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{{Short description|Forced sexual intercourse in prison}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{globalize|date=October 2015}}

{{Rape}}
'''Prison rape''' or '''jail rape''' is [[rape|sexual assault]] of people while they are [[incarceration|incarcerated]]. The phrase is commonly used to describe rape of inmates by other inmates. It is a significant, if controversial, part of what is studied under the wider concept of [[prison sexuality]].

== United States ==
{{Main|Prison rape in the United States}}
In the United States, the overwhelming majority of prison rape cases involve men who are raped by other men.<ref name="Rosin">{{cite magazine |last=Rosin |first=Hanna |date=29 April 2014 |title=When Men Are Raped |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2014/04/male_rape_in_america_a_new_study_reveals_that_men_are_sexually_assaulted.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002071104/http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2014/04/male_rape_in_america_a_new_study_reveals_that_men_are_sexually_assaulted.html |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=12 February 2015 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="Stemple">{{cite journal |last1=Stemple |first1=Lara |last2=Meyer |first2=Ilan H. |date=June 2014 |title=The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=104 |issue=6 |page=e24 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946 |pmc=4062022 |pmid=24825225}}</ref> This is due in part to the fact that in the United States the vast majority of [[Incarceration in the United States|incarcerated people]] are men. Sexual contact with inmates by prison staff is illegal, regardless of supposed consent.<ref>Santi, Alysia. "[https://www.texastribune.org/2015/06/17/preying-texas-prisoners-when-guards-demand-sex/ Preying on Prisoners: When Texas Guards Demand Sex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140410/https://www.texastribune.org/2015/06/17/preying-texas-prisoners-when-guards-demand-sex/|date=2018-01-29}}". ''The Texas Tribune''. Published 17 June 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</ref>

Public awareness of common prison rape is a relatively recent development, and estimates of its prevalence have varied widely over the past several decades.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} In 1974, Carl Weiss and David James Friar wrote that 46 million Americans would one day be incarcerated; of that number, they held that 10 million would be raped.<ref name="peek">{{cite journal |last=Peek |first=Christine |year=2003 |title=Breaking Out of the Prison Hierarchy: Transgendered Prisoners, Rape, and the Eighth Amendment |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Tg/Breaking_Out_of_the_Prison_Hierarchy__Transgender_Prisoners,_Rape,_and_the_Eighth_Amendment.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Santa Clara Law Review |publisher=[[Santa Clara University School of Law]] |volume=44 |issue=Entire Paragraph citation |pages=1211–48 |issn=0146-0315 |oclc=2842601 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010170831/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Tg/Breaking_Out_of_the_Prison_Hierarchy__Transgender_Prisoners,_Rape,_and_the_Eighth_Amendment.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 June 2008}}</ref>

According to a [[United States Department of Justice|US Department of Justice]] report from 2013, an estimated 5.0% of people incarcerated in state and federal prison, and 3.2% of those in jail, reported at least one incident of sexual victimization in the prior 12 months.<ref>{{cite web |last=Beck |first=Allen J. |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates |url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502213117/https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2013 |publisher=[[US Department of Justice]] |page=[http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf 6]}}</ref> However, advocates dispute the accuracy of the numbers due to under-reporting of sexual assaults in prison, especially among [[Youth incarceration in the United States|incarcerated youths]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Swift |first=James |year=2013 |title=Advocates Dispute Agency Finding on Sex Abuse of Juvenile Inmates |url=http://jjie.org/advocates-dispute-agency-finding-on-sex-abuse-of-juvenile-inmates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316175148/http://jjie.org/advocates-dispute-agency-finding-on-sex-abuse-of-juvenile-inmates/ |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=17 May 2013 |publisher=Juvenile Justice Information Exchange |page=[http://jjie.org/advocates-dispute-agency-finding-on-sex-abuse-of-juvenile-inmates/]}}</ref>

