Piegan Blackfeet - Revision history

imported>Bruce1ee: fixed lint errors – missing end tag

2025-12-21T13:52:14Z

fixed lint errors – missing end tag

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:52, 21 December 2025
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	Linguistic studies of the Blackfoot language in comparison to others in the [[Algonquian languages\|Algonquian]]-language family indicate that the Blackfoot had long lived in an area west of the [[Great Lakes]].{{Citation needed\|date=December 2009}} Like others in this language family, the Blackfoot language is [[agglutinative]].		Linguistic studies of the Blackfoot language in comparison to others in the [[Algonquian languages\|Algonquian]]-language family indicate that the Blackfoot had long lived in an area west of the [[Great Lakes]].{{Citation needed\|date=December 2009}} Like others in this language family, the Blackfoot language is [[agglutinative]].

	The people practiced some agriculture and were partly nomadic. They moved westward after they adopted use of horses and guns, which gave them a larger range for bison hunting. They became part of the [[Plains Indians]] cultures in the early 19th century. According to tribal oral histories, humans lived near the [[Rocky Mountain Front]] for thousands of years before European contact.<ref>{{cite journal\|journal=American Anthropologist \|date=April 1892 \|pages= 153–164 \| doi = 10.1525/aa.1892.5.2.02a00050 \|volume=A5 \|doi-access=free \|title=Early Blackfoot History \|last1=Crinnell \|first1=George Bird \|issue=2 }}</ref><ref>Grinnell, George Bird [[George Bird Grinnell]] Blackfoot Lodge Tales [https://archive.org/details/blackfootlodgeta11547gut "''Blackfoot Lodge Tales"], (BiblioBazaar, 2006) {{ISBN\|978-1-4264-4744-0}}</ref> The Blackfoot creation story is set near [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)\|Glacier National Park]] in an area now known as the [[Badger-Two Medicine]].		The people practiced some agriculture and were partly nomadic. They moved westward after they adopted use of horses and guns, which gave them a larger range for bison hunting. They became part of the [[Plains Indians]] cultures in the early 19th century. According to tribal oral histories, humans lived near the [[Rocky Mountain Front]] for thousands of years before European contact.<ref>{{cite journal\|journal=American Anthropologist \|date=April 1892 \|pages= 153–164 \| doi = 10.1525/aa.1892.5.2.02a00050 \|volume=A5 \|doi-access=free \|title=Early Blackfoot History \|last1=Crinnell \|first1=George Bird \|issue=2 }}</ref><ref>Grinnell, George Bird [[George Bird Grinnell]] Blackfoot Lodge Tales [https://archive.org/details/blackfootlodgeta11547gut "''Blackfoot Lodge Tales''"], (BiblioBazaar, 2006) {{ISBN\|978-1-4264-4744-0}}</ref> The Blackfoot creation story is set near [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)\|Glacier National Park]] in an area now known as the [[Badger-Two Medicine]].

	The introduction of the horse is placed at about 1730, when raids by the [[Shoshone]] prompted the Piegan to obtain horses from the [[Ktunaxa\|Kutenai]] and other [[Interior Salish peoples]], as well as the [[Nez Perce people\|Nez Perce]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.bigorrin.org/archmn-blackfoot.htm\|title = Article Archives: Blackfoot}}</ref> Early accounts of contact with European-descended people date to the late eighteenth century. The fur trader James Gaddy and the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] explorer [[David Thompson (explorer)\|David Thompson]], the first Whites recorded as seeing [[Bow River]], camped with a group of Piegan during the 1787–1788 winter.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Armstrong\|first1=Christopher\|last2=Evenden \|first2=Matthew\|last3=Nelles \|first3=H. V.\|title=The River Returns: An Environmental History of the Bow\|year=2009\|publisher=McGill UP\|location=Montreal\|page=3}}</ref>		The introduction of the horse is placed at about 1730, when raids by the [[Shoshone]] prompted the Piegan to obtain horses from the [[Ktunaxa\|Kutenai]] and other [[Interior Salish peoples]], as well as the [[Nez Perce people\|Nez Perce]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.bigorrin.org/archmn-blackfoot.htm\|title = Article Archives: Blackfoot}}</ref> Early accounts of contact with European-descended people date to the late eighteenth century. The fur trader James Gaddy and the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] explorer [[David Thompson (explorer)\|David Thompson]], the first Whites recorded as seeing [[Bow River]], camped with a group of Piegan during the 1787–1788 winter.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Armstrong\|first1=Christopher\|last2=Evenden \|first2=Matthew\|last3=Nelles \|first3=H. V.\|title=The River Returns: An Environmental History of the Bow\|year=2009\|publisher=McGill UP\|location=Montreal\|page=3}}</ref>

