Pecos Classification - Revision history

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2025-06-13T11:17:17Z

References

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:17, 13 June 2025
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	The original Pecos Classification contained eight stages of Southwestern prehistory, but it did not specify dates.		The original Pecos Classification contained eight stages of Southwestern prehistory, but it did not specify dates.

	# [[Early Basketmaker II ~~Era~~\|Basketmaker I]], or Early Basketmaker II		# [[Early Basketmaker II era\|Basketmaker I]], or Early Basketmaker II
	# [[Late Basketmaker II ~~Era~~\|Basketmaker II]], or Late Basketmaker II		# [[Late Basketmaker II era\|Basketmaker II]], or Late Basketmaker II
	# [[Basketmaker III ~~Era~~\|Basketmaker III]], or Post-Basketmaker		# [[Basketmaker III era\|Basketmaker III]], or Post-Basketmaker
	# [[Pueblo I ~~Period~~]], or Proto-Pueblo		# [[Pueblo I]], or Proto-Pueblo
	# [[Pueblo II ~~Period~~]]		# [[Pueblo II]]
	# [[Pueblo III ~~Period~~]], or Great Pueblo		# [[Pueblo III]], or Great Pueblo
	# [[Pueblo IV ~~Period~~]], or Proto-Historic		# [[Pueblo IV]], or Proto-Historic
	# [[Pueblo V ~~Period~~]], or Historic		# [[Pueblo V]], or Historic

	==Current classification==		==Current classification==

	Although the original classification has been significantly debated and sometimes modified over the years, the split into [[Basket]]maker and Pueblo ~~period~~ still serves as a basis for discussing the culture of the [[Ancestral Puebloans]] of the [[Four Corners]] area. The following classification is based in part of the Revised Pecos Classification for the Mesa Verde ~~Region~~.		Although the original classification has been significantly debated and sometimes modified over the years, the split into [[Basket]]maker and [[Pueblo]] periods still serves as a basis for discussing the culture of the [[Ancestral Puebloans]] of the [[Four Corners]] area. The following classification is based in part of the Revised Pecos Classification for the [[Mesa Verde]] region.

	===Archaic–Early Basketmaker (~~8000 – 1500~~ BCE)===		===Archaic–Early Basketmaker (8000–1500 BCE)===
	{{main\|Archaic–Early Basketmaker ~~Era~~}}		{{main\|Archaic–Early Basketmaker era}}

	The pre-Ancestral Pueblo culture that moved into the modern-day [[Southwestern United States]] after the big game hunters departed are called ''Archaic''. Little evidence for extensive habitation before 8000 BC exists. From evidence near [[Navajo Mountain]], they were [[nomad\|nomadic people]], [[hunter-gatherer]]s traveling in small bands. They gathered wild foods when in [[season]], and hunted with stone-tipped spears, ''[[atlatl]]s'', and [[Dart (missile)\|dart]]s. Game included [[rabbit]]s, [[deer]], [[antelope]], and [[bighorn sheep]].		The pre-Ancestral Pueblo culture that moved into the modern-day [[Southwestern United States]] after the big game hunters departed are called ''Archaic''. Little evidence for extensive habitation before 8000 BC exists. From evidence near [[Navajo Mountain]], they were [[nomad\|nomadic people]], [[hunter-gatherer]]s traveling in small bands. They gathered wild foods when in [[season]], and hunted with stone-tipped spears, ''[[atlatl]]s'', and [[Dart (missile)\|dart]]s. Game included [[rabbit]]s, [[deer]], [[antelope]], and [[bighorn sheep]].

	The original classification postulated a '''Basketmaker I ~~Period~~''' which was subsequently discredited due to lack of physical evidence. It was combined with the '''Archaic ~~Period~~'''.		The original classification postulated a '''Basketmaker I''' period which was subsequently discredited due to lack of physical evidence. It was combined with the '''Archaic''' period.

	This period was called [[Oshara tradition]]. There was a trend toward a sedentary lifestyle, with small-scale cultivation of plants beginning 1000 BC.		This period was called [[Oshara tradition]]. There was a trend toward a sedentary lifestyle, with small-scale cultivation of plants beginning 1000 BC.

