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Collaboration with the Fascist regime: ce

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{{Short description|Italian writer (1893–1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
[[File:18-Carat-Virgin-1933-Pitigrilli.jpg|thumb|Cover of the English edition of ''18 Carat Virgin'' by Pitigrilli in 1933. It was first published in Italy in 1924.]]
'''Pitigrilli''' was the [[pseudonym]] of '''Dino Segre''' (9 May 1893 – 8 May 1975), an Italian writer who made his living as a journalist and novelist.<ref>[http://www.pitigrilli.com/pitibio/bio.htm "Biography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901160519/http://www.pitigrilli.com/pitibio/bio.htm |date=2009-09-01 }}, Pitigrilli website {{in lang|it}})</ref> His most noted novel was ''Cocaina'' (1921), published under his pseudonym and placed on the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|list of prohibited books]] by the [[Catholic Church]] because of his treatment of drug use (''cocaina'' being [[cocaine]]) and sex. It has been translated into several languages and re-issued in several editions. Pitigrilli published novels up until 1974, the year before his death.

Pitigrilli founded the literary magazine ''Grandi Firme'', which was published in Turin from 1924 to 1938, when it was banned under the antisemitic [[Italian racial laws]] of the [[Fascist Italy|Fascist]] government. Although baptized a Catholic, Segre was classified as Jewish at that time. His father was Jewish, and Pitigrilli had married a Jewish woman, although they had long lived apart.<ref name="stille150"/> He had worked in the 1930s as an informant for the [[Italian fascist]] secret service [[OVRA]] but was dismissed in 1939 after being exposed in Paris.

Pitigrilli had travelled in Europe in the 1930s while maintaining his house in Turin. His efforts, beginning in 1938, to change his racial status were not successful, and he was interned as a Jew in 1940 after Italy's entrance into the war as an ally of Germany. He was released the same year and wrote anonymously in Rome to earn money. After [[Benito Mussolini]]'s government fell in 1943 and the Germans began to occupy Italy, Pitigrilli fled to [[Switzerland]], where his second wife (a Catholic) and their daughter joined him. They lived there until 1947, then moved to [[Argentina]]. Segre and his family returned to Europe in 1958 and settled in Paris, occasionally visiting Turin.<ref name="stille"/>

==Biography==
===Early life and family===
Dino Segre was born in [[Turin]]. His mother was Catholic and his father was Jewish; he was baptized a Catholic. He went to local schools and to the [[University of Turin, Faculty of Law]], where he graduated in 1916. After university, he spent time among literary and art circles in Paris.

Segre had a short-lived relationship with the poet [[Amalia Guglielminetti]]. In 1932 he married a Jewish woman after she became pregnant during their relationship. They married outside the Catholic Church. They had one son, Gianni Segre. By the late 1930s, they had long been separated and were living apart, but there was no divorce in Italy.<ref name="stille150"/>

It was Pitigrilli's marriage to a Jewish woman more than his own ancestry that initially made him the focus of the 1938 Racial Laws. By 1939 he was being referred to in OVRA files as a "Jewish writer."<ref>Stille (1991/2003), ''Benevolence and Betrayal'', p. 151</ref> Claiming to seek exemption from the Racial Laws for his son, in 1938 Pitigrilli sought a ruling on his marriage from the [[Holy See|Vatican]], which held it had never happened, as it took place outside the church. They ruled his first wife was effectively a concubine.

In July 1940 in Genoa, after he had already been interned as a Jew in Uscio, a small town nearby, Pitigrilli married the attorney Lina Furlan of Turin, who had handled his case with the Vatican. A Catholic, she was violating racial purity laws by marrying someone considered to be Jewish.<ref name="stille150"/> They had a son in mid-1943, Pier Maria Furlan, who was baptized a Catholic.<ref name="stille155">Stille (1991/2003), ''Benevolence and Betrayal'', p. 155</ref>

===Career===
As a young adult, Segre started working as a journalist and novelist in Turin, a centre of literary culture. His early experiences in Paris inspired his most famous novel, ''Cocaine'' (1921), published in Italian under his pseudonym of "Pitigrilli". Due to his portrayal of drug use and sex, the Catholic Church listed it as a "[[Index librorum prohibitorum|forbidden book]]."<ref name="vessel"/> It has been translated into numerous languages, reprinted in new editions, and become a classic.

