89.12.97.11: The Third Way was a historical ideology.

2025-07-01T00:50:33Z

The Third Way was a historical ideology.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:50, 1 July 2025
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	\| foundation = 14 February 1959		\| foundation = 14 February 1959
	\| founder = [[Dawda Jawara]]		\| founder = [[Dawda Jawara]]
	\| ideology = [[Third Way]]<br />[[~~Agrarianism~~]]		\| ideology = [[Liberalism]]<br />[[Agrarianism]]<br />'''Historical under [[Dawda Jawara]]:'''<br />[[Third Way]]<ref>https://foroyaa.net/the-virtuous-leadership-of-alhaji-sir-dawda-kairaba-jawara-an-exploratory-note/</ref><br />[[Economic liberalism]]<ref>https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/GMB</ref><ref>https://gambiana.com/sir-dawda-kairaba-jawara-his-politics-leadership-and-legacy/</ref>
	\| position = [[Centrism\|Centre]]<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Derbyshire \|first1=J. Denis \|last2=Derbyshire \|first2=Ian \|title=Political Systems Of The World \|date=1990 \|publisher=Allied Publishers \|isbn=9788170233077 \|page=115 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIkWJ3psB2gC&q=People%27s+Progressive+Party+Gambia+%22moderate%22&pg=PA115 \|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> to [[centre-left]]<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://tradebridgeconsultants.com/news/elections/opposition-win-majority-of-seats-in-general-election/ \|title=Opposition win majority of seats in General Election \|publisher=Trade Bridge Consultants \|date=10 April 2017 \|access-date=10 October 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617215949/http://tradebridgeconsultants.com/news/elections/opposition-win-majority-of-seats-in-general-election/ \|archive-date=17 June 2018 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		\| position = [[Centrism\|Centre]]<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Derbyshire \|first1=J. Denis \|last2=Derbyshire \|first2=Ian \|title=Political Systems Of The World \|date=1990 \|publisher=Allied Publishers \|isbn=9788170233077 \|page=115 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIkWJ3psB2gC&q=People%27s+Progressive+Party+Gambia+%22moderate%22&pg=PA115 \|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> to [[centre-left]]<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://tradebridgeconsultants.com/news/elections/opposition-win-majority-of-seats-in-general-election/ \|title=Opposition win majority of seats in General Election \|publisher=Trade Bridge Consultants \|date=10 April 2017 \|access-date=10 October 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617215949/http://tradebridgeconsultants.com/news/elections/opposition-win-majority-of-seats-in-general-election/ \|archive-date=17 June 2018 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
	\| seats1_title = [[National Assembly of the Gambia\|National Assembly]]		\| seats1_title = [[National Assembly of the Gambia\|National Assembly]]

imported>Not Wlwtn: /* National Assembly elections */ PPP was the largest party in 1960 elections despite being in the opposition.

2025-06-11T15:40:09Z

National Assembly elections: PPP was the largest party in 1960 elections despite being in the opposition.

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{{short description|Political party in the Gambia}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = People's Progressive Party
| native_name =
| colorcode = {{party color|People's Progressive Party (Gambia)}}
| logo = People's Progressive Party (Gambia) logo.png
| leader = Ousman Madikay Faal
| foundation = 14 February 1959
| founder = [[Dawda Jawara]]
| ideology = [[Third Way]]<br />[[Agrarianism]]
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Derbyshire |first1=J. Denis |last2=Derbyshire |first2=Ian |title=Political Systems Of The World |date=1990 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788170233077 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIkWJ3psB2gC&q=People%27s+Progressive+Party+Gambia+%22moderate%22&pg=PA115 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> to [[centre-left]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tradebridgeconsultants.com/news/elections/opposition-win-majority-of-seats-in-general-election/ |title=Opposition win majority of seats in General Election |publisher=Trade Bridge Consultants |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617215949/http://tradebridgeconsultants.com/news/elections/opposition-win-majority-of-seats-in-general-election/ |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| seats1_title = [[National Assembly of the Gambia|National Assembly]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|58|hex=#FF69B4}}
| international =
| colors =
| website = {{url|https://pppgambia.com}}
| footnotes =
| country = the Gambia
}}
The '''People's Progressive Party''' is a [[political party]] in [[the Gambia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Arnold|date=1975|title=From Green Uprising to National Reconciliation: The People's Progressive Party in the Gambia 1959-1973|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=9|issue=1|pages=61–74|doi=10.2307/484012|jstor=484012|issn=0008-3968}}</ref> It was the dominant ruling party of the Gambia from 1962 to 1994, during the presidency of party founder [[Dawda Jawara]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edie|first=Carlene J.|date=2000-03-01|title=Democracy in The Gambia: Past, Present and Prospects for the Future|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/22106|journal=Africa Development|volume=25|issue=3|pages=161–198|doi=10.4314/ad.v25i3.22106|issn=0850-3907|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The People's Progressive Party lost power after the [[1994 Gambian coup d'état]], which saw the beginning of the authoritarian regime of [[Yahya Jammeh]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The 1994 Coup and the Jawara Legacy |date=2006 |work=A Political History of the Gambia, 1816–1994 |pages=280–294 |editor-last=Hughes |editor-first=Arnold |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-history-of-the-gambia-18161994/1994-coup-and-the-jawara-legacy/5407AD0E94F3A763D4E70735F2623EE3 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-58046-682-0 |editor2-last=Perfect |editor2-first=David}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Saine|first=Abdoulaye S.M.|date=October 1996|title=The Coup d'Etat in The Gambia, 1994: The End of the First Republic|journal=Armed Forces & Society|volume=23|issue=1|pages=97–111|doi=10.1177/0095327x9602300105|s2cid=144632866|issn=0095-327X}}</ref> The [[Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction]] (APRC) then became the dominant party of the Gambia.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-16|title=The Gambia - APRC Congress|journal=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series|volume=55|issue=12|pages=22116B|doi=10.1111/j.1467-825x.2019.08624.x|issn=0001-9844}}</ref> Today, the People's Progressive Party remains active, but lacks the same level of influence it exercised in the late 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/The-Gambia|title=The Gambia - Government and society|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref>

