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{{Short description|Large cratonic sedimentary basin situated in the central-eastern part of South America}}
{{For|the Paraná–Paraguay watershed (basin)|Paraná River}}
{{Infobox sedimentary basin
| name = Paraná Basin
| other_name = ''Bacia do Paraná'', ''Cuenca Paraná''
| named_for = [[Paraná River]]
| image = South America satellite plane Bacia do Parana.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Outline of the Paraná and Chaco-Paraná Basins
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_mark_size =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_image = Mapa Geologia Bacia do Paraná simples.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Simplified geological map of Paraná Basin<ref name=Milani2007a/>
| column_image = Parana Basin simplified stratigraphic chart.png
| column_size =
| column_alt =
| column_caption = Paraná Basin – Simplified stratigraphic chart<ref name=Milani2007a/>
| section_image =
| section_size =
| section_alt =
| section_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25|00|S|54|00|W|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[South America]]
| region = [[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West]], [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast]], [[South Region, Brazil|South]]
| country = {{BRA}} {{PAR}} {{ARG}} {{URU}}
| state = {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Mato Grosso]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]], [[Goiás]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]] {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Amambay Department|Amambay]], [[Concepción Department, Paraguay|Concepción]], [[San Pedro Department, Paraguay|San Pedro]], [[Canindeyú Department|Canindeyú]], [[Caaguazú Department|Caaguazú]], [[Alto Paraná Department|Alto Paraná]], [[Guairá Department|Guairá]], [[Misiones Department|Misiones]], [[Paraguarí Department|Paraguarí]], [[Itapúa Department|Itapúa]], [[Ñeembucú Department|Ñeembucú]] {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Misiones Province|Misiones]], [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Chaco Province|Chaco]], [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]], [[Santa Fe Province, Argentina|Santa Fe]] {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Artigas Department|Artigas]], [[Salto Department|Salto]], [[Paysandú Department|Paysandú]], [[Río Negro Department|Río Negro]]
| cities = [[Campo Grande]], [[Asunción]]
| onoffshore = Onshore
| boundaries = [[Paraguai/Araguaia Fold Belt]], [[Goiánia/Alto Parnaíba Arch]], [[Serra do Mar]], [[Ponta Grossa Arch]], [[Rio Grande Arch]], [[Asunción Arch]]<ref name=Fernandez2013_p6>Fernandez, 2013, p.6</ref>
| partof = Brazilian onshore basins
| seas =
| rivers = [[Paraná River|Paraná]], [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]
| lakes =
| area = ~{{convert|1500000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| basin_type = [[Interior basin|Interior]] {{small|(Type 1, Klemme 1980)}}<ref name=Klemme1980_p193>Klemme, 1980, p.193</ref> [[Cratonic basin|Cratonic]] {{small|(Type 1211, Bally & Snelson 1980)}}<ref name=Bally1980_p25>Bally & Snelson, 1980, p.25</ref> [[Interior sag basin|Interior sag]] {{small|(IS, Kingston, Dishroon & Williams 1983)}}<ref name=Kingston1983_p2178>Kingston, Dishroon & Williams, 1983, p.2178</ref>
| plate = [[South American Plate|South American]]
| orogeny =
| age = [[Paleozoic]]-[[Holocene|recent]]
| stratigraphy = [[Paraná Basin#Stratigraphy|Stratigraphy]]
| fields = [[Barra Bonita Field|Barra Bonita]] (gas)
| faults =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}
The '''Paraná Basin''' ({{langx|pt|Bacia do Paraná}}, {{langx|es|Cuenca del Paraná}}) is a large [[craton]]ic [[sedimentary basin]] situated in the central-eastern part of [[South America]]. About 75% of its areal distribution occurs in Brazil, from [[Mato Grosso]] to [[Rio Grande do Sul]] states. The remainder area is distributed in eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and northern Uruguay. The shape of the depression is roughly [[Ellipse|elliptical]] and covers an area of about {{convert|1500000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.