''Cocaine'' established Pitigrilli as a literary figure in Italy. It was not translated into English until 1933; it was reissued in the 1970s, and a release by [[New Vessel Press]] is scheduled for September 2013. ''The New York Times'' wrote: “The name of the author Pitigrilli … is so well known in Italy as to be almost a byword for ‘naughtiness’ … The only wonder to us is that some enterprising translator did not render some of his books available in English sooner.”<ref name="vessel"/>

Alexander Stille, who documented Segre's later collaboration with the fascist government (see below), wrote:
{{bquote|Pitigrilli is a highly emblematic forgotten figure, a 'poète maudit' of Italy of the 1920s; his cynical comic satire describes the disillusioned world that followed [[World War I]] and proved fertile for the triumph of [[fascism]]."<ref name="vessel"/>}}

In 1924 Segre founded the literary magazine ''[[Grandi Firme]]'', which attracted a large readership of young literati. Rising young writers and illustrators had work featured in the magazine. Redesigned by [[César Civita]], the magazine operated until 1938, when the Fascist government of [[Benito Mussolini]] banned publications owned by Jews under the [[anti-Semitic]] [[Manifesto of Race|Race Laws]].

Pitigrilli was noted as an [[aphorist]]. Among his most well-known aphorisms are "Fragments: a providential resource for writers who don't know how to put together an entire book" and "Grammar: a complicated structure that teaches language but impedes speaking".

===Fascism and World War II===
From 1930 Segre started travelling around Europe, staying mainly in Paris with brief periods in Italy. In 1936 the fascist government prevented reprinting of his books, on moral grounds. Seeking to join the Fascist Party, he wrote directly to Mussolini in 1938.<ref name="stille150"/>

By that time, he was already working as an informant for [[Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism|OVRA]], the secret service of the Fascist government. He provided information about anti-fascist Jewish writers in his circle, as well as Jewish relatives. OVRA dismissed him in 1939, after he was exposed in Paris when a file including his name was found by French police in the flat of Vincenzo Bellavia, the OVRA director there.<ref name="stille150">Stille (1991/2003), ''Benevolence and Betrayal'', pp. 150-152</ref>

Despite his work for the government, Pitigrilli began to be persecuted as a Jew. His books were banned, as was his magazine, and he could not write for other magazines. In June 1940, Italy entered the war as an ally of Nazi Germany. Turin police included Pitigrilli on a list of "dangerous Jews" to be interned in the south of Italy in [[Apulia]]. He and his lawyer, with the help of the intervention of [[Edvige Mussolini]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pitigrilli, alias Dino Segre |url=http://www.italialibri.net/autori/segred.html |access-date=2022-01-31 |website=www.italialibri.net}}</ref> were able to have the place of internment changed to [[Uscio]], a small town near the Riviera that was two hours from Turin.<ref name="stille150"/>

Pitigrilli appealed directly to the government for release from internal exile and was freed by the end of the year. By 1941 he went to Rome, where he wrote movie dialogue anonymously to circumvent the racial law and make some kind of living. He offered his services again to OVRA, saying his status as a persecuted Jew would provide him cover. He was seeking to have Aryan status confirmed, as he had been baptized Catholic. He was never rehired, and never gained a change in his racial status.<ref name="stille155"/>

In July 1943 Mussolini's fascist regime fell. Six weeks later the Germans occupied Italy, and Pitigrilli fled to neutral Switzerland. His wife and daughter, who were recorded as Catholic, could travel openly and joined him there. They lived in Switzerland until 1947 and after the war's end.<ref name="stille155"/>

===Postwar years===
In 1948 Segre and his family moved to Argentina, then under the rule of [[Juan Perón]]. They remained there for ten years. He continued to write but had no novels published in Italy from 1938 to 1948.