imported>Yuchitown: dab link, c/e (Kutenai are an Interior Salish people)

2025-10-20T16:12:57Z

dab link, c/e (Kutenai are an Interior Salish people)

Show changes

imported>ᖻᒪᓱ ᒋᔈᒪ: Added IPA Transliteration

2025-06-18T23:13:03Z

Added IPA Transliteration

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:13, 18 June 2025
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	{{Infobox ethnic group		{{Infobox ethnic group
	\|group=Piegan Blackfeet		\|group=Piegan Blackfeet
	\|native_name=~~ᑯᖱᖿᖹ~~ / Piikáni		\|native_name=ᑯᖿᖹ / Piikáni
	\|population= 2010 census: total of 105,304 (alone and in combination)<ref name="2010 census">{{cite web\|title=2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010\|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf\|website=census.gov\|access-date= \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209093630/https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf \|archive-date=2014-12-09}}</ref>		\|population= 2010 census: total of 105,304 (alone and in combination)<ref name="2010 census">{{cite web\|title=2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010\|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf\|website=census.gov\|access-date= \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209093630/https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf \|archive-date=2014-12-09}}</ref>
	\|popplace= United States ([[Montana]])		\|popplace= United States ([[Montana]])
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	}}		}}
	[[Image:Three chiefs Piegan p.39 horizontal.png\|thumb\|right\|400px\|The three chiefs Piegan, by [[Edward S. Curtis]]]]		[[Image:Three chiefs Piegan p.39 horizontal.png\|thumb\|right\|400px\|The three chiefs Piegan, by [[Edward S. Curtis]]]]
	The '''Piegan''' ([[Blackfeet language\|Blackfeet]]: {{lang\|bla\|~~ᑯᖱᖿᖹ~~}} ''Piikáni'') are an [[Algonquian languages\|Algonquian-speaking]] people from the [[Plains Indians\|North American Great Plains]]. They are the largest of three Blackfeet-speaking groups that make up the [[Blackfeet Confederacy]]; the [[Siksika Nation\|Siksika]] and [[Kainai Nation\|Kainai]] are the others. The Piegan dominated much of the northern [[Great Plains]] during the nineteenth century.		The '''Piegan''' ([[Blackfeet language\|Blackfeet]]: {{lang\|bla\|ᑯᖿᖹ}} / ''Piikáni'', {{IPA\|bla\|piːkʌ́ni}}) are an [[Algonquian languages\|Algonquian-speaking]] people from the [[Plains Indians\|North American Great Plains]]. They are the largest of three Blackfeet-speaking groups that make up the [[Blackfeet Confederacy]]; the [[Siksika Nation\|Siksika]] and [[Kainai Nation\|Kainai]] are the others. The Piegan dominated much of the northern [[Great Plains]] during the nineteenth century.

	After their homelands were divided by the nations of Canada and the United States of America making boundaries between them, the Piegan people were forced to sign treaties with one of those two countries, settle in reservations on one side or the other of the border, and be enrolled in one of two government-like bodies sanctioned by North American nation-states. These two successor groups are the [[Blackfeet Nation]], a [[List of federally recognized tribes\|federally recognized tribe]] in northwestern [[Montana]], U.S., and the [[Piikani Nation]], a recognized "[[Band government\|band]]" in [[Alberta]], Canada.		After their homelands were divided by the nations of Canada and the United States of America making boundaries between them, the Piegan people were forced to sign treaties with one of those two countries, settle in reservations on one side or the other of the border, and be enrolled in one of two government-like bodies sanctioned by North American nation-states. These two successor groups are the [[Blackfeet Nation]], a [[List of federally recognized tribes\|federally recognized tribe]] in northwestern [[Montana]], U.S., and the [[Piikani Nation]], a recognized "[[Band government\|band]]" in [[Alberta]], Canada.