The [[Paraná River]], from which the Paraná Basin derived its name, flows along the central axis of the Paraná Basin and drains it.

== Description ==
The Paraná Basin stretches from the Brazilian state of [[Mato Grosso]] in the north to northern Argentina and Uruguay in the south. The southern portion in Uruguay is locally known as Norte Basin.<ref name=DeSantaAna2004_p88>De Santa Ana et al., 2004, p.88</ref><ref name=Daners2006_p148>Daners et al., 2006, p.148</ref>

=== Pioneer studies ===
[[File:Mesosaurus.png|left|220px|thumb|''Mesosaurus'' skeleton reconstruction (MacGregor, 1908)<ref name=MacGregor1908>MacGregor, 1908</ref>]]

[[File:Glossopteris White estampa VII.jpg|left|thumb|220px| Fossil specimens of Glossopteris Flora from Paraná Basin coals, [[David White (geologist)|David White]] (1908).<ref name="Glossopteris">White, David (1908) Flora Fóssil das Coal Measures do Brasil, pp. 337-617 + 14 estampas (inglês) IN: White, I.C. (1908) "Commissão de Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brazil”, Relatório Final, Parte III, Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 617 pg. (Relatório bilíngue, em português e inglês). Edição facsimilar de 1988, DNPM</ref>]]

The first study on the Brazilian side of the Paraná Basin dates from 1841, when a [[Brazilian Empire|Brazilian Imperial]] Government Mission prospected for [[coal]]. Turning point in the basin's geological understanding was the "White Report", published in 1908 by the American [[geologist]] [[Israel C. White]], head of the "Comissão de Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brasil" (Commission for Studies on Brazilian Coal Mines). One of the main results of these studies, besides the reconnaissance for coal, was the discovery of ''[[Mesosaurus]]'' [[fossil]]s within [[Permian]] black [[shale]]s ([[Irati Formation]]), and the ''[[Glossopteris]]'' flora within the [[Permian]] coals. White was one of the first to propose the equivalence between the [[South American]] Permian strata and similar rocks of the [[Karoo Supergroup|Karoo Basin]] in [[South Africa]].<ref name=White1908>White, 1908</ref>

=== Basin evolution ===
The basin developed during the [[Paleozoic]] and the [[Mesozoic]] with a [[sedimentary]] record comprising [[rock (geology)|rock]]s from the [[Ordovician]] right up to the [[Cretaceous]], thus spanning the time interval between 460 and 66 million years. The maximum thickness of the infill reaches {{convert|7000|m|ft}} in its central area and is composed of sedimentary and [[igneous]] rocks.<ref name=Milani2007a>Milani et al., 2007a</ref><ref name=Zalan1991>Zalán et al., 1991</ref><ref name=Milani2007b>Milani et al., 2007b</ref> The sedimentary cover extends across various Precambrian geologic provinces: the [[Río de la Plata craton|Río de la Plata Craton]], the [[Mantiqueira Province]], the [[Luis Alves Craton|Luis Alves craton fragment]], the [[Tocantins Province]] and the [[Paranapanema block]]. This last province is distinct in that it is wholly covered by basin sediments and therefore poorly known.<ref name=MantoBrito2010>Mantovani et al., 2010</ref>

The Paraná Basin is a typical [[cratonic basin|intra-cratonic]] flexural basin, although during the Paleozoic it was a [[Bay|gulf]] that opened to the southwest. The basin genesis is related to the [[convergent boundary|convergence]] between the former [[Gondwana]] [[supercontinent]] and the [[oceanic crust]] of the former [[Panthalassa]] ocean. The basin formed, at least during the Paleozoic [[Gondwanide orogeny]], as a [[foreland basin]].<ref name=Milani2007a/><ref name=Zalan1991/><ref name=Melo1988>Melo, 1988</ref> In the [[Permian]] and [[Triassic]] the area between Asunción and Río Grande was uplifted in connection to the Gondwanide orogeny effectively splitting the basin in the two.<ref name=Rosselloetal2006>Rossello et al., 2006</ref>

