Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 - Revision history

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clean up spacing around commas and other punctuation, replaced: ; → ; (3)

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	The '''Paris Peace Treaties''' ({{langx\|fr\|Traités de Paris}}) were signed on 10 February 1947 following the end of [[World War II]] in 1945. The '''Paris Peace Conference''' lasted from 29 July until 15 October 1946. The victorious wartime [[Allies of World War II\|Allied powers]] (principally the [[United Kingdom]], [[Soviet Union]], [[United States]], and [[French Fourth Republic\|France]]) negotiated the details of peace treaties with those former [[Axis allies]], namely [[Italy]], [[Kingdom of Romania\|Romania]], [[Second Hungarian Republic\|Hungary]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria\|Bulgaria]], and [[Finland]], which had switched sides and declared war on Germany during the war. They were allowed to fully resume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the [[United Nations]].<ref group="note">They each joined the United Nations on 14 December 1955.</ref>		The '''Paris Peace Treaties''' ({{langx\|fr\|Traités de Paris}}) were signed on 10 February 1947 following the end of [[World War II]] in 1945. The '''Paris Peace Conference''' lasted from 29 July until 15 October 1946. The victorious wartime [[Allies of World War II\|Allied powers]] (principally the [[United Kingdom]], [[Soviet Union]], [[United States]], and [[French Fourth Republic\|France]]) negotiated the details of peace treaties with those former [[Axis allies]], namely [[Italy]], [[Kingdom of Romania\|Romania]], [[Second Hungarian Republic\|Hungary]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria\|Bulgaria]], and [[Finland]], of which all but Hungary had switched sides and declared war on Germany during the war. They were allowed to fully resume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the [[United Nations]].<ref group="note">They each joined the United Nations on 14 December 1955.</ref>

	The settlement elaborated in the peace treaties included payment of [[war reparations]], commitment to [[minority rights]], and territorial adjustments including the end of the [[Italian colonial empire]] in [[Italian Libya\|North Africa]], [[Italian Ethiopia\|East Africa]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia\|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece\|Greece]], and [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)\|Albania]], as well as changes to the Italian–Yugoslav, Hungarian–Czechoslovak, Soviet–Romanian, [[Hungary–Romania border\|Hungarian–Romanian]], [[France–Italy border\|French–Italian]], and Soviet–Finnish borders. The treaties also obliged the various states to hand over accused [[War crime\|war criminals]] to the Allied powers for [[war crimes trial]]s.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Treaties of Peace with Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Roumania and Finland (English Version)\|series=Dept. Of State Publication ;2743. European series ;21 \|publisher=Department of State, U.S. Government Printing Office\|year=1947\|place=Washington, D.C.\|pages=17\|hdl = 2027/osu.32435066406612}}</ref>		The settlement elaborated in the peace treaties included payment of [[war reparations]], commitment to [[minority rights]], and territorial adjustments including the end of the [[Italian colonial empire]] in [[Italian Libya\|North Africa]], [[Italian Ethiopia\|East Africa]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia\|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece\|Greece]], and [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)\|Albania]], as well as changes to the Italian–Yugoslav, Hungarian–Czechoslovak, Soviet–Romanian, [[Hungary–Romania border\|Hungarian–Romanian]], [[France–Italy border\|French–Italian]], and Soviet–Finnish borders. The treaties also obliged the various states to hand over accused [[War crime\|war criminals]] to the Allied powers for [[war crimes trial]]s.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Treaties of Peace with Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Roumania and Finland (English Version)\|series=Dept. Of State Publication; 2743. European series; 21 \|publisher=Department of State, U.S. Government Printing Office\|year=1947\|place=Washington, D.C.\|pages=17\|hdl = 2027/osu.32435066406612}}</ref>