In terms of individuals' risk over their entire incarceration, estimates from the 1980s and 1990s range widely. A 1992 estimate from the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] suggested that between 9% and 20% of inmates had been sexually assaulted.<ref name="peek" /> Similarly, studies from 1982 and 1996, concluded that the rate was somewhere between 12% and 14%. In New York State [[Incarceration in the United States#Security levels|maximum security prisons]], a 1986 study put the proportion at around 23%.<ref name="peek" /> By contrast, Christine Saum's 1994 survey of 101 inmates determined that 5 had been sexually assaulted.<ref name="peek" />

The [[Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003]] was the first United States federal law passed specifically dealing with the sexual assault of prisoners. The bill was signed into law on 4 September 2003.<ref name="smith">{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Brenda V. |date=Spring 2008 |title=The Prison Rape Elimination Act: Implementation and Unresolved Issues |journal=Criminal Law Brief |publisher=[[Washington College of Law]] |issue=WCL Research Paper No. 2008–49 |oclc=63521701 |ssrn=1129810}}</ref>

== Middle East ==
Rape is regularly used in prisons across the wider [[Middle East]]. Sexual abuse of detained women, children and men is rampant in [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2021 |title=Sexual abuses rampant in UAE-controlled prisons in Yemen |url=https://apnews.com/article/df23b77019d34564ae3ee2dddb222279 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610082130/https://apnews.com/article/df23b77019d34564ae3ee2dddb222279 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2018 |title=African migrants detained in Yemen face horrific 'rape, abuse' by UAE-backed forces |url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/uae-backed-forces-rape-abuse-african-migrants-detained-yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610082132/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/uae-backed-forces-rape-abuse-african-migrants-detained-yemen |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi women activists detail torture, sexual abuse at court hearing | DW | 28.03.2019 |url=https://m.dw.com/en/saudi-women-activists-detail-torture-sexual-abuse-at-court-hearing/a-48090989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407132645/https://m.dw.com/en/saudi-women-activists-detail-torture-sexual-abuse-at-court-hearing/a-48090989 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> and [[Bahrain|Bahraini]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Bahrain: Stop Denying Abuse of Detained Children |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/07/bahrain-stop-denying-abuse-detained-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608115253/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/07/bahrain-stop-denying-abuse-detained-children |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahrain- 20 yr old female raped to death |url=https://m.dailykos.com/stories/2011/4/25/970208/- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610082132/https://m.dailykos.com/stories/2011/4/25/970208/- |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> prisons.

=== Iran ===
{{See also|Human rights in Iran}}
Sexual violence against [[political prisoners]] is prevalent in Iran.<ref>Ehsan Zarrokh (Ehsan and Gaeini, M. Rahman). "Iranian Legal System and Human Rights Protection", ''The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World e-journal'', New York law school 3.2 (2009).</ref> It is allegedly ignored or even facilitated by authorities.<ref>Dehghan, Saeed Kamali. "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/24/jailed-iran-opposition-activists-rape Iran giving out condoms for criminals to rape us, say jailed activists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205004632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/24/jailed-iran-opposition-activists-rape|date=2019-02-05}}". Published 24 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2018.</ref>

Reports issued to the United Nations allege that rape has been used by interrogators in Iran for decades.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Esfandiari |first1=Golnaz |date=26 August 2009 |title=New Prison-Rape Allegations In Iran Bring Practice To Light |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/New_PrisonRape_Allegations_In_Iran_Bring_Practice_To_Light/1808311.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926182030/http://www.rferl.org/content/New_PrisonRape_Allegations_In_Iran_Bring_Practice_To_Light/1808311.html |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=28 November 2015 |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty}}</ref> During the 1980s, following the [[Iranian Islamic Revolution]], the rape of female political prisoners was so prevalent that it prompted [[Hussein-Ali Montazeri]], Supreme Leader [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]]'s then-deputy, to write the following to Khomeini in a letter dated 7 October 1986: "Did you know that young women are raped in some of the prisons of the Islamic Republic?"<ref name="Iranians Say Prison Rape Is Not New">{{cite web |last=Mackey |first=Robert |date=28 August 2009 |title=Iranians Say Prison Rape Is Not New |url=https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/iranians-say-prison-rape-not-new/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021419/https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/iranians-say-prison-rape-not-new/ |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=The Lede}}</ref> Two prominent members of Iran's human rights community, the feminist lawyer and journalist [[Shadi Sadr]] and the blogger and activist [[Mojtaba Saminejad]] published essays online from inside Iran saying prison rape has a long history in Iran.<ref name="Iranians Say Prison Rape Is Not New" />