The piling up of material in Bolivia and the [[Argentine Northwest]] during the [[Andean orogeny]] caused the [[Asunción arch]], a [[forebulge]], to develop in Paraguay. The Asunción arch makes up the modern western boundary of Paraná Basin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Milani |first1=José |last2=Zalán |first2=Pedro Victor |date=1999 |title=An outline of the geology and petroleum systems of the Paleozoic interior basins of South America |journal=[[Episodes (journal)|Episodes]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages= 199–205|doi= 10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i3/007|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Stratigraphy ===
The sedimentary column of the Paraná Basin was divided by Milani in 1997,<ref name=Milani1997>Milani, 1997</ref> into six second order [[Stratigraphy|allostratigraphic]] supersequences (in the sense of Vail, 1977).<ref name=Vail1977>Vail et al., 1977</ref> These sequences define the [[stratigraphic]] framework of the basin and are bound by distinct depositional hiati, caused by [[erosion|erosive]] events.<ref name=Milani2007a/>

;Rio Ivaí Supersequence
The basal supersequence, deposited during the Late [[Ordovician]] to [[Llandovery epoch|Early Silurian]], is constituted by three [[formation (stratigraphy)|formations]]: [[Alto Garças Formation]] composed mainly of [[sandstone]]s, [[Rio Ivaí Formation]], represented by [[glacial]] Ordovician deposits that affected large areas of Gondwana and the [[Vila Maria Formation]], a thick muddy sequence rich in fossil content: [[graptolite]]s, [[trilobite]]s, [[brachiopod]]s and chitinozoa.<ref name=Milani2007a/>

;Paraná Supersequence
This [[Devonian]] supersequence is represented, at the base, by sheet-like, [[cross-bedding|cross-bedded]] coarse to medium sandstones of the [[Furnas Formation]] and, on top, by a muddy section, rich in macrofossils and forming a potential petroleum [[source rock]], named [[Ponta Grossa Formation]].<ref name=Milani2007a/>

;Gondwana I Supersequence
The [[Carboniferous]] to [[Triassic|Early Triassic]] Gondwana I Supersequence has two distinctive features:<ref name=Milani2007a/>
* The major [[Ice age|glaciation]] that covered almost all southern portions of [[Gondwana]], known as [[Karoo Ice Age]]. The glaciation's apex was reached during the [[Mississippian age|Mississippian]] (Early Carboniferous), stopping any further [[sedimentation]] until the onset of deglaciation during the Westphalian (Late Carboníferous). Left behind were huge glacial deposits, which are composed mainly by sandstones, [[diamictite]]s, [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]] and muddy rocks, grouped in the [[Itararé Group]]. Typical glacial [[facies]] are widespread, e.g., [[varve|varvites]].
* During the [[Guadalupian|Middle Permian]] the waning [[glaciation]] allowed the flourishing of the ''[[Glossopteris]]'' flora in the sandstones of the [[Rio Bonito Formation]] and the development of huge [[coal]] deposits, extracted in southern Brazil and Uruguay since the 19th century.

Finally, during the Late Permian the [[Irati Formation]] was deposited, represented by [[bituminous shale]], a potential petroleum source rock, and famous worldwide for its ''[[Mesosaurus]]'' [[fauna]]. The top of this supersequence defines the end of the marine phase.<ref name=Milani2007a/>

