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{{Short description|Prime Minister of France from 1899 to 1902}}
{{lead too short|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
| image = Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau by Nadar.jpg
| caption = Waldeck-Rousseau, photographed by [[Nadar (artist)|Nadar]]
| order = [[Prime Minister of France]]
| term_start = 22 June 1899
| term_end = 7 June 1902
| president = [[Émile Loubet]]
| predecessor = [[Charles Dupuy]]
| successor = [[Émile Combes]]
| birth_date = 2 December 1846
| birth_place = [[Nantes]], [[July Monarchy|France]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1904|8|10|1846|12|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Corbeil-Essonnes]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| party = [[Moderate Republicans (France, 1871-1901)|Moderate Republicans]] [[Democratic Republican Alliance]]
| spouse = Marie Durvis
}}

'''Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau''' ({{IPA|fr|pjɛʁ valdɛk ʁuso|lang}}; 2 December 1846{{snd}}10 August 1904) was a French [[Republicanism|Republican]] politician who served for three years as the [[Prime Minister of France]].

==Early life==

Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau was born in [[Nantes]], [[Brittany]]. His father, [[René Waldeck-Rousseau, père|René Waldeck-Rousseau]], a [[barrister]] at the Nantes bar and a leader of the local [[Republicanism|republican party]], figured in the [[French Revolution of 1848|revolution of 1848]] as one of the deputies elected to the [[Constituent Assembly]] for [[Loire Inférieure]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=253}}

The son was a delicate child whose eyesight made reading difficult, and his early education was therefore entirely oral. He studied law at Poitiers and in Paris, where he took his licentiate in January 1869. His father's record ensured his reception in high republican circles. [[Jules Grévy]] stood sponsor for him at the [[Paris]]ian [[bar association|bar]]. After six months of waiting for briefs in Paris, he decided to return home and to join the bar of [[St Nazaire]] early in 1870. In September he became, in spite of his youth, secretary to the municipal commission temporarily appointed to carry on the town business. He organized the [[National security|National Defence]] at St Nazaire, and himself marched out with his contingent, though they saw no active service owing to lack of ammunition, their private store having been commandeered by the state.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=253}}

== Under the Third Republic ==
In 1873, following the establishment of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] in 1871, he moved to the bar of [[Rennes]], and six years later was returned to the [[Chamber of Deputies of France|Chamber of Deputies]]. In his electoral program he had stated that he was prepared to respect all liberties except those of conspiracy against the institutions of the country and of educating the young in hatred of the modern social order. In the Chamber he joined the [[Republican Union (France)|Republican Union]] parliamentary group (''Union républicaine'') and supported the policy of [[Léon Gambetta]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=253}}

The Waldeck-[[Rousseau]] family was strictly Catholic in spite of its republican principles; nevertheless, Waldeck-Rousseau supported the [[Jules Ferry laws on public, laic and mandatory education]], enacted in 1881–1882. In 1881 he became [[Minister of the Interior (France)|minister of the interior]] in Gambetta's grand ministry. He further voted for the abrogation of the law of 1814 forbidding work on Sundays and fast days, for one year of compulsory military service for seminarists and for the re-establishment of divorce. He made his reputation in the Chamber by a report which he drew up in 1880 on behalf of the committee appointed to inquire into the [[French judicial system]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=253}}

===Capital/labour relations===
His main preoccupation was with the relations between capital and labour, and had a large share in securing the [[recognition of trade unions]] in [[Waldeck Rousseau law (1884)|1884]]. He again became minister of the interior in the [[Jules Ferry]] cabinet of 1883–1885, when he showed considerable administrative ability. He sought to put down the system by which civil posts were obtained through the local deputy, and he made it clear that the central authority could not be defied by local officials.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=253}} Waldeck-Rousseau also introduced the bill which became the 27 May 1885 act establishing [[penal colony|penal colonies]], dubbed "Law on relegation of [[recidivism|recidivist]]s", along with [[Martin Feuillée]]. The law was supported by Gambetta and his friend, the criminologist [[Alexandre Lacassagne]].<ref name=Renneville>Marc Renneville, [http://www.criminocorpus.cnrs.fr/article143.html La criminologie perdue d’Alexandre Lacassagne (1843–1924)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426214911/http://www.criminocorpus.cnrs.fr/article143.html |date=26 April 2010 }}, ''Criminocorpus'', Centre [[Alexandre Koyré]]-CRHST, UMR n°8560 of the [[CNRS]], 2005 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===Law practice===
Waldeck-Rousseau had begun to practise at the Paris bar in 1886, and in 1889 he did not seek re-election to the Chamber, but devoted himself to his legal work. The most famous of the many noteworthy cases in which his cold and penetrating intellect and his power of clear exposition were retained was the defense of [[Gustave Eiffel]] in the [[Panama scandals]] of 1893.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=253}}