	The Paris Peace Treaties avoided taking into consideration the consequences of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], whose secret clauses included the annexation of parts of [[Moscow Peace Treaty\|Finland]] and [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina\|Romania]] by the Soviet Union.		The Paris Peace Treaties avoided taking into consideration the consequences of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], whose secret clauses included the annexation of parts of [[Moscow Peace Treaty\|Finland]] and [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina\|Romania]] by the Soviet Union.
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	Italy lost the colonies of [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa]]. The latter consisted of [[Italian Ethiopia]], [[Italian Eritrea]], and [[Italian Somaliland]]. Italy continued to govern Italian Somaliland as a [[Trust Territory of Somaliland\|UN trust territory]] until 1960. In the peace treaty, Italy recognized the independence of [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania\|Albania]] (in personal union with the Italian monarchy after the [[Italian invasion of Albania]] in April 1939). Italy also lost its [[Italian concession of Tianjin\|concession in Tianjin]], which was turned over to [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|China]], and the [[Dodecanese\|Dodecanese Islands]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] were ceded to [[Kingdom of Greece\|Greece]].		Italy lost the colonies of [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa]]. The latter consisted of [[Italian Ethiopia]], [[Italian Eritrea]], and [[Italian Somaliland]]. Italy continued to govern Italian Somaliland as a [[Trust Territory of Somaliland\|UN trust territory]] until 1960. In the peace treaty, Italy recognized the independence of [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania\|Albania]] (in personal union with the Italian monarchy after the [[Italian invasion of Albania]] in April 1939). Italy also lost its [[Italian concession of Tianjin\|concession in Tianjin]], which was turned over to [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|China]], and the [[Dodecanese\|Dodecanese Islands]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] were ceded to [[Kingdom of Greece\|Greece]].

	~~Italy lost~~ [[Istria]]: the provinces of [[Rijeka\|Fiume]], [[Zadar\|Zara]], and most of [[Gorizia]] and [[Pula\|Pola]] were ceded to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\|Yugoslavia]]; the ~~rest~~ of ~~Istria~~ and the [[province of Trieste]] formed a new sovereign State ([[Free Territory of Trieste]]) divided in two administrative zones under a provisional government for which the United Nations Security Council was responsible.<ref>[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf Article 21 and Annex VII], Instrument for the Provisional Regime of the Free Territory of Trieste</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/16(1947) United Nations Security Council 16], 10 January 1947</ref> In 1954, Italy incorporated the Province of Trieste (Zone A) and Yugoslavia incorporated the rest of Istria (Zone B). This was officially recognized with the [[Treaty of Osimo]] in 1975.		[[Istria]], the provinces of [[Rijeka\|Fiume]], [[Zadar\|Zara]], and most of [[Gorizia]] and [[Pula\|Pola]] were ceded to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\|Yugoslavia]].{{Citation needed\|date=September 2025}} People on both sides were given the [[Right of option\|right of option of nationality]], with the possible requirement of leaving the territory of their foreign state.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America: Volume 4 (Multilateral treaties, 1946-1949) \|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/lltreaties-ustbv004/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250202095718/https://www.loc.gov/item/lltreaties-ustbv004/ \|archive-date=2025-02-02 \|access-date= \|work=United States Treaties and Other International Agreements \|language=en \|via=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> The [[province of Trieste]] formed a new sovereign State ([[Free Territory of Trieste]]) divided in two administrative zones under a provisional government for which the United Nations Security Council was responsible.<ref>[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf Article 21 and Annex VII], Instrument for the Provisional Regime of the Free Territory of Trieste</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/16(1947) United Nations Security Council 16], 10 January 1947</ref> In 1954, Italy incorporated the Province of Trieste (Zone A) and Yugoslavia incorporated the rest of Istria (Zone B). This was officially recognized with the [[Treaty of Osimo]] in 1975.