67.218.249.215: Blackfeet (disambiguation) doesn't exist

2025-03-23T16:23:33Z

Blackfeet (disambiguation) doesn't exist

New page

{{Short description|Native American tribe}}
{{Hatnote|This page is about the Piegan. For other Blackfoot/Blackfeet tribes, see [[Blackfoot (disambiguation)]]. For the former Franco-Algerian population, see [[Pied-Noir]].}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Piegan Blackfeet
|native_name=ᑯᖱᖿᖹ / Piikáni
|population= 2010 census: total of 105,304 (alone and in combination)<ref name="2010 census">{{cite web|title=2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf|website=census.gov|access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209093630/https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf |archive-date=2014-12-09}}</ref>
|popplace= United States ([[Montana]])
|rels=Christianity, [[Blackfeet mythology|Traditional beliefs]]
|langs=English, [[Blackfeet language|Blackfoot]]
|related=other [[Blackfeet Confederacy|Blackfeet]] peoples ([[Kainai Nation|Kainai]] and [[Siksika Nation]]s), and [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] peoples
}}
[[Image:Three chiefs Piegan p.39 horizontal.png|thumb|right|400px|The three chiefs Piegan, by [[Edward S. Curtis]]]]
The '''Piegan''' ([[Blackfeet language|Blackfeet]]: {{lang|bla|ᑯᖱᖿᖹ}} ''Piikáni'') are an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian-speaking]] people from the [[Plains Indians|North American Great Plains]]. They are the largest of three Blackfeet-speaking groups that make up the [[Blackfeet Confederacy]]; the [[Siksika Nation|Siksika]] and [[Kainai Nation|Kainai]] are the others. The Piegan dominated much of the northern [[Great Plains]] during the nineteenth century.

After their homelands were divided by the nations of Canada and the United States of America making boundaries between them, the Piegan people were forced to sign treaties with one of those two countries, settle in reservations on one side or the other of the border, and be enrolled in one of two government-like bodies sanctioned by North American nation-states. These two successor groups are the [[Blackfeet Nation]], a [[List of federally recognized tribes|federally recognized tribe]] in northwestern [[Montana]], U.S., and the [[Piikani Nation]], a recognized "[[Band government|band]]" in [[Alberta]], Canada.

Today many Piegan live with the Blackfeet Nation with tribal headquarters in [[Browning, Montana]]. There were 32,234 Blackfeet recorded in the [[1990 United States census]].<ref name=cumbria>[http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/nam/blackf.html "Blackfeet Religion: Doctrines"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522022659/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/nam/blackf.html |date=May 22, 2009 }}, ''University of Cumbria: Overview of World Religions.'' (retrieved June 6, 2009)</ref> In 2010 the US Census reported 105,304 persons who identified as Blackfeet ("alone" or "in combination" with one or more races and/or tribes.)<ref name="2010 census"/>

== Terminology ==
The ''Piegan'' (also known as the Pikuni, Piikuni, Pikani, and Piikáni) are one of the three original tribes of the [[Blackfeet Confederacy]] (a "tribe" here refers to an ethnic or cultural group with a shared name and identity). The Piegan are closely related to the [[Kainai Nation]] (also known as the "Blood Tribe"), and the [[Siksika Nation]] (also called the "Blackfeet Nation"); together they are sometimes collectively referred to as "the Blackfoot" or "the [[Blackfoot Confederacy]]". Ethnographic literature most commonly uses "Blackfeet people", and Canadian Blackfeet people use the singular Blackfeet.

