Processivity - Revision history

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	{{Refimprove\|date=February 2009}}		{{Refimprove\|date=February 2009}}

	In [[molecular biology]] and [[biochemistry]], '''processivity''' is an [[enzyme]]'s ability to [[catalyze]] "consecutive reactions without releasing its [[enzyme substrate (biology)\|substrate]]".<ref>{{stryer}}. §[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22587/#A3803 27.4.4]</ref>		In [[molecular biology]] and [[biochemistry]], '''processivity''' is an [[enzyme]]'s ability to [[catalyze]] "consecutive reactions without releasing its [[enzyme substrate (biology)\|substrate]]".<ref>{{stryer}}. §[https://web.archive.org/web/20151019152443/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22587/#A3803 27.4.4]</ref>

	For example, processivity is the average number of [[nucleotide]]s added by a [[polymerase]] [[enzyme]], such as [[DNA polymerase]], per association event with the template strand. Because the binding of the polymerase to the template is the rate-limiting step in [[DNA synthesis]]{{Citation needed\|date=February 2019}}, the overall rate of [[DNA]] replication during [[S phase]] of the [[cell cycle]] is dependent on the processivity of the DNA polymerases performing the replication. [[DNA clamp]] proteins are integral components of the DNA replication machinery and serve to increase the processivity of their associated polymerases. Some polymerases add over 50,000 nucleotides to a growing DNA strand before dissociating from the template strand, giving a replication rate of up to 1,000 nucleotides per second.		For example, processivity is the average number of [[nucleotide]]s added by a [[polymerase]] [[enzyme]], such as [[DNA polymerase]], per association event with the template strand. Because the binding of the polymerase to the template is the rate-limiting step in [[DNA synthesis]]{{Citation needed\|date=February 2019}}, the overall rate of [[DNA]] replication during [[S phase]] of the [[cell cycle]] is dependent on the processivity of the DNA polymerases performing the replication. [[DNA clamp]] proteins are integral components of the DNA replication machinery and serve to increase the processivity of their associated polymerases. Some polymerases add over 50,000 nucleotides to a growing DNA strand before dissociating from the template strand, giving a replication rate of up to 1,000 nucleotides per second.
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	Multiple DNA polymerases have specialized roles in the DNA replication process. In ''[[E. coli]]'', which replicates its entire [[genome]] from a single replication fork, the polymerase [[Pol III\|DNA Pol III]] is the enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication and forms a replication complex with extremely high processivity. The related [[Pol I\|DNA Pol I]] has [[exonuclease]] activity and serves to degrade the [[RNA primer]]s used to initiate DNA synthesis. Pol I then synthesizes the short DNA fragments in place of the former RNA fragments. Thus Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions.		Multiple DNA polymerases have specialized roles in the DNA replication process. In ''[[E. coli]]'', which replicates its entire [[genome]] from a single replication fork, the polymerase [[Pol III\|DNA Pol III]] is the enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication and forms a replication complex with extremely high processivity. The related [[Pol I\|DNA Pol I]] has [[exonuclease]] activity and serves to degrade the [[RNA primer]]s used to initiate DNA synthesis. Pol I then synthesizes the short DNA fragments in place of the former RNA fragments. Thus Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions.

	In [[eukaryote]]s, which have a much higher diversity of DNA polymerases, the low-processivity initiating enzyme is called [[DNA polymerase alpha\|Pol α]], and the high-processivity extension enzymes are [[DNA polymerase delta\|Pol δ]] and [[DNA polymerase epsilon\|Pol ε]]. Both [[prokaryote]]s and eukaryotes must "trade" bound polymerases to make the transition from initiation to elongation. This process is called polymerase switching.<ref name=tsurimoto>{{cite journal\|last1=Tsurimoto\|first1=Toshiki\|last2=Stillman\|first2=Bruce\|title=Replication Factors Required for SV40 DNA Replication in Vitro\|journal=J Biol Chem\|date=1991\|volume=266\|issue=3\|pages=1961–1968\|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52386-3~~\|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/266/3/1961.short\|access-date=23 November 2014~~\|pmid=1671046\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Maga\|first1=Giovanni\|last2=Stucki\|first2=Manuel\|last3=Spadari\|first3=Silvio\|last4=Hübscher\|first4=Ulrich\|title=DNA polymerase switching: I. Replication factor C displaces DNA polymerase α prior to PCNA loading\|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology\|date=January 2000\|volume=295\|issue=4\|pages=791–801\|doi=10.1006/jmbi.1999.3394\|pmid=10656791}}</ref>		In [[eukaryote]]s, which have a much higher diversity of DNA polymerases, the low-processivity initiating enzyme is called [[DNA polymerase alpha\|Pol α]], and the high-processivity extension enzymes are [[DNA polymerase delta\|Pol δ]] and [[DNA polymerase epsilon\|Pol ε]]. Both [[prokaryote]]s and eukaryotes must "trade" bound polymerases to make the transition from initiation to elongation. This process is called polymerase switching.<ref name=tsurimoto>{{cite journal\|last1=Tsurimoto\|first1=Toshiki\|last2=Stillman\|first2=Bruce\|title=Replication Factors Required for SV40 DNA Replication in Vitro\|journal=J Biol Chem\|date=1991\|volume=266\|issue=3\|pages=1961–1968\|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52386-3\|pmid=1671046\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Maga\|first1=Giovanni\|last2=Stucki\|first2=Manuel\|last3=Spadari\|first3=Silvio\|last4=Hübscher\|first4=Ulrich\|title=DNA polymerase switching: I. Replication factor C displaces DNA polymerase α prior to PCNA loading\|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology\|date=January 2000\|volume=295\|issue=4\|pages=791–801\|doi=10.1006/jmbi.1999.3394\|pmid=10656791}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