==History==
The party was founded in 1959 as the Protectorate People's Party (PPP) and was later changed to the People's Progressive Party.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Arnold|date=1975|title=From Green Uprising to National Reconciliation: The People's Progressive Party in the Gambia 1959-1973|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=9|issue=1|pages=61–74|doi=10.2307/484012|jstor=484012|issn=0008-3968}}</ref> The party won the [[1962 Gambian parliamentary election|1962 general election]], and in October 1963, upon the attainment of self-government, their leader, [[Dawda Jawara]], became [[Prime Minister of the Gambia]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dawda-Kairaba-Jawara|title=Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara {{!}} Biography & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> With the republican referendum in 1970, Jawara became the first [[President of the Gambia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bellagamba|first=Alice|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wNrYsgEACAAJ&pg=PA282|title=The Upper Guinea Coast in Global Perspective|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2016|isbn=9781785330698|page=282|chapter=Solo Darboe, Former Diamond Dealer: Transnational Connections and Home Politics in the Twentieth-Century Gambia}}</ref>

In 1981, there was an [[1981 Gambian coup attempt|attempted coup]] intended to overthrow the then-incumbent PPP government. It was a civilian-led coup attempt with some support from the Gambia Field Force. The death toll is debated, being anywhere from 500 to 1,000 lives lost.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Perfect|first=David|date=March 2008|title=Politics and Society in The Gambia since Independence|journal=History Compass|volume=6|issue=2|pages=426–438|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00513.x|issn=1478-0542}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad0164.html|title=Refworld {{!}} Information regarding the political situation in The Gambia from the attempted coup in July 1981 to the present day|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|website=Refworld|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> The coup was put down by Senegalese intervention and as a result, [[Senegal]] and the Gambia formed the [[Senegambia Confederation]].<ref name=":22"/>

The People's Progressive Party lost political power following the [[1994 Gambian coup d'état]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Saine|first=Abdoulaye S.M.|date=October 1996|title=The Coup d'Etat in The Gambia, 1994: The End of the First Republic|journal=Armed Forces & Society|volume=23|issue=1|pages=97–111|doi=10.1177/0095327x9602300105|s2cid=144632866|issn=0095-327X}}</ref> The coup was carried out by military officers in the [[Gambia Armed Forces|Gambian National Army]] (GNA).<ref name=":22"/> It was a bloodless coup that managed to overthrow Dawda Jawara and his government.<ref name=":12" /> The Gambia was ruled militarily until [[1996 Gambian presidential election|1996]] when [[Yahya Jammeh]] was elected as president as a candidate of the newly formed [[Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction]] (APRC) party.<ref name=":22"/> The subsequent [[National Assembly of the Gambia|National Assembly]] elections brought even more power to the APRC, winning 33 out of the 45 seats.<ref name=":22"/>

The People's Progressive Party was banned by the APRC in all subsequent elections; however, it has joined with other opposition parties to form political coalitions.<ref name=":22"/> In 2005, the PPP joined the [[National Alliance for Democracy and Development]] (NADD).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4183715.stm|title=Gambia opposition unite to fight|date=2005-01-18|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> Then for the [[2016 Gambian presidential election|2016 presidential election]], PPP joined the [[Coalition 2016]], where [[Adama Barrow]] was declared the coalition's candidate and subsequently won.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gainako.com/gambian-opposition-parties-set-select-single-candidate-december-polls-convention/|title=Gambian Opposition Parties Set to Select a Single Candidate for December polls at a Convention|date=30 October 2016|website=GAINAKO}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
The People's Progressive Party was created by rural populations as a reaction against urban areas exerting control over the political arena post-colonialism.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Arnold|date=1975|title=From Green Uprising to National Reconciliation: The People's Progressive Party in the Gambia 1959-1973|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=9|issue=1|pages=61–74|doi=10.2307/484012|jstor=484012|issn=0008-3968}}</ref>