	===Early Basketmaker II (1500 BCE – 50 CE)===		===Early Basketmaker II (1500 BCE – 50 CE)===
	{{main\|Early Basketmaker II ~~Era~~}}		{{main\|Early Basketmaker II era}}

	The early Ancestral Pueblo camped in the open or lived in caves seasonally. During this period, they began to cultivate gardens of [[maize]] ([[flint corn]] in particular) and [[squash (vegetable)\|squash]], but no [[beans]]. They used ''manos'' and ''[[metate]]s'' to grind corn, and the women made baskets for numerous uses.		The early Ancestral Pueblo camped in the open or lived in caves seasonally. During this period, they began to cultivate gardens of [[maize]] ([[flint corn]] in particular) and [[squash (vegetable)\|squash]], but no [[beans]]. They used ''manos'' and ''[[metate]]s'' to grind corn, and the women made baskets for numerous uses.

	===Late Basketmaker II (~~50 – 500~~)===		===Late Basketmaker II (50–500)===
	{{main\|Late Basketmaker II ~~Era~~}}		{{main\|Late Basketmaker II era}}

	The people constructed primitive storage bins, [[cist]]s, and shallow [[pit-house]]s. At this stage, evidence suggests that the beginning of a religious and decision-making structure had already developed. [[Shaman]]istic cults existed, and [[petroglyph]]s and other rock art indicate a ceremonial structure as well. Groups appear to be increasingly linked into larger-scale decision-making bodies.		The people constructed primitive storage bins, [[cist]]s, and shallow [[pit-house]]s. At this stage, evidence suggests that the beginning of a religious and decision-making structure had already developed. [[Shaman]]istic cults existed, and [[petroglyph]]s and other rock art indicate a ceremonial structure as well. Groups appear to be increasingly linked into larger-scale decision-making bodies.

	===Basketmaker III (~~500 – 750~~)===		===Basketmaker III (500–750)===
	{{main\|Basketmaker III ~~Era~~}}		{{main\|Basketmaker III era}}

	Deep pithouses were developed, along with some above-ground rooms. The bow and arrow replace the atlatl and spear. Plain [[bisque (pottery)\|bisque]] and some painted black-on-white pottery is made. Cultivation begins of beans, available due to trade from Central America, and edible due to slow cooking in pottery vessels. Wild [[amaranth]] and [[pinyon pine]] were also staples. People of this period may have domesticated [[Turkey (bird)\|turkeys]].		Deep pithouses were developed, along with some above-ground rooms. The bow and arrow replace the atlatl and spear. Plain [[bisque (pottery)\|bisque]] and some painted black-on-white pottery is made. Cultivation begins of beans, available due to trade from Central America, and edible due to slow cooking in pottery vessels. Wild [[amaranth]] and [[pinyon pine]] were also staples. People of this period may have domesticated [[Turkey (bird)\|turkeys]].
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	The prototype ''[[kiva]]s'' were large, round, and subterranean.		The prototype ''[[kiva]]s'' were large, round, and subterranean.

	===Pueblo I ~~Period~~ (~~750 – 900~~)===		===Pueblo I period (750–900)===
	{{main\|Pueblo I ~~Period~~}}		{{main\|Pueblo I period}}

	The [[Pueblo I ~~Era\|Pueblo I Period~~]] saw increasing populations, growing village size, social integration, and more complicated and complex agricultural systems typified this ~~Period~~. The construction and year-round occupation of pueblos begins; the people constructed reservoirs and canals to deal with scarce and irregular water resources. Large villages and great kivas appear, though pithouses still remain in use. Above-ground construction is of [[jacal]] or crude [[masonry]]. Plain gray [[Bisque (pottery)\|bisque]] predominates in pottery, though some red bisque and pottery decorated in black and white appears.		The [[Pueblo I]] period saw increasing populations, growing village size, social integration, and more complicated and complex agricultural systems typified this period. The construction and year-round occupation of pueblos begins; the people constructed reservoirs and canals to deal with scarce and irregular water resources. Large villages and great kivas appear, though pithouses still remain in use. Above-ground construction is of [[jacal]] or crude [[masonry]]. Plain gray [[Bisque (pottery)\|bisque]] predominates in pottery, though some red bisque and pottery decorated in black and white appears.