;Gondwana II Supersequence
[[File:Foz de Iguaçu 27 Panorama Nov 2005.jpg|right|thumb|330px|[[Flood basalt]] [[outcrop]]s, Serra Geral Formation, [[Iguaçu Falls]], Brazil-Argentina border]]
This Triassic supersequence marks the beginning of continental sedimentation. The [[Santa Maria Group]] comprises the [[Candelária Formation, Paraná Basin|Candelária]], [[Caturrita Formation|Caturrita]] and Santa Maria Formations. In the [[Santa Maria Formation]], it bears an important [[reptile]] and [[mammal]] fauna, that can be correlated to the African continent.<ref name=Milani2007a/>

;Gondwana III Supersequence
The [[Late Jurassic]] to [[Early Cretaceous]] Gondwana III Supersequence is marked by two major events:
* The great [[desertification]] of the still united Gondwana supercontinent, the "Botucatu desert" with an area up to {{convert|1200000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The large [[sand]] [[dune field]]s left behind thick, coarse to fine sandstones beds, the [[Botucatu Formation]], housing the important [[Guaraní Aquifer]], one of the world's largest [[aquifer]] systems.
* Above the Botucatu Formation, a large igneous province was formed by the [[Serra Geral Formation]], part of the [[Paraná and Etendeka traps]], enormous flood [[basalt]]s that occurred 137 to 127 million years ago, associated with the [[rifting]] of Gondwana and the opening of the [[Atlantic Ocean#South Atlantic|South Atlantic Ocean]]. Until today, the surface area still reaches more than {{convert|1000000|km2|sqmi}}. The thickness of the flood basalts amounts to {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} and their area extends to the Etendeka basin in [[Namibia]] and [[Angola]] even into Southwestern Africa.<ref name=Milani2007a/>

;Bauru Supersequence
{{Main|Bauru Group}}
A Cretaceous supersequence occurring in the north-central part of the basin and composed mainly of sandy-conglomeratic deposits.<ref name=Milani2007a/>

The northeasternmost part of the basin contains the [[Goio-Erê Formation]], dating to the [[Turonian]].<ref name=Manzig2014_p2>Manzig et al., 2014, p.2</ref>

;Neogene cover
{{See also|Chaco Basin}}
In the Argentinian part of the basin, the Serra Geral Formation is overlain by the [[Huayquerian]] [[Ituzaingó Formation]] that underlies the [[Pleistocene]] [[Toropí Formation|Toropí]] and [[Yupoí Formation]]s.<ref name=Franco2013_p41>Franco et al., 2013, p.41</ref> Older Neogene formations in the basin comprise the Late Miocene [[Paraná Formation]].<ref name=Perez2013_p51>Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51</ref> The Uruguayan part of the basin contains the [[Late Pleistocene]] ([[Lujanian]]) [[Dolores Formation, Uruguay|Dolores]] and [[Sopas Formation]]s and the Brazilian portion hosts the Lujanian [[Touro Passo Formation]].<ref name=Kerber2014_p250>Kerber et al., 2014, p.250</ref>

=== Natural resources ===
The main [[natural resource]]s [[Mining|extracted]] in Paraná Basin are [[groundwater]], [[coal]] and [[oil shale]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

;Groundwater
{{Main|Guaraní Aquifer}}
The Guaraní Aquifer is one of the world's largest [[aquifer]] systems and an important source of [[fresh water]] in [[Argentina]], Brazil, [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]. The lithology of the Aquifer consists mainly of highly [[permeability (earth sciences)|permeable]] sandstones of the Botucatu and Pirambóia formations. The aquifer covers {{convert|1200000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} with an estimated volume of about {{convert|37000|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} of water.<ref name=GuaraniAquifer>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.oaquiferoguarani.com.br/ O Aqüífero Guarani - The Guarani Aquifer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153728/http://www.oaquiferoguarani.com.br/ |date=2011-07-06 }}</ref>

