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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Organizations that function like the government}}<br />
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The '''"parallel state"''' is a term coined by American historian [[Robert Paxton]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRBqDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Parallel+state%22+paxton+-wikipedia&pg=PT100 Military, Monarchy and Repression: Assessing Thailand's Authoritarian Turn], Kevin Hewison, Veerayooth Kanchoochat, editors, via ''books.google.co.uk'', accessed 23 May 2022</ref> to describe a collection of organizations or institutions that are state-like in their organization, management and structure, but are not officially part of the legitimate state or government.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/15572215/Conceptual_contradictions_when_it_comes_to_rhetoric_about_parallel_state Conceptual contradictions when it comes to rhetoric about parallel state] Ahmet Erdi Öztürk ''www.academia.edu'', accessed 23 May 2022</ref> They serve primarily to promote the prevailing political and social ideology of the state.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/download/73162969/WP71_Paralell_state_ENG_oct08.pdf The Proliferation of the "Parallel State"]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Ivan Briscoe ''www.academia.edu'', accessed 23 May 2022</ref><br />
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The parallel state differs from the more commonly used "[[state within a state]]" in that they are usually endorsed by the prevailing political elite of a country, while the "state within a state" is a [[pejorative]] term to describe state-like institutions that operate without the consent of and even to the detriment to the authority of an established state (such as churches and religious institutions or [[Secret society|secret societies]] with their own laws and court systems). <br />
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Parallel states are common in [[totalitarian]] societies, such as [[Nazi Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. Organizations usually associated with the idea of a Parallel state include [[Political party|political parties]], [[Labor union|unions]], [[intelligence agency|intelligence agencies]], and [[military|militaries]].<br />
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=='Parallel States' academic studies==<br />
"Parallel States" is also a study into the possibility of uniting one country while giving them two states parallel to each other in power and representation; both those states would however be compliant to one central-authority.{{cn|date=May 2022}} This study was also suggested as a corner-stone for possible peace scenarios in war torn countries.{{cn|date=May 2022}} One such example is the "Parallel States Project", hosted at [[Lund University]], which seeks to explore the potential for a "Parallel States" approach to proposing a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian issue.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/5/28/parallel-states-a-new-vision-for-peace/ Parallel states: A new vision for peace] 28 May 2011 ''www.aljazeera.com'', accessed 23 May 2022</ref><ref>Mathias Mossberg [https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/fbb033ff-dcd8-4b0a-9288-7620165de671 Parallel States - a New Vision for Peace] 28 May 2011 ''www.lunduniversity.lu.se'', accessed 22 May 2022</ref><br />
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==Examples==<br />
===Turkey===<br />
[[Turkey|Turkish]] President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] has used the term "parallel state" (or "parallel structure") to describe followers of [[Fethullah Gülen]] who occupy senior bureaucratic and judicial positions, which have been accused of attempting to bring down Erdoğan's government. This is in contrast to the meaning of the term initially coined by Paxton, and instead resembles the term "state within a state." Gülen's [[Gülen movement|Cemaat movement]], which has a large presence within Turkey, has allegedly been involved in limiting the power of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] through the [[Ergenekon trials]] and the [[Sledgehammer (coup plan)|Sledgehammer case]] while allied with Erdoğan. Following the [[2013–14 protests in Turkey|2013–14 protests against Erdoğan's government]], the Cemaat Movement turned against Erdoğan, who thereupon labelled them as a "parallel state."<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30492348 Turkey's Erdogan battles 'parallel state'] Mark Lowen, 17 December 2014 ''BBC News'', accessed 23 May 2022</ref> Erdoğan has blamed Gülen's followers on orchestrating the [[2013 corruption scandal in Turkey|2013 government corruption scandal]], as well as the [[2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt|2016 coup attempt]].<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Rival government]]<br />
*[[State within a state]]<br />
*[[Government in exile]]<br />
*[[Parallel society]]<br />
*[[Dual power]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Political science terminology]]<br />
[[Category:Forms of government]]<br />
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