	===Pueblo II ~~Period~~ (~~900 – 1150~~)===		===Pueblo II (900–1150)===
	{{main\|Pueblo II ~~Period~~}}		{{main\|Pueblo II period}}

	By AD 1050, [[Chaco Canyon]] (in present-day [[New Mexico]]) was a major regional center, with a population of 1,500–5,000 people. It is surrounded by standardized planned towns, or ''great houses'', built from the wood of more than 200,000 trees. Thirty-foot-wide ({{convert\|30\|ft\|m\|disp=output only}}) [[road]]s, flanked by [[berm]]s, radiate from Chaco in various directions. Small blocks of above-ground masonry rooms and a kiva make up a typical [[pueblo]]. Great kivas were up to {{convert\|50\|-\|70\|ft}} in diameter. Pottery consists of corrugated gray bisque and decorated black-on-white in addition to some decorated red and orange vessels. The people imported shells and [[turquoise]] from other cultures through trading.		By AD 1050, [[Chaco Canyon]] (in present-day [[New Mexico]]) was a major regional center, with a population of 1,500–5,000 people. It is surrounded by standardized planned towns, or ''great houses'', built from the wood of more than 200,000 trees. Thirty-foot-wide ({{convert\|30\|ft\|m\|disp=output only}}) [[road]]s, flanked by [[berm]]s, radiate from Chaco in various directions. Small blocks of above-ground masonry rooms and a kiva make up a typical [[pueblo]]. Great kivas were up to {{convert\|50\|-\|70\|ft}} in diameter. Pottery consists of corrugated gray bisque and decorated black-on-white in addition to some decorated red and orange vessels. The people imported shells and [[turquoise]] from other cultures through trading.

	During the 12th century, populations began to grow after a decline at the end of the [[Pueblo II ~~Era~~\|Pueblo II ~~Period~~]]. More intense [[agriculture]] was characteristic, with [[terrace (agriculture)\|terracing]] and [[irrigation]] common.		During the 12th century, populations began to grow after a decline at the end of the [[Pueblo II era\|Pueblo II period]]. More intense [[agriculture]] was characteristic, with [[terrace (agriculture)\|terracing]] and [[irrigation]] common.

	===Pueblo III ~~Period~~ (~~1150 – 1350~~)===		===Pueblo III (1150–1350)===
	{{main\|Pueblo III ~~Period~~}}		{{main\|Pueblo III period}}

	[[town\|Settlements]] consist of large pueblos, cliff dwellings, towers and turkey pens. Most villages in the Four Corners area are abandoned by AD 1300. The distinction between the ''[[Hohokam]]'' and Ancient Pueblo people becomes blurred.		[[town\|Settlements]] consist of large pueblos, cliff dwellings, towers and turkey pens. Most villages in the Four Corners area are abandoned by AD 1300. The distinction between the ''[[Hohokam]]'' and Ancient Pueblo people becomes blurred.

	===Pueblo IV ~~Period~~ (~~1350 – 1600~~)===		===Pueblo IV (1350–1600)===
	{{main\|Pueblo IV ~~Period~~}}		{{main\|Pueblo IV period}}

	Typically, large pueblos are centered around a [[plaza]]. Socially, this was a period of more conflict than cooperation, which is thought to have led to abandonment of settlements at Mesa Verde. The people began making [[kachina]]s for religious and ritual purposes. Plain pottery supplants corrugated. Red, orange and yellow pottery is on the rise as the black-on-white declines. [[Cotton]] is introduced and grown as a commodity.		Typically, large pueblos are centered around a [[plaza]]. Socially, this was a period of more conflict than cooperation, which is thought to have led to abandonment of settlements at Mesa Verde. The people began making [[kachina]]s for religious and ritual purposes. Plain pottery supplants corrugated. Red, orange and yellow pottery is on the rise as the black-on-white declines. [[Cotton]] is introduced and grown as a commodity.
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	The Puebloans are joined by other cultures. As early as the 15th century, the Navajo were in the process of migrating into the region from the north. In the next century, the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas\|Spanish]] colonists first came in the 1540s from the south.		The Puebloans are joined by other cultures. As early as the 15th century, the Navajo were in the process of migrating into the region from the north. In the next century, the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas\|Spanish]] colonists first came in the 1540s from the south.