The People's Progressive Party's website currently states, "The PPP believes that a less pervasive and intrusive government as opposed to the current over-centralized and authoritarian regime is necessary in order to release the creative energies of the Gambian people and to encourage wider social, economic, and political inclusion. Our party intends to reduce the power of government and return to grassroots democracy."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pppgambia.com/our-mission-vision/|title=Our Mission & Vision|date=2017-04-02|website=People's Progressive Party|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref>

== Opposition ==
During the People's Progressive Party's rule, there were times of growing discontent with the government.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Arnold|date=1975|title=From Green Uprising to National Reconciliation: The People's Progressive Party in the Gambia 1959-1973|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=9|issue=1|pages=61–74|doi=10.2307/484012|jstor=484012|issn=0008-3968}}</ref> Not only did opposition candidates stem from that discontent, but many opposition parties were created to run against the PPP.<ref name=":04" />

=== National Convention Party (NCP) ===
The [[National Convention Party (The Gambia)|National Convention Party (NCP)]] was an opposition party to the PPP launched on September 7, 1975.<ref name=":22"/> The leader of the party at the time was [[Sheriff Mustapha Dibba|Sheriff M. Dibba]], the former first Vice-President of the Gambia. After a political scandal, he resigned as Vice-President in 1972 and later founded the NCP.<ref name=":22" />

The [[1981 Gambian coup d'état attempt|1981 Gambian coup d'état]] was led by a former NCP candidate. Members of the People's Progressive Party suspected that the NCP was in support of the coup attempt and subsequently, many members of the NCP were arrested.<ref name=":22" />

In the 1987 elections, the NCP won five seats in the legislature. Though Dawda Jawara won the presidential election, Dibba, the presidential candidate from the NCP, won 28% of the vote. Then in 1992, the NCP won six seats in the legislature.<ref name=":22" />

=== Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC) ===
The Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC) is a political party formed after the 1994 coup d'état. The ideology that led to the coup was discontent with the PPP; alleged corruption and a lack of economic development over time.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Saine|first=Abdoulaye S.M.|date=October 1996|title=The Coup d'Etat in The Gambia, 1994: The End of the First Republic|journal=Armed Forces & Society|volume=23|issue=1|pages=97–111|doi=10.1177/0095327x9602300105|s2cid=144632866|issn=0095-327X}}</ref> The main figure that dominated the APRC was Yahya Jammeh, who became president in 1996 and served until the 2016 Gambian presidential election.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/The-Gambia|title=The Gambia - Political change|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> Under Jammeh and the APRC's rule, there were numerous reports of human rights abuses and suppression of the media.<ref name=":4" />

== Notable members ==

=== Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara ===
[[File:Dawda_Jawara_(1979).jpg|thumb|Dawda Jawara, president of the Gambia from 1970 to 1994 and a member of the PPP.]]
Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara served as the leader of the People's Progressive Party from 1959 until 1994 when he was overthrown.<ref name=":32"/> He is responsible for changing the name of the party from the Protectorate People's Party to the People's Progressive Party.<ref name=":32" /> Before serving as president for the Gambia he was elected into the legislature in 1960. During this time, he also served as the minister of education. He later became the prime minister of the Gambia in 1962 and was knighted in 1966, following independence.<ref name=":32" /> Upon the creation of a new constitution in 1970, Jawara became the president and served until the 1994 Gambian coup d'état.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Saine|first=Abdoulaye S.M.|date=October 1996|title=The Coup d'Etat in The Gambia, 1994: The End of the First Republic|journal=Armed Forces & Society|volume=23|issue=1|pages=97–111|doi=10.1177/0095327x9602300105|s2cid=144632866|issn=0095-327X}}</ref>

Following the coup, Jawara was exiled and lived in [[Senegal]] and later [[London]]. He was later given amnesty but was not given the right to participate in the Gambian political arena.<ref name=":32" /> He formally resigned as PPP leader in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2002|title=Sir Dawda No Longer PPP Leader|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200209231011.html|website=The Independent (Banjul)|via=allafrica.com}}</ref>
[[File:Omar A. Jallow 2017.png|thumb|[[Omar A. Jallow|Omar Jallow]], former leader of the PPP (2001-2018).]]