In 1958, Pitigrilli moved with his family again, returning to Europe to live in Paris. He occasionally visited his house in [[Turin]], which he had managed to keep. He continued to write and publish novels as Pitigrilli until 1974. He died in Turin in 1975.

Following his death, his ''Dolicocefala Bionda'' and ''L'Esperimento di Pott,'' two early novels, were re-issued in one edition in 1976 with an introduction by the noted Italian author [[Umberto Eco]].<ref name="hathi"/> Eco wrote: “Pitigrilli was an enjoyable writer – spicy and rapid – like lightning”.<ref name="vessel"/>

===Collaboration with the Fascist regime===
In 1991 [[Alexander Stille]] published ''Benevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families under Fascism''. Stille documents how Pitigrilli acted as an informant for the [[Fascist]] secret police [[Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism|OVRA]] during the 1930s, until 1939.<ref name="stille">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1hW219ey4CwC&dq=benevolence+and+betrayal Alexander Stille. ''Benevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families under Fascism''], p. 356. Picador, 1991 (reissued by Macmillan, 2003)</ref> Stille noted that the Fascist secret police used intelligence from these conversations to arrest and prosecute anti-fascist Jewish friends and relatives of Pitigrilli.<ref name="stille150"/>

Stille used many documents and accounts by members of the clandestine anti-fascist movement [[Giustizia e Libertà]] (Justice and Freedom) operating in Turin. An Italian post-war government committee investigating collaborators and OVRA concluded about the writer: "…the last doubt (on Pitigrilli being OVRA informant number 373) could not stand after the unequivocal and categorical testimonies … about encounters and confidential conversations that took place exclusively with Pitigrilli".<ref name="stille"/>

== Works ==
* ''Mammiferi di Lusso'' (1920)
* ''Cocaina'' (1921)
* ''The Man Who Searched for Love'' (1929)
* ''L'esperimento di Pott'' (1929)
* ''Dolicocefala Bionda'' (1936)
* ''Le Amanti. La Decadenza del Paradosso'' (1938)
* ''La Piscina di Siloe'' (1948)
* ''La moglie di Putifarre'' (1953)
* ''Amore a Prezzo Fesso'' (short stories, 1963)<ref name="hathi">[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?field1=ocr;q1=Pitigrilli;a=srchls "Pitigrilli", search for works], Hathi Trust Digital Library, University of California, accessed 23 June 2013</ref>
* ''La Donna di 30, 40, 50, 60 Anni'' (1967)<ref name="hathi"/>
* ''L'Ombelico di Adamo. Peperoni dolci'' (1970)<ref name="hathi"/>
* ''Sette delitti'' (1971)<ref name="hathi"/>
* ''Nostra Signora di Miss Tif'' (1974)<ref name="hathi"/>

=== English translations ===
* ''The Man Who Searched for Love'', translated by Warre B. Wells. New York: R. M. McBride & Company, 1932.
* ''Cocaine'', New York: Greenberg, 1933. Reissued in 1974, AND/OR Press, San Francisco. Reissue in 2013 by [[New Vessel Press]], released on 15 September 2013.<ref name="vessel">[http://newvesselpress.com/books/cocaine/ ''Cocaine''], New Vessel Press</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3598833;view=1up;seq=7 Angiolo Paschetta, ''Il fenomeno Pitigrilli''] {{in lang|it}}, Torino: Casa Editrice Sfinge, 1922, text online at Hathi Trust Digital Library, University of California

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Turin]]
[[Category:Italian male writers]]
[[Category:University of Turin alumni]]
[[Category:Italian spies]]
[[Category:Jewish Italian writers]]

Pitigrilli - Revision history

imported>Davide King: /* Collaboration with the Fascist regime */ ce