	The villages of the [[Tende]] valley and [[La Brigue]] were ceded to France but Italian diplomats were able to maintain in place the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)]], according to which the French-Italian alpine border passes through the summit of [[Mont Blanc]], despite French designs on the [[Aosta Valley]]. The French Republic has never made provision for the Italian language in the ceded formerly Italian towns of [[La Brigue\|Briga]] and [[Tende\|Tenda]], effectively opting for a policy of linguistic assimilation.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.corsicaoggi.com/sito/bilinguismo-la-discussione-fiume-aprire-dibattito-anche-briga-tenda/\|title=Bilinguismo: la discussione a Fiume potrebbe aprire il dibattito anche a Briga e Tenda\|last=Redazione\|date=2017-11-22\|website=Corsica Oggi\|language=it-IT\|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> The province of [[South Tyrol]] was also kept by Italy despite the territorial demands of [[Allied-occupied Austria\|Austria]], largely thanks to the [[Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement]] signed some months before.		The villages of the [[Tende]] valley and [[La Brigue]] were ceded to France but Italian diplomats were able to maintain in place the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)]], according to which the French-Italian alpine border passes through the summit of [[Mont Blanc]], despite French designs on the [[Aosta Valley]]. The French Republic has never made provision for the Italian language in the ceded formerly Italian towns of [[La Brigue\|Briga]] and [[Tende\|Tenda]], effectively opting for a policy of linguistic assimilation.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.corsicaoggi.com/sito/bilinguismo-la-discussione-fiume-aprire-dibattito-anche-briga-tenda/\|title=Bilinguismo: la discussione a Fiume potrebbe aprire il dibattito anche a Briga e Tenda\|last=Redazione\|date=2017-11-22\|website=Corsica Oggi\|language=it-IT\|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> The province of [[South Tyrol]] was also kept by Italy despite the territorial demands of [[Allied-occupied Austria\|Austria]], largely thanks to the [[Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement]] signed some months before.
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	===Bulgaria===		===Bulgaria===
	[[People's Republic of Bulgaria\|Bulgaria]] was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941, returning [[Vardar Macedonia]] to Yugoslavia and [[Eastern Macedonia and Thrace\|Eastern Macedonia]] and [[Western Thrace]] to Greece, but keeping [[Southern Dobruja]] per the [[Treaty of Craiova]], leaving Bulgaria as the only former [[Axis powers\|Axis]] power to keep territory that was gained during the Second World War.<ref>{{cite book \|title= Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria, Dated February 10, 1947, Paris \|series= Treaties and other international acts series ;1650 \|publisher= United States Government Printing Office \|place= Washington \|year= 1947 \|hdl= 2027/umn.31951002025850d }}</ref>		[[People's Republic of Bulgaria\|Bulgaria]] was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941, returning [[Vardar Macedonia]] to Yugoslavia and [[Eastern Macedonia and Thrace\|Eastern Macedonia]] and [[Western Thrace]] to Greece, but keeping [[Southern Dobruja]] per the [[Treaty of Craiova]], leaving Bulgaria as the only former [[Axis powers\|Axis]] power to keep territory that was gained during the Second World War.<ref>{{cite book \|title= Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria, Dated February 10, 1947, Paris \|series= Treaties and other international acts series;1650 \|publisher= United States Government Printing Office \|place= Washington \|year= 1947 \|hdl= 2027/umn.31951002025850d }}</ref>

	==War reparations==		==War reparations==
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	*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v03 United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. Paris Peace Conference] Proceedings		*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v03 United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. Paris Peace Conference] Proceedings
	*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v04 United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. Paris Peace Conference] Documents		*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v04 United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. Paris Peace Conference] Documents
	*[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf United Nations Treaty Series volume 49] (Full text of the ~~treaties as~~ registered at the United Nations. French, English and Russian texts are authentic).		*[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2041/v41.pdf United Nations Treaty Series volume 41] (Full text of the treaties of peace with Bulgaria (No. 643, pp. 21–133) and Hungary (No. 644, pp. 135–262), as registered at the United Nations. English and Russian texts are authentic).
			*[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2042/v42.pdf United Nations Treaty Series volume 42] (Full text of the treaty of peace with Romania (No. 645, pp. 3–124), as registered at the United Nations. English and Russian texts are authentic).
			*[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2048/v48.pdf United Nations Treaty Series volume 48] (Full text of the treaty of peace with Finland (No. 746, pp. 203–304), as registered at the United Nations. English and Russian texts are authentic).
			*[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf United Nations Treaty Series volume 49] (Full text of the treaty of peace with Italy (No. 747), registered at the United Nations. French, English and Russian texts are authentic).
			*[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2050/v50.pdf United Nations Treaty Series volume 50] (Annexes to the treaty of peace with Italy (No. 747), registered at the United Nations).
	* [http://www.roconsulboston.com/Pages/InfoPages/Commentary/ParisPeaceCnf.html "Paris – WWII Peace Conference – 1946: Settling Romania's Western Frontiers"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515205746/http://www.roconsulboston.com/Pages/InfoPages/Commentary/ParisPeaceCnf.html \|date=2008-05-15 }}, at the Honorary Consulate of Romania in [[Boston, Massachusetts\|Boston]], has pictures of the Romanian delegation		* [http://www.roconsulboston.com/Pages/InfoPages/Commentary/ParisPeaceCnf.html "Paris – WWII Peace Conference – 1946: Settling Romania's Western Frontiers"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515205746/http://www.roconsulboston.com/Pages/InfoPages/Commentary/ParisPeaceCnf.html \|date=2008-05-15 }}, at the Honorary Consulate of Romania in [[Boston, Massachusetts\|Boston]], has pictures of the Romanian delegation
	*[https://search.archives.un.org/international-paris-peace-conference-1946 International Paris Peace Conference (1946) Records] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923222421/https://search.archives.un.org/international-paris-peace-conference-1946 \|date=2022-09-23 }} at the United Nations Archives		*[https://search.archives.un.org/international-paris-peace-conference-1946 International Paris Peace Conference (1946) Records] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923222421/https://search.archives.un.org/international-paris-peace-conference-1946 \|date=2022-09-23 }} at the United Nations Archives