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{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}}

In [[molecular biology]] and [[biochemistry]], '''processivity''' is an [[enzyme]]'s ability to [[catalyze]] "consecutive reactions without releasing its [[enzyme substrate (biology)|substrate]]".<ref>{{stryer}}. §[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22587/#A3803 27.4.4]</ref>

For example, processivity is the average number of [[nucleotide]]s added by a [[polymerase]] [[enzyme]], such as [[DNA polymerase]], per association event with the template strand. Because the binding of the polymerase to the template is the rate-limiting step in [[DNA synthesis]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}, the overall rate of [[DNA]] replication during [[S phase]] of the [[cell cycle]] is dependent on the processivity of the DNA polymerases performing the replication. [[DNA clamp]] proteins are integral components of the DNA replication machinery and serve to increase the processivity of their associated polymerases. Some polymerases add over 50,000 nucleotides to a growing DNA strand before dissociating from the template strand, giving a replication rate of up to 1,000 nucleotides per second.

==DNA binding interactions==
Polymerases interact with the [[phosphate]] backbone and the minor groove of the DNA, so their interactions do not depend on the specific nucleotide sequence.<ref name=morales>{{cite journal|last1=Morales|first1=Juan C|last2=Kool|first2=Eric T|title=Minor Groove Interactions between Polymerase and DNA: More Essential to Replication than Watson-Crick Hydrogen Bonds?|journal=J Am Chem Soc|date=1999|volume=121|issue=10|pages=2323–2324|doi=10.1021/ja983502+|pmid=20852718|pmc=2939743}}</ref> The binding is largely mediated by [[electrostatic]] interactions between the DNA and the "thumb" and "palm" domains of the metaphorically hand-shaped DNA polymerase molecule. When the polymerase advances along the DNA sequence after adding a nucleotide, the interactions with the minor groove dissociate but those with the phosphate backbone remain more stable, allowing rapid re-binding to the minor groove at the next nucleotide.

Interactions with the DNA are also facilitated by [[DNA clamp]] proteins, which are multimeric proteins that completely encircle the DNA, with which they associate at [[replication fork]]s. Their central pore is sufficiently large to admit the DNA strands and some surrounding water molecules, which allows the clamp to slide along the DNA without dissociating from it and without loosening the [[protein–protein interaction]]s that maintain the toroid shape. When associated with a DNA clamp, DNA polymerase is dramatically more processive; without the clamp most polymerases have a processivity of only about 100 nucleotides. The interactions between the polymerase and the clamp are more persistent than those between the polymerase and the DNA. Thus, when the polymerase dissociates from the DNA, it is still bound to the clamp and can rapidly reassociate with the DNA. An example of such a DNA clamp is PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) found in ''S. cervesiae''.

==Polymerase processivities==
Multiple DNA polymerases have specialized roles in the DNA replication process. In ''[[E. coli]]'', which replicates its entire [[genome]] from a single replication fork, the polymerase [[Pol III|DNA Pol III]] is the enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication and forms a replication complex with extremely high processivity. The related [[Pol I|DNA Pol I]] has [[exonuclease]] activity and serves to degrade the [[RNA primer]]s used to initiate DNA synthesis. Pol I then synthesizes the short DNA fragments in place of the former RNA fragments. Thus Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions.

In [[eukaryote]]s, which have a much higher diversity of DNA polymerases, the low-processivity initiating enzyme is called [[DNA polymerase alpha|Pol α]], and the high-processivity extension enzymes are [[DNA polymerase delta|Pol δ]] and [[DNA polymerase epsilon|Pol ε]]. Both [[prokaryote]]s and eukaryotes must "trade" bound polymerases to make the transition from initiation to elongation. This process is called polymerase switching.<ref name=tsurimoto>{{cite journal|last1=Tsurimoto|first1=Toshiki|last2=Stillman|first2=Bruce|title=Replication Factors Required for SV40 DNA Replication in Vitro|journal=J Biol Chem|date=1991|volume=266|issue=3|pages=1961–1968|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52386-3|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/266/3/1961.short|access-date=23 November 2014|pmid=1671046|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maga|first1=Giovanni|last2=Stucki|first2=Manuel|last3=Spadari|first3=Silvio|last4=Hübscher|first4=Ulrich|title=DNA polymerase switching: I. Replication factor C displaces DNA polymerase α prior to PCNA loading|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|date=January 2000|volume=295|issue=4|pages=791–801|doi=10.1006/jmbi.1999.3394|pmid=10656791}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M, Losick R. (2004). ''Molecular Biology of the Gene'' 5th ed. Benjamin Cummings: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20060517085321/http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/mg/MGW4/Mg424.html
* {{cite journal | pmc = 19538| year = 1997| last1 = Bedford| first1 = E| title = The thioredoxin binding domain of bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase confers processivity on Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume = 94| issue = 2| pages = 479–484| last2 = Tabor| first2 = S| last3 = Richardson| first3 = C. C.| pmid = 9012809| doi=10.1073/pnas.94.2.479| bibcode = 1997PNAS...94..479B| doi-access = free}}
* {{cite journal | pmc = 305186| year = 1987| last1 = Tabor| first1 = S| title = DNA sequence analysis with a modified bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume = 84| issue = 14| pages = 4767–4771| last2 = Richardson| first2 = C. C.| pmid = 3474623| doi=10.1073/pnas.84.14.4767| bibcode = 1987PNAS...84.4767T| doi-access = free}}

{{DNA replication}}

[[Category:DNA replication]]
[[Category:Enzymes]]