===Return to political life===
In 1894 he returned to political life as senator for the department of the [[Loire (department)|Loire]], and next year stood for the [[President of France|presidency]] of the republic against [[Félix Faure]] and [[Henri Brisson]], being supported by the Conservatives, who were soon to be his bitter enemies. He received 184 votes, but retired before the second ballot to allow Faure to receive an absolute majority. During the political crisis of the next few years he was recognized by the [[Opportunist Republicans]] as the successor of Jules Ferry and Gambetta, and at the crisis of 1899 on the fall of the [[Charles Dupuy]] cabinet he was asked by President [[Émile Loubet]] to form a government.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=253}}

===Coalition cabinet===
After an initial failure he succeeded in forming a coalition cabinet of "Republican Defense", supported by the [[Radical Party (France)|Radical-Socialist]]s and the [[History of the Left in France|Socialist]]s, which included such widely different politicians as the Socialist [[Alexandre Millerand]] and the [[Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet|General de Galliffet]], dubbed the "repressor of the [[Paris Commune|Commune]]". He himself returned to his former post at the ministry of the interior, and set to work to quell the discontent with which the country was seething, to put an end to the various agitations which under specious pretences were directed against republican institutions ([[far-right leagues]], [[Boulangist crisis]], etc.), and to restore independence to the judicial authority. His appeal to all republicans to sink their differences before the common peril met with some degree of success, and enabled the government to allow the second court-martial of [[Alfred Dreyfus]] at Rennes a completely free hand, and then to find a compromise by negotiating a presidential pardon for Dreyfus. Waldeck-Rousseau achieved a considerable personal success in October by his successful intervention in the strikes at [[Le Creusot]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=253}}

With the condemnation in January 1900 of [[Paul Deroulède]] and his nationalist followers by the High Court the worst of the danger was past, and Waldeck-Rousseau kept order in Paris without having recourse to irritating displays of force. The Senate was staunch in support of Waldeck-Rousseau, and in the Chamber he displayed remarkable astuteness in winning support from various groups. The Amnesty Bill, passed on 19 December, chiefly through his unwearied advocacy, went far to smooth down the acerbity of the preceding years. With the object of aiding the industry of wine-producing, and of discouraging the consumption of spirits and other deleterious liquors, the government passed a bill suppressing the [[octroi]] duties on the three "hygienic" drinks—[[wine]], [[cider]] and [[beer]]. The act came into force at the beginning of 1901.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=253–254}} A year earlier, in 1900, seats had been mandated for female clerks.<ref name="Stewart1989">{{cite book|author=Mary Lynn Stewart|title=Women, Work, and the French State: Labour Protection and Social Patriarchy, 1879–1919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dodJ67bc-qkC&pg=PA59|date=1 July 1989|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-6205-9|pages=59–}}</ref>

===Associations Bill of 1901===
The most important measure of Waldeck-Rousseau's later administration was the [[Nonprofit organization laws by jurisdiction#France|Associations]] Bill of 1901. With his [[anti-clerical]] sentiment, he was convinced that the stability of the republic demanded restraining religious associations. All previous attempts in this direction had failed. In his speech in the Chamber, Waldeck-Rousseau recalled the fact that he had tried to pass an Associations Bill in 1882 and again in 1883. He declared that religious associations were now being subjected for the first time to the regulations common to all others and that the object of the bill was to ensure the supremacy of the civil power. Royalist sympathies given to the pupils in the religious seminaries was a principal cause of the passing of this bill,{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} and the government took strong measures to secure the presence of officers of undoubted fidelity to the republic in the higher positions on the staff. His speeches on the religious question were published in 1901 under the title of ''Associations et congregations'', following a volume of speeches on ''Questions sociales'' (1900).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=254}}

All Conservative parties opposed Waldeck-Rousseau's policies, especially the mass closure of church schools, as a persecution of religion. He led the anti-clerical coalition on the left, facing opposition primarily organized by the pro-Catholic [[Popular Liberal Action|Action libérale populaire, (ALP)]]. The ALP had a stronger popular base, with better financing and a stronger network of newspapers, but had far fewer seats in parliament.<ref>Benjamin F. Martin, "The Creation of the Action Libérale Populaire: an Example of Party Formation in Third Republic France." ''French Historical Studies'' 9.4 (1976): 660–689. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/286210 online]</ref>