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Reverting edit(s) by 80.102.106.180 (talk) to rev. 1296158056 by 61.28.140.6: Reverting good faith edits: (UV 0.1.6)

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Italy

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	===Italy===		===Italy===
	{{main\|Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947}}		{{main\|Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947}}
	Italy lost the colonies of [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa]]. The latter consisted of [[Italian Ethiopia]], [[Italian Eritrea]], and [[Italian Somaliland]]. Italy continued to govern ~~the former~~ Italian Somaliland as a [[Trust Territory of Somaliland\|UN trust territory]] until 1960. In the peace treaty, Italy recognized the independence of [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania\|Albania]] (in personal union with the Italian monarchy after the [[Italian invasion of Albania]] in April 1939). Italy also lost its [[Italian concession of Tianjin\|concession in Tianjin]], which was turned over to [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|China]], and the [[Dodecanese\|Dodecanese Islands]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] were ceded to [[Kingdom of Greece\|Greece]].		Italy lost the colonies of [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa]]. The latter consisted of [[Italian Ethiopia]], [[Italian Eritrea]], and [[Italian Somaliland]]. Italy continued to govern Italian Somaliland as a [[Trust Territory of Somaliland\|UN trust territory]] until 1960. In the peace treaty, Italy recognized the independence of [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania\|Albania]] (in personal union with the Italian monarchy after the [[Italian invasion of Albania]] in April 1939). Italy also lost its [[Italian concession of Tianjin\|concession in Tianjin]], which was turned over to [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|China]], and the [[Dodecanese\|Dodecanese Islands]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] were ceded to [[Kingdom of Greece\|Greece]].

	Italy lost [[Istria]]: the provinces of [[Rijeka\|Fiume]], [[Zadar\|Zara]], and most of [[Gorizia]] and [[Pula\|Pola]] were ceded to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\|Yugoslavia]]; the rest of Istria and the [[province of Trieste]] formed a new sovereign State ([[Free Territory of Trieste]]) divided in two administrative zones under a provisional government for which the United Nations Security Council was responsible.<ref>[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf Article 21 and Annex VII], Instrument for the Provisional Regime of the Free Territory of Trieste</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/16(1947) United Nations Security Council 16], 10 January 1947</ref> In 1954, Italy incorporated the Province of Trieste (Zone A) and Yugoslavia incorporated the rest of Istria (Zone B). This was officially recognized with the [[Treaty of Osimo]] in 1975.		Italy lost [[Istria]]: the provinces of [[Rijeka\|Fiume]], [[Zadar\|Zara]], and most of [[Gorizia]] and [[Pula\|Pola]] were ceded to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\|Yugoslavia]]; the rest of Istria and the [[province of Trieste]] formed a new sovereign State ([[Free Territory of Trieste]]) divided in two administrative zones under a provisional government for which the United Nations Security Council was responsible.<ref>[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf Article 21 and Annex VII], Instrument for the Provisional Regime of the Free Territory of Trieste</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/16(1947) United Nations Security Council 16], 10 January 1947</ref> In 1954, Italy incorporated the Province of Trieste (Zone A) and Yugoslavia incorporated the rest of Istria (Zone B). This was officially recognized with the [[Treaty of Osimo]] in 1975.