In the [[2009 Iranian presidential election protests]], opposition groups{{who|date=June 2021}} reported thousands were arrested and tortured in prisons around the country, with former inmates alleging mass rape of men, women and children by the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Islamic Revolutionary Guards]], in prisons such as [[Kahrizak detention center|Kahrizak]] and [[Evin Prison|Evin]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Saeed Kamali Dehghan |date=24 June 2011 |title=Iran giving out condoms for criminals to rape us, say jailed activists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/24/jailed-iran-opposition-activists-rape |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205004632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/24/jailed-iran-opposition-activists-rape |archive-date=5 February 2019 |access-date=6 August 2013 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2009 |title=Protesters savagely raped in jail: Iran's Karroubi |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/08/10/81354.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103747/https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/08/10/81354.html |archive-date=16 June 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref>

Following the [[2009 Iranian presidential election|2009 presidential election]], Iranian presidential candidate [[Mehdi Karroubi]] said several protesters held behind bars in Evin Prison had been savagely raped, according to a confidential letter to former president and cleric [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Protest prison chief jailed in alleged rape, abuse scandal |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090809-iran-defeated-candidate-karoubi-says-detainees-were-raped-jail-opposition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429002416/http://www.france24.com/en/20090809-iran-defeated-candidate-karoubi-says-detainees-were-raped-jail-opposition |archive-date=29 April 2010}}</ref> Karroubi said this was a "fragment" of the evidence he had and that if the denials did not stop, he would release even more.<ref>{{cite web |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=24 August 2009 |title=Reformer in Iran Publishes Account of a Prison Rape |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/25/world/middleeast/25iran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307060102/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/25/world/middleeast/25iran.html |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2009 |title=Shame On Iran |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/opinion/28fri2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127075218/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/opinion/28fri2.html |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=New York Times}}</ref>

On 9 August 2009, in a letter to the Chairman of the [[Expediency Discernment Council]] of Iran, Mehdi Karroubi demanded investigation of Iranian prisons for possible torture and, in particular, sexual harassment of men and women.<ref>{{cite web |title=حزب اعتماد ملی | |url=http://www.etemademelli.ir/published/0/00/65/6571/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812230424/http://www.etemademelli.ir/published/0/00/65/6571/ |archive-date=12 August 2009 |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2009 |title=Iran and human rights: The crackdown |url=http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14222321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817213403/http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14222321 |archive-date=17 August 2009 |access-date=27 January 2018 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> On 19 August, he wrote to parliament speaker Ali Larijani, asking to meet with him, President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], judiciary chief [[Ayatollah]] Sadiq Larijani, former president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and the state prosecutor to "personally present my documents and evidence over the cases of sexual abuse in some prisons specially Kahrizak."<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2009 |title=Iran reformer says he wants to present rape evidence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/Iran/idUSDAH93169320090819 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308212425/https://www.reuters.com/article/Iran/idUSDAH93169320090819 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=19 August 2009 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[Ali Larijani]] and [[Sadiq Larijani]] (Judiciary committee) both officially rejected his claims and [[Ali Khamenei]]'s representatives, and Vice Chairman of National Security Commission of the parliament demanded Karroubi's arrest.<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ixeFBxfLzaSjs8Mb8cuFmtPOT6-wD9ALTVP00 dead link]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

===Israel===
{{Seealso|Sexual violence against Palestinians during the Israel-Hamas war}}