	===Pueblo V ~~Period~~ (~~1600 – present~~)===		===Pueblo V (1600–present)===
	{{main\|Pueblo V ~~Period~~}}		{{main\|Pueblo V period}}

	The Spanish dominate and take over sites such as the [[Acoma Pueblo]]. Their arrival sends Pueblo subcultures underground.		The Spanish dominate and take over sites such as the [[Acoma Pueblo]]. Their arrival sends Pueblo subcultures underground.
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	{{Pre-Columbian North America}}		{{Pre-Columbian North America}}

			[[Category:1927 introductions]]
	[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures]]		[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures]]
	[[Category:Archaeology timelines]]		[[Category:Archaeology timelines]]

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2024-05-13T09:39:12Z

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{{short description|Chronological division system}}
The '''Pecos Classification''' is a chronological division of all known [[Ancestral Puebloans]] into periods based on changes in [[architecture]], [[art]], [[pottery]], and [[Artifact (archaeology)|cultural remains]]. The original classification dates back to consensus reached at a 1927 [[Pecos conference|archæological conference]] held in [[Pecos, New Mexico]], which was organized by the United States archaeologist [[Alfred V. Kidder]].

==Original classification==

The original Pecos Classification contained eight stages of Southwestern prehistory, but it did not specify dates.

# [[Early Basketmaker II Era|Basketmaker I]], or Early Basketmaker II
# [[Late Basketmaker II Era|Basketmaker II]], or Late Basketmaker II
# [[Basketmaker III Era|Basketmaker III]], or Post-Basketmaker
# [[Pueblo I Period]], or Proto-Pueblo
# [[Pueblo II Period]]
# [[Pueblo III Period]], or Great Pueblo
# [[Pueblo IV Period]], or Proto-Historic
# [[Pueblo V Period]], or Historic

==Current classification==

Although the original classification has been significantly debated and sometimes modified over the years, the split into [[Basket]]maker and Pueblo period still serves as a basis for discussing the culture of the [[Ancestral Puebloans]] of the [[Four Corners]] area. The following classification is based in part of the Revised Pecos Classification for the Mesa Verde Region.

===Archaic–Early Basketmaker (8000 – 1500 BCE)===
{{main|Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era}}

The pre-Ancestral Pueblo culture that moved into the modern-day [[Southwestern United States]] after the big game hunters departed are called ''Archaic''. Little evidence for extensive habitation before 8000 BC exists. From evidence near [[Navajo Mountain]], they were [[nomad|nomadic people]], [[hunter-gatherer]]s traveling in small bands. They gathered wild foods when in [[season]], and hunted with stone-tipped spears, ''[[atlatl]]s'', and [[Dart (missile)|dart]]s. Game included [[rabbit]]s, [[deer]], [[antelope]], and [[bighorn sheep]].

The original classification postulated a '''Basketmaker I Period''' which was subsequently discredited due to lack of physical evidence. It was combined with the '''Archaic Period'''.

This period was called [[Oshara tradition]]. There was a trend toward a sedentary lifestyle, with small-scale cultivation of plants beginning 1000 BC.

===Early Basketmaker II (1500 BCE – 50 CE)===
{{main|Early Basketmaker II Era}}

The early Ancestral Pueblo camped in the open or lived in caves seasonally. During this period, they began to cultivate gardens of [[maize]] ([[flint corn]] in particular) and [[squash (vegetable)|squash]], but no [[beans]]. They used ''manos'' and ''[[metate]]s'' to grind corn, and the women made baskets for numerous uses.

===Late Basketmaker II (50 – 500)===
{{main|Late Basketmaker II Era}}

The people constructed primitive storage bins, [[cist]]s, and shallow [[pit-house]]s. At this stage, evidence suggests that the beginning of a religious and decision-making structure had already developed. [[Shaman]]istic cults existed, and [[petroglyph]]s and other rock art indicate a ceremonial structure as well. Groups appear to be increasingly linked into larger-scale decision-making bodies.

===Basketmaker III (500 – 750)===
{{main|Basketmaker III Era}}

Deep pithouses were developed, along with some above-ground rooms. The bow and arrow replace the atlatl and spear. Plain [[bisque (pottery)|bisque]] and some painted black-on-white pottery is made. Cultivation begins of beans, available due to trade from Central America, and edible due to slow cooking in pottery vessels. Wild [[amaranth]] and [[pinyon pine]] were also staples. People of this period may have domesticated [[Turkey (bird)|turkeys]].

The prototype ''[[kiva]]s'' were large, round, and subterranean.