;Energy resources
* Coal: The Brazilian coal resources are estimated at 32 billion [[metric tons]] (32 [[petagram|Pg]]), classified as bituminous to sub-bituminous coal and are mainly associated with sandstones of the Rio Bonito Formation. The major producers are located in [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] states and minor producers are located in [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] and [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] states.<ref name=CPRM>[http://www.cprm.gov.br/opor/pdf/carvaorssc.pdf Brazilian Geological Survey Co. Report: Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais - Informe de Recursos Minerais]</ref>
* Natural gas: There is one [[gas field]] in the Paraná Basin, the [[Barra Bonita Field]], located in Paraná state and discovered in 1996, with estimated reserves of about {{convert|496000000|m3|cuft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Zanotto2008>Zanotto et al., 2008</ref>
* Oil shale: Since 1972 [[Petrobras]] extracts [[hydrocarbon]]s from the Irati Formation [[oil shale]]s in São Mateus do Sul, a city in the Brazilian state of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], using the [[Petrosix]] process, a Petrobras [[patent]]. The Irati Formation reserves are estimated at {{convert|700000000|oilbbl|abbr=on}} of oil, 9 million metric tons of [[liquefied gas]] (LPG), {{convert|25|km3|cuft|sp=us}} of [[shale gas]] and 18 million metric tons of [[sulfur]] in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.<ref name=PetrobrasShale>[http://www2.petrobras.com.br/minisite/refinarias/petrosix/ingles Petrobras Shale Industrialization Business Unit]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=29em}}
* [[Sedimentary basin]]
* [[Campos Basin]]
* [[Santos Basin]]
* [[Gondwana]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Basin types and sequence stratigraphy ====
* {{citation |last1=Bally |first1=A.W. |last2=Snelson |first2=S. |year=1980 |title=Realms of subsidence |journal=[[Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists|CSPG Memoir]] |volume=6 |pages=9–94}}
* {{citation |last1=Kingston |first1=D.R. |last2=Dishroon |first2=C.P. |last3=Williams |first3=P.A. |year=1983 |title=Global Basin Classification System |url=http://www.monografias.com/trabajos-pdf4/global-basin-classification-system/global-basin-classification-system.pdf |journal=[[American Association of Petroleum Geologists|AAPG Bulletin]] |volume=67 |pages=2175–2193 |accessdate=2017-06-23}}
* {{citation |last=Klemme |first=H.D |year=1980 |title=Petroleum Basins - Classifications and Characteristics |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1980.tb00982.x/abstract |journal=[[Journal of Petroleum Geology]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=187–207 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-5457.1980.tb00982.x |accessdate=2017-06-23|url-access=subscription }}
* {{citation |last1=Vail |first1=P.R. |last2=Mitchum |first2=R.M. |last3=Thompson |first3=S. |year=1977 |title=Seismic Stratigraphy and global change of sea level, part 3: relative changes of sea level from coastal onlap |journal=[[American Association of Petroleum Geologists|AAPG Memoir]] |volume=26 |pages=205–212}}