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{{Short description|Treaties signed in Paris on 10 February 1947}}
{{Other uses of|Paris Peace Conference}}
{{Redirect|Paris Peace Treaty|other uses|Treaty of Paris (disambiguation){{!}}Treaty of Paris}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
| long_name =
| image = KingParisPeace1946.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption = Canadian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, [[Palais du Luxembourg]].<br>Left to right: [[Norman Robertson]], [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Brooke Claxton]], [[Arnold Heeney]]
| type = Multilateral treaties
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|df=yes|1947|2|10}}
| location_signed = [[Paris]], [[French Fourth Republic|France]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = {{Start date|df=yes|1947|9|15}}
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration =
| date_expiry =
| mediators =
| negotiators =
| original_signatories =

| signatories =
| parties =* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
* {{flag|United States|1912}}
* {{flag|French Fourth Republic|name=France}}
*'''"Party to the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Japan"'''<ref name="kress-lawless 2020">{{Cite book |last=Kreß |first=Claus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfoFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 |title=Necessity and proportionality in international peace and security law |last2=Lawless |first2=Robert |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-753737-4 |editor-last=Kress |editor-first=Claus |series=The Lieber studies |location=New York, NY |pages=450 |editor-last2=Lawless |editor-first2=Robert |editor-last3=Lieber Institute for Law and Land Warfare (United States Military Academy) |via=Google Books}}</ref>
* {{flag|Italy}}
*'''"Ally of Hitlerite Germany"'''<ref name="kress-lawless 2020" />
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}
* {{flagcountry|Second Hungarian Republic}}
* {{flag|People's Republic of Bulgaria|name=Bulgaria}}
* {{flag|Finland}}
| ratifiers = All signatories
| depositor =
| depositories =
| citations =
| language =
| languages =
| wikisource =
| wikisource1 =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Paris Peace Treaties''' ({{langx|fr|Traités de Paris}}) were signed on 10 February 1947 following the end of [[World War II]] in 1945. The '''Paris Peace Conference''' lasted from 29 July until 15 October 1946. The victorious wartime [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]] (principally the [[United Kingdom]], [[Soviet Union]], [[United States]], and [[French Fourth Republic|France]]) negotiated the details of peace treaties with those former [[Axis allies]], namely [[Italy]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Second Hungarian Republic|Hungary]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], and [[Finland]], which had switched sides and declared war on Germany during the war. They were allowed to fully resume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the [[United Nations]].<ref group="note">They each joined the United Nations on 14 December 1955.</ref>

The settlement elaborated in the peace treaties included payment of [[war reparations]], commitment to [[minority rights]], and territorial adjustments including the end of the [[Italian colonial empire]] in [[Italian Libya|North Africa]], [[Italian Ethiopia|East Africa]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], and [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)|Albania]], as well as changes to the Italian–Yugoslav, Hungarian–Czechoslovak, Soviet–Romanian, [[Hungary–Romania border|Hungarian–Romanian]], [[France–Italy border|French–Italian]], and Soviet–Finnish borders. The treaties also obliged the various states to hand over accused [[War crime|war criminals]] to the Allied powers for [[war crimes trial]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Treaties of Peace with Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Roumania and Finland (English Version)|series=Dept. Of State Publication ;2743. European series ;21 |publisher=Department of State, U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1947|place=Washington, D.C.|pages=17|hdl = 2027/osu.32435066406612}}</ref>

The Paris Peace Treaties avoided taking into consideration the consequences of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], whose secret clauses included the annexation of parts of [[Moscow Peace Treaty|Finland]] and [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Romania]] by the Soviet Union.

==Political clauses==
The political clauses stipulated that the signatory should "take all measures necessary to secure to all persons under (its) jurisdiction, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, the enjoyment of human rights and of the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting."

No penalties were to be visited on nationals because of wartime partisanship for the Allies. Each government undertook measures to prevent the resurgence of [[fascism|fascist]] organizations or any others "whether political, military or semi-military, whose purpose it is to deprive the people of their democratic rights".