===Pueblo I Period (750 – 900)===
{{main|Pueblo I Period}}

The [[Pueblo I Era|Pueblo I Period]] saw increasing populations, growing village size, social integration, and more complicated and complex agricultural systems typified this Period. The construction and year-round occupation of pueblos begins; the people constructed reservoirs and canals to deal with scarce and irregular water resources. Large villages and great kivas appear, though pithouses still remain in use. Above-ground construction is of [[jacal]] or crude [[masonry]]. Plain gray [[Bisque (pottery)|bisque]] predominates in pottery, though some red bisque and pottery decorated in black and white appears.

===Pueblo II Period (900 – 1150)===
{{main|Pueblo II Period}}

By AD 1050, [[Chaco Canyon]] (in present-day [[New Mexico]]) was a major regional center, with a population of 1,500–5,000 people. It is surrounded by standardized planned towns, or ''great houses'', built from the wood of more than 200,000 trees. Thirty-foot-wide ({{convert|30|ft|m|disp=output only}}) [[road]]s, flanked by [[berm]]s, radiate from Chaco in various directions. Small blocks of above-ground masonry rooms and a kiva make up a typical [[pueblo]]. Great kivas were up to {{convert|50|-|70|ft}} in diameter. Pottery consists of corrugated gray bisque and decorated black-on-white in addition to some decorated red and orange vessels. The people imported shells and [[turquoise]] from other cultures through trading.

During the 12th century, populations began to grow after a decline at the end of the [[Pueblo II Era|Pueblo II Period]]. More intense [[agriculture]] was characteristic, with [[terrace (agriculture)|terracing]] and [[irrigation]] common.

===Pueblo III Period (1150 – 1350)===
{{main|Pueblo III Period}}

[[town|Settlements]] consist of large pueblos, cliff dwellings, towers and turkey pens. Most villages in the Four Corners area are abandoned by AD 1300. The distinction between the ''[[Hohokam]]'' and Ancient Pueblo people becomes blurred.

===Pueblo IV Period (1350 – 1600)===
{{main|Pueblo IV Period}}

Typically, large pueblos are centered around a [[plaza]]. Socially, this was a period of more conflict than cooperation, which is thought to have led to abandonment of settlements at Mesa Verde. The people began making [[kachina]]s for religious and ritual purposes. Plain pottery supplants corrugated. Red, orange and yellow pottery is on the rise as the black-on-white declines. [[Cotton]] is introduced and grown as a commodity.

The Puebloans are joined by other cultures. As early as the 15th century, the Navajo were in the process of migrating into the region from the north. In the next century, the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] colonists first came in the 1540s from the south.

===Pueblo V Period (1600 – present)===
{{main|Pueblo V Period}}

The Spanish dominate and take over sites such as the [[Acoma Pueblo]]. Their arrival sends Pueblo subcultures underground.

==Puebloan sites==
*[[Mesa Verde National Park]]
*[[Canyons of the Ancients National Monument]]
*[[Bandelier National Monument]]
*[[Chaco Canyon]] in [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park]]
*[[Canyon de Chelly National Monument]]
*[[Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument]]
*Keet Seel in [[Navajo National Monument]]
*[[Chimney Rock National Monument]]

==See also==
* [[List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples]]
*[[Hohokam]]
*[[Hopi]]
*[[Tiwa Puebloans|Tiwa]]
*[[Zuni people]]
*[[John Wesley Powell]]
*[[Richard Wetherill]]
*[[Antiquities Act]]

==References==
*Catherine M., and H. Wolcott Toll. "Deciphering the Organization of Production in Chaco Canyon (Organization of Production at Chaco Canyon conference papers)." ''[[American Antiquity]]'' 66.1 (Jan 2001): 5.
*[[Alfred V. Kidder|Kidder, Alfred V.]] (1927). Southwestern Archaeological Conference. ''Science'' 66: 489-91.
*Kidder, Alfred V. (2000 ed.) "An Introduction to the study of Southwestern Archaeology". Yale University. {{ISBN|0-300-08297-5}}

{{Pre-Columbian North America}}

[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures]]
[[Category:Archaeology timelines]]
[[Category:Native American history of Arizona]]
[[Category:Native American history of Nevada]]
[[Category:Native American history of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Southwestern United States]]
[[Category:Pueblo history]]