==== Paraná Basin ====
* {{citation |last1=Daners |first1=Gloria |last2=Montaño |first2=Jorge |last3=De Santa Ana |first3=Héctor |last4=Morales |first4=Ana Ethel |last5=Fulfaro |first5=Vicente |last6=Muzio |first6=Rossana |last7=Goso Aguilar |first7=César |last8=Peel |first8=Elena |last9=Lorenzo, Andrés Pérez, Henri Masquelin, Graciela Piñeiro, Eduardo Rossello |first9=Nora |year=2006 |title=Cuencas sedimentarias de Uruguay - geología, paleontología y recursos naturales - Paleozóico |url=http://cuencas.fcien.edu.uy/extension/Cuencas%20Sedimentarias%20-%20Paleozoico.pdf |publisher=[[University of the Republic (Uruguay)|División Relaciones y Actividades Culturales de Facultad de Ciencias]] |pages=1–325 |accessdate=2017-09-11}}
* {{citation |last=Fernandez |first=Rodrigo de Oliveira |year=2013 |title=Paraná Basin - Brazil Round 12 |url=http://www.brasil-rounds.gov.br/arquivos/Seminarios_R12/apresentacao/Parana_R12_English.pdf |publisher=[[Agência Nacional do Petróleo|ANP]] |pages=1–82 |accessdate=2017-09-07}}
* {{citation |last1=Mantovani |first1=Marta S.M. |author2-link=Benjamin Bley de Brito Neves |last2=De Brito Neves |first2=Benjamin B. |year=2010 |title=Neoproterozoic-Cambrian tectonics, global change and evolution: a focus on south western Gondwana |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |pages=257–272}}
* {{citation |last1=Milani |first1=E.J. |last2=Melo |first2=J.H.G. |last3=Souza |first3=P.A. |last4=Fernandes |first4=L.A. |last5=França |first5=A.B. |year=2007a |title=''Bacia do Paraná'' |journal=Cartas Estratigráficas - Boletim de Geociências da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro |volume=15 |pages=265–287}}
* {{citation |last1=Milani |first1=E.J. |last2=França |first2=A.B. |last3=Medeiros |first3=R.Á. |year=2007b |title=Roteiros Geológicos, Rochas geradoras e rochas-reservatório da Bacia do Paraná |journal=Boletim de Geociências da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro |volume=15 |pages=135–162}}
* {{citation |last=Milani |first=E.J |year=1997 |title=Evolução tectono-estratigráfica da Bacia do Paraná e seu relacionamento com a geodinâmica fanerozoica do Gondwana sul-ocidental (PhD thesis) |publisher=[[Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul|Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul]] |pages=}}
* {{citation |last=Melo |first=J.H.G |year=1988 |title=The Malvinokaffric realm in the Devonian of Brazil |journal=[[Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists|CSPG Memoir]] |volume=14 |pages=669–704}}
* {{citation |last1=Rossello |first1=Eduardo A. |last2=Veroslavsky |first2=Gerardo|last3=de Santa Ana |first3=Héctor|last4=Fúlfaro |first4=Vicente J.|last5=Fernández Garrasino |first5=César A. |year=2006 |title=La dorsal Asunción - Río Grande: Un altofondo regional entre las cuencas Paraná (Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay) y Chacoparanense (Argentina) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284906630 |journal=[[Brazilian Journal of Geology|Revista Brasileira de Geociências]] |volume=36 |issue= 3|pages=181–196 |doi=10.25249/0375-7536.2006363535549|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |language=Spanish |accessdate=2018-09-07 }}
* {{citation |last1=De Santa Ana |first1=Héctor |last2=Goso Aguilar |first2=César |last3=Montaño |first3=Jorge |last4=Piñeiro |first4=Graciela |last5=Muzio |first5=Rossana |last6=Rossello |first6=Eduardo |last7=Perea |first7=Daniel |last8=Ucha |first8=Nelson |year=2004 |title=Cuencas sedimentarias de Uruguay - geología, paleontología y recursos naturales - Mesozóico |url=http://cuencas.fcien.edu.uy/extension/Cuencas%20Sedimentarias%20-%20Mesozoico.pdf |publisher=[[University of the Republic (Uruguay)|División Relaciones y Actividades Culturales de Facultad de Ciencias]] |pages=1–219 |accessdate=2017-09-11}}
* {{citation |last1=Zalán |first1=P.V. |last2=Wolf |first2=S. |last3=Astolfi |first3=M.A.M. |last4=Vieira |first4=I.S. |last5=Conceição |first5=J.C. |last6=Appi |first6=V.T. |last7=Santos Neto |first7=E.V. |last8=Cerqueira |first8=J.R. |last9=Marques |first9=A. |year=1991 |title=The Paraná Basin, Brazil |journal=[[American Association of Petroleum Geologists|AAPG Memoir]] |volume=51 |pages=707–708}}
* {{citation |last1=Zanotto |first1=O.A. |last2=Becker |first2=C.R. |last3=Durães |first3=E.M. |year=2008 |title=Barra Bonita - Primeiro Campo de Gás na Bacia Do Paraná |publisher=44º Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia – Anais; Curitiba, Brasil |pages=}}