==Border changes==
===Italy===
{{main|Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947}}
Italy lost the colonies of [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa]]. The latter consisted of [[Italian Ethiopia]], [[Italian Eritrea]], and [[Italian Somaliland]]. Italy continued to govern the former Italian Somaliland as a [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|UN trust territory]] until 1960. In the peace treaty, Italy recognized the independence of [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] (in personal union with the Italian monarchy after the [[Italian invasion of Albania]] in April 1939). Italy also lost its [[Italian concession of Tianjin|concession in Tianjin]], which was turned over to [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], and the [[Dodecanese|Dodecanese Islands]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] were ceded to [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]].

Italy lost [[Istria]]: the provinces of [[Rijeka|Fiume]], [[Zadar|Zara]], and most of [[Gorizia]] and [[Pula|Pola]] were ceded to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]; the rest of Istria and the [[province of Trieste]] formed a new sovereign State ([[Free Territory of Trieste]]) divided in two administrative zones under a provisional government for which the United Nations Security Council was responsible.<ref>[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf Article 21 and Annex VII], Instrument for the Provisional Regime of the Free Territory of Trieste</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/16(1947) United Nations Security Council 16], 10 January 1947</ref> In 1954, Italy incorporated the Province of Trieste (Zone A) and Yugoslavia incorporated the rest of Istria (Zone B). This was officially recognized with the [[Treaty of Osimo]] in 1975.

The villages of the [[Tende]] valley and [[La Brigue]] were ceded to France but Italian diplomats were able to maintain in place the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)]], according to which the French-Italian alpine border passes through the summit of [[Mont Blanc]], despite French designs on the [[Aosta Valley]]. The French Republic has never made provision for the Italian language in the ceded formerly Italian towns of [[La Brigue|Briga]] and [[Tende|Tenda]], effectively opting for a policy of linguistic assimilation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corsicaoggi.com/sito/bilinguismo-la-discussione-fiume-aprire-dibattito-anche-briga-tenda/|title=Bilinguismo: la discussione a Fiume potrebbe aprire il dibattito anche a Briga e Tenda|last=Redazione|date=2017-11-22|website=Corsica Oggi|language=it-IT|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> The province of [[South Tyrol]] was also kept by Italy despite the territorial demands of [[Allied-occupied Austria|Austria]], largely thanks to the [[Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement]] signed some months before.

===Finland===
[[File:Pax-Paris-1947.jpg|thumb|A Finnish postage stamp from 1947 commemorating the Paris Peace Treaty]]
Finland was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941 (thus confirming its territorial losses after the [[Winter War]] of 1939–1940), except for the former province of [[Pechengsky District|Petsamo]], which was ceded to the [[Soviet Union]]. In Finland, the reparations and the dictated border adjustment were perceived as a major injustice and a [[Western betrayal|betrayal by the Western powers]], after the sympathy Finland had received from the West during the Soviet-initiated Winter War. However, this sympathy had been eroded by Finland's collaboration with [[Nazi Germany]] [[Continuation War|between 1941 and 1944]]. During this time, Finland not only [[Continuation War#Campaign of 1941|recaptured territory]] it [[Moscow Peace Treaty|had lost in 1940]], but continued its offensive deeper into Soviet lands, occupying a broad strip of Soviet territory. This prompted the [[United Kingdom]] to declare war on Finland in December 1941, further weakening political support in the West for the country. The Soviet Union's accessions of Finnish territory was based on the [[Moscow Armistice]] signed in Moscow on 19 September 1944 and resulted in an extension of the accessions in the Moscow Peace Treaty that ended the Winter War.

===Hungary===
[[Hungarian Republic (1946–49)|Hungary]] was restored to its borders before 1938. This meant restoring the southern border with Yugoslavia, as well as declaring the [[First Vienna Award|First]] and [[Second Vienna Award]]s null and void, cancelling Hungary's gains from [[Czechoslovakia]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]. Furthermore, three villages (namely [[Jarovce|Horvátjárfalu]], [[Rusovce|Oroszvár]], and [[Čunovo|Dunacsún]]) situated south of [[Bratislava]] were also transferred to Czechoslovakia, in order to form the so-called "[[Bratislava bridgehead]]".