=== Turkey ===
{{See also|Human rights in Turkey}}

[[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] have both released reports of widespread rape and abuse of prisoners in [[Turkey]] spanning multiple decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/turkey/Turkey-04.htm#P176_36663|title=TECHNIQUES OF ABUSE|website=www.hrw.org/|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306204022/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/turkey/Turkey-04.htm#P176_36663|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hughes|first1=Chris|title=Thousands of Turkey coup prisoners 'raped, starved and hogtied'|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/thousands-turkey-coup-prisoners-raped-8485304|access-date=22 May 2018|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=24 July 2016|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214023213/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/thousands-turkey-coup-prisoners-raped-8485304|url-status=live}}</ref> Kurdish prisoners have also been specifically targeted for rape and other forms of sexual violence.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Duzgun|first1=Meral|title=Turkey: a history of sexual violence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jun/10/turkey-history-sexual-violence|access-date=22 May 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|date=10 June 2013|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331232532/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jun/10/turkey-history-sexual-violence|url-status=live}}</ref>

== China ==
{{See also|Persecution of Uyghurs in China}}In February 2021, [[BBC News]] reported eyewitness accounts of systematic rape of [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] women in the [[Xinjiang internment camps]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Hill|first=Matthew|date=2 February 2021|title='Their goal is to destroy everyone': Uighur camp detainees allege systematic rape|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-55794071|access-date=3 February 2021|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114041908/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-55794071|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Brunnstrom|first=David|date=4 February 2021|title=U.S. 'deeply disturbed' by reports of systematic rape of Muslims in China camps|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-usa-idUSKBN2A338W|url-status=live|access-date=4 February 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203230907/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-usa-idUSKBN2A338W}}</ref>

Multiple women who were formerly detained in the Xinjiang internment camps have publicly made accusations of systemic sexual abuse, including rape.<ref name=":0" /> Sayragul Sauytbay, a teacher who was forced to work in the camps, told the BBC that employees of the camp in which she was detained conducted rapes ''en masse'', saying that camp guards "picked the girls and young women they wanted and took them away".<ref name=":0" /> She also told the BBC of an organized gang rape, in which a woman around age 21 was forced to make a confession in front of a crowd of 100 other women detained in the camps, before being raped by multiple policemen in front of the assembled crowd.<ref name=":0" /> Tursunay Ziawudun, a woman who was detained in the camps for a period of nine months, told the BBC that women were removed from their cells "every night" to be raped by Chinese men, and that she was subjected to three separate instances of gang rape while detained.<ref name=":0" /> Qelbinur Sedik, an Uzbek woman from Xinjiang, has stated that Chinese police sexually abused detainees during electric shock tortures, saying that "there were four kinds of electric shock... the chair, the glove, the helmet, and anal rape with a stick".<ref name=":0" />
== England and Wales ==
There have been almost 1000 rapes in prisons in England and Wales since 2010.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/may/13/revealed-almost-1000-rapes-in-prisons-in-england-and-wales-since-2010 Revealed: almost 1,000 rapes in prisons in England and Wales since 2010]</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBT people in prison#Physical and sexual abuse|Sexual assault of LGBT people in prison]]
*[[Incarceration_of_women#Rape_and_sexual_assault_in_prison|Sexual assault of women in prison]]
*[[Teardrop tattoo]]
*[[T. J. Parsell]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box}}
*{{cite journal |ssrn=1966200 |title=Gender Violence in Prison & Hyper-Masculinities in the 'Hood: Cycles of Destructive Masculinity |journal=Journal of Law & Policy |year=2011 |volume=37 |page=89 |publisher=Texas Southern University}}
*Goodmark, Leigh and Flores, Juanita and Goldscheid, Julie and Ritchie, Andrea and SpearIt, Plenary 2 – Redefining Gender Violence—Transcripts from Converge! Reimagining the Movement to End Gender Violence (9 July 2015). University of Miami Race & Social Justice Law Review, Vol. 5, p. 289, 2015. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2628984

{{Rapefooter}}
{{Incarceration}}
{{Sexual abuse}}
{{abuse}}

[[Category:Prison rape| ]]
[[Category:Prison violence|rape]]
[[Category:Rape by type]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:Violence against men]]

Prison rape - Revision history

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