==== Paleontology ====
* {{citation |last1=Brea |first1=Mariana |last2=Franco |first2=María Jimena |last3=Zucol |first3=Alejandro F. |year=2013 |title=Paleoflora de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno Tardío), Cuenca Chaco-Paranaense, Argentina |url=http://www.ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/7793/CONICET_Digital_Nro.9969_B.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
|journal=El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial |volume=14 |pages=41–55 |accessdate=2018-09-03}}
* {{citation |last1=Cione |first1=Alberto Luis |last2=Cabrera |first2=Daniel Alfredo |last3=Barla |first3=María Julia |year=2012 |title=Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic |url=http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/repositorio/_documentos/sipcyt/bfa002136.pdf |journal=[[Geobios]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=167–172 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2011.06.002 |hdl=11336/139163 |accessdate=2017-10-22}}
* {{citation |last1=Franco |first1=María Jimena |last2=Brea |first2=Mariana |last3=Orfeo |first3=Óscar |last4=Zucol |first4=Alejandro F. |year=2013 |title=La paleoflora de la Formación Ituzaingó, Argentina |url=http://www.ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/7793/CONICET_Digital_Nro.9969_B.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
|journal=El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial |volume=14 |pages=41–55 |accessdate=2018-09-03}}
* {{citation |last1=Kerber |first1=Leonardo |last2=Gregis Pitana |first2=Vanessa |last3=Ribeiro |first3=Ana Maria |last4=Schmaltz Hsiou |first4=Annie |last5=Oliveira |first5=Edison V. |year=2014 |title=Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review |url=http://www.paleolab.com.br/assets/uploads/files/v31n2a8.pdf |journal=[[Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas]] |volume=31 |pages=248–259 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
* {{citation |last=MacGregor |first=J.H |year=1908 |title=''Mesosaurus brasiliensis'' nov. sp. |journal=Commission for Studies on Brazilian Coal Mines - Final Report, Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |volume= |pages=301–336}}
* {{citation |last1=Manzig |first1=P.C. |author2-link=Alexander Kellner |last2=Kellner |first2=A.W.A. |last3=Weinschütz |first3=L.C. |last4=Fragoso |first4=C.E. |last5=Vega |first5=C.S. |last6=Guimarães |first6=G.B. |last7=Godoy |first7=L.C. |last8=Liccardo |first8=A. |last9=Ricetti and C.C. Moura |first9=J.H.C. |year=2014 |title=Discovery of a Rare Pterosaur Bone Bed in a Cretaceous Desert with Insights on Ontogeny and Behavior of Flying Reptiles |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=e100005 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0100005 |doi-access=free |pmid=25118592 |pmc=4131874 }}
* {{citation |last=Martín Pérez |first=Leandro |year=2013 |title=Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis) |url=http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/repositorio/_documentos/tesis/tesis_1255.pdf
|publisher=[[National University of La Plata|Universidad Nacional de La Plata]] |pages=1–398 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
* {{citation |last=[[Israel C. White|White]] |first=I.C |year=1908 |title=Comissão de Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brasil – Relatório final: Commission for Studies on Brazilian Coal Mines - Final Report |publisher=Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |pages=301–617}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Paraná Basin}}

{{Major South American geological formations|state=collapsed}}
{{Sedimentary basins of Argentina|state=collapsed}}
{{Sedimentary basins of Uruguay|state=collapsed}}
{{Sedimentary basins of Brazil|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parana Basin}}
[[Category:Paraná Basin| ]]
[[Category:Sedimentary basins of Argentina]]
[[Category:Sedimentary basins of Brazil]]
[[Category:Sedimentary basins of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Sedimentary basins of Uruguay]]

Paraná Basin - Revision history

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