The tribal governments and the US government use the term "Blackfeet", as in [[Blackfeet Nation]], as used on their official tribe website. The term {{lang|bla|ᓱᖽᐧᖿ}} ''Siksika'', derived from {{lang|bla|ᓱᖽᐧᖿᖱᖾᖳᐡ}} ''Siksikáíkoan'' (a Blackfeet person), may also be used as self-identification. In English, an individual may say, "I am Blackfeet" or "I am a member of the Blackfeet tribe."<ref name="Nettl, 1989">{{cite book|last=Nettl|first=Bruno|author-link=Bruno Nettl|title=Blackfeet musical thought: comparative perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/blackfootmusical0000nett|url-access=registration|year=1989|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=978-0-87338-370-7}}</ref>

Traditionally, Plains peoples were divided into "bands": groups of families who migrated together for hunting and defence. The bands of the Piegan, as given by Grinnell, are: Ahahpitape, Ahkaiyikokakiniks, Kiyis, Sikutsipmaiks, Sikopoksimaiks, Tsiniksistsoyiks, Kutaiimiks, Ipoksimaiks, Silkokitsimiks, Nitawyiks, Apikaiviks, Miahwahpitsiks, Nitakoskitsipupiks, Nitikskiks, Inuksiks, Miawkinaiyiks, Esksinaitupiks, Inuksikahkopwaiks, Kahmitaiks, Kutaisotsiman, Nitotsiksisstaniks, Motwainaiks, Mokumiks, and Motahtosiks. Hayden gives also Susksoyiks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Swanton|first=John R.|author-link=John R. Swanton|title=The Indian Tribes of North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xpx6WoPz7xIC&pg=PA396|year=1952|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com|isbn=978-0-8063-1730-4|page=396}}</ref>

==Relations and history==
===Before 1870s===
[[File:Chief Old Person at USDA 150th Anniversary celebration.jpg|alt= Chief Old Person|thumb|Chief Earl Old Person, chief of the Blackfeet Tribe in Montana]]
[[File:Jackie larson bread blackfeet.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Jackie Larson Bread]] (enrolled Blackfeet Tribe of Montana) with her award-winning beadwork]]In 2014, researchers reported on their sequencing of the DNA of a 12,500+-year-old infant skeleton in west-central Montana,<ref>{{cite journal|title=The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana |vauthors=Rasmussen M, Anzick SL, etal |journal=Nature |volume=506 |pages=225–229 |year=2014 |doi=10.1038/nature13025 |pmid=24522598 |issue=7487|pmc=4878442 |bibcode=2014Natur.506..225R }}</ref> found in close association with several [[Clovis culture]] artifacts. It showed strong affinities with all existing Native American populations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ancient American's genome mapped |work=BBC News |date=February 14, 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-26172174}}</ref>

There is preliminary evidence of human habitation in [[First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park|north central Montana]] that may date as far back as 5000 years.<ref name="Gems">[http://www.greatfallstribune.com/article/20110327/NEWS01/103270339/Buffalo-Jump-expansion-unearths-gems "Buffalo Jump Expansion Unearths Gems"], ''Great Falls Tribune.'' March 27, 2011, Accessed May 12, 2011.</ref> There was evidence that the people had made substantial use of [[buffalo jump]]s from as early as AD 300.<ref name="Manage2">[http://fwpiis.mt.gov/content/getItem.aspx?id=32575 ''Ulm Pishkun State Park Management Plan: Final.'' Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. December 2005, p. 2.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807181704/http://fwpiis.mt.gov/content/getItem.aspx?id=32575 |date=August 7, 2011 }}</ref>

The Piegan people may be more recent arrivals in the area, as there is strong evidence that, beginning about 1730, their Algonquian-speaking ancestors migrated southwest from what today is [[Saskatchewan]].<ref name="OPI">{{cite web|url=http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/IndianEd/Resources/MTIndiansHistorylocation.pdf|title=Montana Indians" Their History and Location|publisher=Montana Office of Public Instruction|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429214117/http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/indianed/resources/MTIndiansHistoryLocation.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-29}}</ref> Before that, they may have lived further east, as many Algonquian-speaking peoples have historically lived along the Atlantic Coast, and others around the [[Great Lakes]].

Linguistic studies of the Blackfoot language in comparison to others in the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]-language family indicate that the Blackfoot had long lived in an area west of the [[Great Lakes]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Like others in this language family, the Blackfoot language is [[agglutinative]].