As the [[1902 French legislative election|general election of 1902]] approached, all sections of the Opposition united their efforts under the ''[[Bloc des gauches]]'', and the name of Waldeck-Rousseau served as a battle-cry for one side, and on the other as a target for abuse. The result was a decisive victory for the left and Waldeck-Rousseau considered his task ended. Therefore, on 3 June 1902 he resigned office, having proved himself the "strongest personality in French politics since the death of Gambetta."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=253}}

He emerged from his retirement to protest in the Senate against the construction put on his Associations Bill by [[Émile Combes]], who refused ''en masse'' the applications of the teaching and preaching congregations for official recognition.{{clarifyme|date=August 2020}}<ref>Robert L. Fuller, ''The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886–1914 (2011)'' p. 202.</ref>

==Death==
In January 1904, Waldeck-Rousseau announced that he was suffering from "calculus of the liver".<ref name=JanLiver>''M. Waldeck-Rousseau's Illness.'', in ''[[The New York Times]]''; January 11, 1904; page 2</ref> In May, he underwent surgery,<ref name=MayWorse>"M. WALDECK-ROUSSEAU WORSE", in ''[[The New York Times]]''; May 5, 1904, p. 2</ref> — and, as was later revealed, attempted suicide.<ref name=JulSuic>"EX-PREMIER TRIED SUICIDE?", in ''[[The New York Times]]''; July 1, 1904, p. 2</ref> He died on August 11, 1904, after further surgery.<ref name=AugDeath>"M. WALDECK-ROUSSEAU DIES AFTER OPERATION", in ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 11, 1904, p. 7</ref>

== Publication of speeches ==

His speeches were published as ''Discours parlementaires'' (1889); ''Pour la République, 1883–1903'' (1904), edited by H Leyret; ''L'État et la liberté'' (1906); and his ''Plaidoyers'' (1906) were edited by H Barboux. See also H Leyret, ''Waldeck-Rousseau et la Troisième République'' (1908).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=254}}

==Honours==

*{{flag|Norway}}: [[Order of St. Olav]] (grade unknown) – ''July 1902'' – during a lunch with King [[Oscar II of Sweden and Norway]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court News |date=19 July 1902 |page=12 |issue=36824| }}</ref>

==Waldeck-Rousseau's ministry, 22 June 1899{{snd}}7 June 1902==
*Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau – [[President of the Council of Ministers|President of the Council]] and [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Minister of the Interior]] and [[Minister of Worship (France)|Worship]]
*[[Théophile Delcassé]] – [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
*[[Gaston, marquis de Gallifet|Marquis de Gallifet]] – [[Minister of Defence (France)|Minister of War]]
*[[Joseph Caillaux]] – [[Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industry (France)|Minister of Finance]]
*[[Ernest Monis]] – [[Minister of Justice (France)|Minister of Justice]]
*[[Jean-Marie de Lanessan]] – [[List of Naval Ministers of France|Minister of the Navy]]
*[[Georges Leygues]] – [[Minister of National Education (France)|Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts]]
*[[Jean Dupuy (politician)|Jean Dupuy]] – [[Minister of Agriculture (France)|Minister of Agriculture]]
*[[Albert Decrais]] – [[Minister of Overseas France|Minister of Colonies]]
*[[Pierre Baudin]] – [[Minister of Transport (France)|Minister of Transport]]
*[[Alexandre Millerand]] – [[Minister of Commerce and Industry (France)|Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs]]

'''Changes'''
*20 May 1900 – [[Louis André]] succeeds Gallifet as [[Minister of Defence (France)|Minister of War]].

== See also ==
*[[History of the Left in France]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
'''Attribution:'''
*{{EB1911|wstitle = Waldeck-Rousseau, Pierre Marie René Ernest|volume=28|pages=253–254}}

==Further reading==
* McManners, John. ''Church and State in France, 1870–1914'' (Harper & Row, 1972) pp. 125–55.
* Mayeur, Jean-Marie, and Madeleine Rebirioux. ''The Third Republic from its origins to the Great War, 1871–1914'' (Cambridge UP, 1987). ''passim''
* Partin, Malcolm O. ''Waldeck-Rousseau, Combes, and the Church: The politics of anticlericalism, 1899–1905'' (Duke UP, 1969).

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{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Dupuy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Prime Ministers of France|Prime Minister of France]]|years=1899–1902}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Émile Combes]]}}
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{{Heads of government of France}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Waldeck-Rousseau, Rene}}
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nantes]]
[[Category:Republican Union (France) politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Republican Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of France]]
[[Category:French interior ministers]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic]]
[[Category:Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic]]
[[Category:Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic]]
[[Category:French senators of the Third Republic]]
[[Category:Senators of Loire (department)]]
[[Category:Burials at Montmartre Cemetery]]

Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau - Revision history

imported>Progüvo06 at 18:11, 21 March 2025