===Romania===
[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941, but not to its borders before 23 August 1939, with the exception of the border with Hungary giving [[Second Vienna Award|Northern Transylvania]] back to [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]. This confirmed the 1940 [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|loss of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina]] to the Soviet Union and the [[Treaty of Craiova]], which returned [[Southern Dobruja]] to [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]].

===Bulgaria===
[[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941, returning [[Vardar Macedonia]] to Yugoslavia and [[Eastern Macedonia and Thrace|Eastern Macedonia]] and [[Western Thrace]] to Greece, but keeping [[Southern Dobruja]] per the [[Treaty of Craiova]], leaving Bulgaria as the only former [[Axis powers|Axis]] power to keep territory that was gained during the Second World War.<ref>{{cite book |title= Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria, Dated February 10, 1947, Paris |series= Treaties and other international acts series ;1650 |publisher= United States Government Printing Office |place= Washington |year= 1947 |hdl= 2027/umn.31951002025850d }}</ref>

==War reparations==
The [[war reparations|war reparation]] problem proved to be one of the most difficult arising from post-war conditions. The Soviet Union, the country most heavily ravaged by the war, felt entitled to the maximum amounts possible, with the exception of Bulgaria, which was perceived as being the most sympathetic of the former enemy states. (Bulgaria was part of the Axis but did not declare war on the Soviet Union). In the cases of Romania and Hungary, the reparation terms as set forth in their armistices were relatively high and were not revised.

War reparations at 1938 prices, in [[United States dollar]] amounts:
*$360,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|360000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) from Italy:
**$125,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|125000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) to Yugoslavia;
**$105,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|105000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) to Greece;
**$100,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|100000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) to the Soviet Union;
**$25,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|25000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) to Ethiopia;
**$5,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|5000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) to Albania.
*$300,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|300000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) [[Finnish war reparations to the Soviet Union|from Finland to the Soviet Union]].
*$300,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|300000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) from Hungary:
**$200,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|200000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) to the Soviet Union;
**$100,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|100000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
*$300,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|300000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) from Romania to the Soviet Union;
*$70,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|70000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) from Bulgaria:
**$45,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|45000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) to Greece;
**$25,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|25000000|1938|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) to Yugoslavia.

==Aftermath==
Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland all joined the [[United Nations]] on 14 December 1955.

The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] in the early 1990s did not lead to any renegotiation of the Paris Peace Treaties. However, in 1990 Finland unilaterally cancelled the restrictions the treaty had placed on its military.

==See also==
{{Commons|File:SuomenRauhansopimus.pdf|Paris Peace Treaty with regard to Finland, 1947}}
*[[Aftermath of World War II]]
*[[Allied Commission]]
*[[Potsdam Agreement]] (1945, regarding Germany)
*[[Moscow Conference (1945)]]
*[[Treaty of San Francisco]] (1951, regarding Japan)
*[[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany]] (1990)
*[[Soviet occupation of Romania]]
*[[World War II reparations towards Yugoslavia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |title= Treaties of Peace with Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Roumania and Finland ''(English Version)'' |series= Dept. of State Publication: 2743. European series: 21 |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Service |place= Washington D.C. |year=1947 |hdl= 2027/osu.32435066406612 }}
*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v03 United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. Paris Peace Conference] Proceedings
*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v04 United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. Paris Peace Conference] Documents
*[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf United Nations Treaty Series volume 49] (Full text of the treaties as registered at the United Nations. French, English and Russian texts are authentic).
* [http://www.roconsulboston.com/Pages/InfoPages/Commentary/ParisPeaceCnf.html "Paris – WWII Peace Conference – 1946: Settling Romania's Western Frontiers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515205746/http://www.roconsulboston.com/Pages/InfoPages/Commentary/ParisPeaceCnf.html |date=2008-05-15 }}, at the Honorary Consulate of Romania in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], has pictures of the Romanian delegation
*[https://search.archives.un.org/international-paris-peace-conference-1946 International Paris Peace Conference (1946) Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923222421/https://search.archives.un.org/international-paris-peace-conference-1946 |date=2022-09-23 }} at the United Nations Archives

{{Diplomatic history of World War II}}
{{Great Union}}

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