The people practiced some agriculture and were partly nomadic. They moved westward after they adopted use of horses and guns, which gave them a larger range for bison hunting. They became part of the [[Plains Indians]] cultures in the early 19th century. According to tribal oral histories, humans lived near the [[Rocky Mountain Front]] for thousands of years before European contact.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=American Anthropologist |date=April 1892 |pages= 153–164 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1892.5.2.02a00050 |volume=A5 |doi-access=free |title=Early Blackfoot History |last1=Crinnell |first1=George Bird |issue=2 }}</ref><ref>Grinnell, George Bird [[George Bird Grinnell]] Blackfoot Lodge Tales [https://archive.org/details/blackfootlodgeta11547gut "''Blackfoot Lodge Tales"], (BiblioBazaar, 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-4264-4744-0}}</ref> The Blackfoot creation story is set near [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] in an area now known as the [[Badger-Two Medicine]].

The introduction of the horse is placed at about 1730, when raids by the [[Shoshoni]] prompted the Piegan to obtain horses from the [[Ktunaxa|Kutenai]], [[Salish peoples|Salish]] and [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bigorrin.org/archmn-blackfoot.htm|title = Article Archives: Blackfoot}}</ref> Early accounts of contact with European-descended people date to the late eighteenth century. The fur trader James Gaddy and the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] explorer [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]], the first Whites recorded as seeing [[Bow River]], camped with a group of Piegan during the 1787–1788 winter.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Armstrong|first1=Christopher|last2=Evenden |first2=Matthew|last3=Nelles |first3=H. V.|title=The River Returns: An Environmental History of the Bow|year=2009|publisher=McGill UP|location=Montreal|page=3}}</ref>

In 1858 the Piegan in the United States were estimated to number 3,700. Three years later, Hayden estimated the population at 2,520. The population was at times dramatically lower when the Blackfeet people suffered declines due to [[infectious disease]] epidemics. They had no natural immunity to Eurasian diseases, and the 1837 [[smallpox]] epidemic on the Plains killed 6,000 Blackfeet, as well as thousands more in other tribes. The Blackfeet also suffered from [[starvation]] because of disruption of food supplies and war. When the last buffalo hunt failed in 1882, that year became known as the starvation year. In 1900, there were an estimated 20,000 Blackfoot. In 1906 there were 2,072 under the Blackfeet Agency in Montana, and 493 under the Piegan band in Alberta, Canada. In the early 21st century, there are more than 35,000. In the US 2010 census, 105,304 people identified as Piegan Blackfeet, 27,279 of them full-blooded, the remainder self-identified as being of more than one race or, in some cases, with ancestry from more than one tribe, but they primarily identified as Blackfeet.<ref name="2010 census" />

The Blackfeet had controlled large portions of Alberta and Montana. Today the Blackfeet Reservation in Montana is the size of [[Delaware]], and the three Blackfoot [[Indian reserve|reserves]] in Alberta have a much smaller area.<ref name="Nettl, 1989"/>

The Blackfeet hold belief "in a sacred force that permeates all things, represented symbolically by the sun whose light sustains all things".<ref name=cumbria/>

The Blackfeet have "manly-hearted women".<ref>Lewis, 1941</ref> These were recorded as acting in many of the social roles of men. This includes a willingness to sing alone, usually considered "immodest", and using a men's singing style.<ref>Nettl, 1989, p.84, 125</ref>

==After 1870s==
{{further-text|[[Blackfeet Nation]] in the U.S., and [[Piikani Nation]] in Canada}}