Jawara died on August 27, 2019, at 95 years old.<ref name=":32" />
=== Omar A. Jallow ===
[[Omar A. Jallow]] succeeded Jawara as leader of the People's Progressive Party. He was a member of Dawda Jawara's cabinet up until the 1994 coup d'état, when he was arrested. Under the Jammeh administration, he was reportedly jailed over 22 times.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-politics-idUSKBN15Y0GR|title=Gambia leader heralds new dawn for minister jailed 22 times|date=2017-02-19|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-16|language=en}}</ref>

After [[Yahya Jammeh|Jammeh]] was not re-elected following the 2016 Gambian presidential election, Jallow was appointed the minister of agriculture as he was in the Jawara administration.<ref name=":5" />

At the 2018 national convention, the party's first since its ban was lifted, Jallow stepped down as leader. Papa Njie was elected in his place.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-31|title=Papa Njie is new PPP leader|url=https://standard.gm/papa-njie-is-new-ppp-leader/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Standard Newspaper Gambia}}</ref> In 2020, Njie was appointed as the Gambian High Commissioner to Nigeria. Kebba E. Jallow then became interim leader,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-06|title=PPP selects Kebba Jallow as interim leader|url=https://standard.gm/ppp-selects-kebba-jallow-as-interim-leader/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Standard Newspaper Gambia}}</ref> and was elected as leader at the party's 2021 national convention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PPP maintains Kebba E. Jallow as party leader - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/headlines/ppp-maintains-kebba-e-jallow-as-party-leader|access-date=2021-12-08|website=thepoint.gm|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

===Presidential elections===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!Election
!Party candidate
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!Result
|-
! [[1982 Gambian general election|1982]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Dawda Jawara]]
| 137,020
| 72.44%
| '''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
! [[1987 Gambian general election|1987]]
| 123,385
| 59.18%
| '''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
! [[1992 Gambian general election|1992]]
| 117,549
| 58.48%
| '''Elected''' {{Y}}
|}

=== National Assembly elections ===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! Election
! Leader
! Votes
! %
! '''Seats'''
! '''+/–'''
! '''Position'''
! '''Position'''
|-
! [[1960 Gambian legislative election|1960]]
| rowspan=8 | [[Dawda Jawara]]
| 25,490
| 36.9%
| {{Composition bar|9|19|hex=#FF69B4}}
| New
| {{increase}} 1st
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[1962 Gambian legislative election|1962]]
| 56,343
| 57.7%
| {{Composition bar|18|32|hex=#FF69B4}}
| {{increase}} 9
| {{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Majority}}
|-
! [[1966 Gambian general election|1966]]
| 81,313
| 65.3%
| {{Composition bar|24|32|hex=#FF69B4}}
| {{increase}} 6
| {{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Majority}}
|-
! [[1972 Gambian general election|1972]]
| 65,388
| 63.0%
| {{Composition bar|28|32|hex=#FF69B4}}
| {{increase}} 4
| {{steady}} 1st
| {{Yes2|Majority}}
|-
! [[1977 Gambian general election|1977]]
| 123,297
| 69.6%
| {{Composition bar|29|35|hex=#FF69B4}}
| {{increase}} 1
| {{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Majority}}
|-
! [[1982 Gambian general election|1982]]
| 102,545
| 61.7%
| {{Composition bar|27|35|hex=#FF69B4}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Majority}}
|-
! [[1987 Gambian general election|1987]]
| 119,248
| 56.4%
| {{Composition bar|31|36|hex=#FF69B4}}
| {{increase}} 4
| {{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Majority}}
|-
! [[1992 Gambian general election|1992]]
| 109,059
| 54.3%
| {{Composition bar|25|36|hex=#FF69B4}}
| {{decrease}} 6
| {{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Majority}}
|-
| colspan="7" |''The PPP was banned from 1994 to 2016''
| {{no|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
! [[2017 Gambian parliamentary election|2017]]
| [[Omar Jallow]]
| 9,503
| 2.5%
| {{Composition bar|2|58|hex=#FF69B4}}
| {{increase}} 2
| {{increase}} 6th
| {{yes2|Coalition}}<br/>{{small|([[United Democratic Party (Gambia)|UDP]]-[[National Reconciliation Party|NRP]]-PPP)}}
|-
! [[2022 Gambian parliamentary election|2022]]
| Kebba E. Jallow
| 1,168
| 0.2%
| {{Composition bar|0|58|hex=#FF69B4}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{decrease}} 10th
| {{no|Extra-parliamentary}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gambian political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties in the Gambia]]
[[Category:People's Progressive Party (Gambia) politicians|*Main]]

People's Progressive Party (The Gambia) - Revision history

89.12.97.11: The Third Way was a historical ideology.

imported>Not Wlwtn: /* National Assembly elections */ PPP was the largest party in 1960 elections despite being in the opposition.