed as research prototypes, but few have found widespread real-world application. More recently, PbE has proved to be a useful paradigm for creating scientific work-flows. PbE is used in two independent clients for the [[BioMOBY]] protocol: [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/208/abstract Seahawk] and [http://www.scfbm.org/content/1/1/4 Gbrowse moby].<br />
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Also the [[programming by demonstration]] (PbD) term has been mostly adopted by robotics researchers for teaching new behaviors to the robot through a physical demonstration of the task. The usual distinction in literature between these terms is that in PbE the user gives a prototypical product of the computer execution, such as [[Query by Example|a row in the desired results of a query]]; while in PbD the user performs a sequence of actions that the computer must repeat, generalizing it to be used in different data sets. For final users, to automate a workflow in a complex tool (e.g. [[Adobe Photoshop|Photoshop]]), the most simple case of PbD is the [[macro recorder]].<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Query by Example]]<br />
* [[Automated machine learning]]<br />
* [[Example-based machine translation]]<br />
* [[Inductive programming]]<br />
* [[Lapis (text editor)]], which allows [[simultaneous editing]] of similar items in [[multiple selection]]s created by example<br />
* [[Programming by demonstration]]<br />
* [[Test-driven development]]<!-- example-driven software development --><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/PBE/ Henry Lieberman's page on Programming by Example]<br />
* [http://www.acypher.com/wwid/ Online copy of <u>Watch What I Do</u>, Allen Cypher's book on Programming by Demonstration]<br />
* [http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Your-Wish/ Online copy of <u>Your Wish is My Command</u>, Henry Lieberman's sequel to <u>Watch What I Do</u>]<br />
* [http://www.dsmforum.org/events/DSVL01/carlson.pdf <u>A Visual Language for Data Mapping</u>, John Carlson's description of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that used Programming by Example (desktop objects) for data mapping, and an iconic language for recording operations]<br />
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[[Category:User interfaces]]<br />
[[Category:Programming paradigms]]<br />
[[Category:Machine learning]]<br />
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