==Piegan==
*[[Earl Old Person]] (1929–2021 ), former Chief of the Blackfeet Tribe; added to the Montana Indian Hall of Fame in 2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cutbankpioneerpress.com/glacier_reporter/news/article_48f1db38-fbfa-50d4-b9d7-b62d8ede9035.html|title=Earl Old Person inducted into Montana Indian Hall of Fame|website=Golden Triangle News|access-date=2016-04-29}}</ref>
*[[Helen P. Clarke|Helen Piotopowaka Clarke]] (1846–1923), actress, educator, and bureaucrat ; was one of the first women elected to public office in Montana
*[[James Welch (writer)|James Welch]] (1940–2003), author and poet. While most of his published works were novels, he also wrote the non-fiction historical account, ''Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians''. He was one of the participants in the [[PBS]] ''American Experience'' documentary, ''Last Stand at Little Bighorn''. His award-winning novel ''[[Fools Crow]]'' is based on the Blackfeet tribe and its culture.
*[[John Two Guns White Calf]] (1872–1934) was a chief who became famous while promoting the [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] for the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]].<ref name=Graybill>{{citation |title=The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West |author=Andrew R. Graybill |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2013 |isbn=9780871404459}}</ref>
*[[Stephen Graham Jones]] (1972- ), author, won a [[National Endowment for the Arts]] Fellowship and the Independent Publisher Book Award for Multicultural Fiction, and other awards. At public readings he has said that his short story "Bestiary" is not fiction.<ref>[https://horrornovelreviews.com/2013/09/24/interview-john-wisniewski-and-author-stephen-graham-jones-talk-terror-and-cinematic-influence/ Stephen Graham Jones, "Bestiary"]</ref>

===Books about the Blackfeet===
* [[George Bird Grinnell]] (1849–1938), European-American author and [[ethnologist]]; wrote accounts of the [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfeet Nation]] during his travels and research as a [[conservation movement|conservationist]]; editor of ''[[Forest and Stream]]''<ref>[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/fghij/grinnell_george_bird.html "George Bird Grinnell"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427164523/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/fghij/grinnell_george_bird.html |date=April 27, 2009 }}, Minnesota State University, Mankato, (retrieved June 6, 2009)</ref>
* [[James Willard Schultz]], or ''Apikuni'' (1859–1947), author, explorer, [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] guide, fur trader and historian of the [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfeet Indians]]. He wrote and published 37 fiction and non-fiction books dealing with the Blackfeet, [[Kutenai Indians|Kootenai]], and [[Flathead Indians]]. His works received critical literary acclaim.<ref name=Hanna>{{cite book |last=Hanna |first=Warren L. |title=Stars over Montana-Men Who Made Glacier National Park History |publisher=Glacier Natural History Association |location=West Glacier, MT |year=1988 |isbn=9780091679064 |chapter=James Willard Schultz-The Pikuni Storyteller|pages=95–111}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Marias massacre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[[Hugh Dempsey|Dempsey, Hugh A.]] and Lindsay Moir. ''Bibliography of the Blackfoot'', (''Native American Bibliography Series'', No. 13) Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1989, {{ISBN|0-8108-2211-3}}
*[[John C. Ewers|Ewers, John C.]] ''The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains'', Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958 (and later reprints). {{ISBN|0-8061-0405-8}}
*Johnson, Bryan R. ''The Blackfeet: An Annotated Bibliography'', New York: Garland Publishing, 1988. {{ISBN|0-8240-0941-X}}

==External links==
*[http://www.blackfeetnation.com/ Official Site of the Blackfoot Nation]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040404092448/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Blackfoot-english/ Blackfoot – English Dictionary]
*[http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot_culture.htm Blackfoot Culture and History Links]
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/blackfeet/blackfeetindiantribe.htm Blackfeet Indian History]
*[http://www.gonorthwest.com/Montana/northwest/Blackfeet_Reservation.htm Blackfeet Indian Reservation]
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13833 Blackfeet Indian Stories by George Bird Grinnell]
*[http://thorpe.ou.edu/constitution/blackfeet/bfcontTOC.html Constitution and By-Laws For the Blackfeet Tribe Of The Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110509175441/http://www.uleth.ca/lib/digitized_Collections/magee.asp Magee Photograph Collection] – nearly 1,000 digitized photographic negatives depicting life on the Blackfeet Nation.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110621010914/http://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.org/ Blackfoot Digital Library]

{{Blackfoot}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Native American tribes in Montana]]
[[Category:Piegan Blackfeet| ]]
[[Category:Plains tribes]]
[[Category:Federally recognized tribes in the United States]]