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{{Short description|Geologic time period}}

The '''Orleanian''' age is a period of [[geologic time]] ([[MN zonation|MN]] 3–5, {{Mya|20.0|16.0}} (mya)), within the [[Miocene]] and used more specifically with [[European Land Mammal Ages]]. It precedes the [[Astaracian]] age and follows the [[Agenian]] age.<ref>[https://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayInterval&interval_no=293 Paleo Database: Orleanian]</ref>

; Agenian-Early Orleanian migration {{Mya|23.8|18.0|mya}}
At the time for [[Oligocene]]-[[Miocene]] boundary (23.8 mya), the [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys Seaway]], a deep through between the [[Arabian plate|Arabian]] and [[Iranian plate]]s, isolated Africa from Eurasia; an isolation that lasted until the gradual closure of the Tethys at the end of MN 3 (19-18 mya), and America was connected to Asia by the [[Beringia|Beringian landbridge]]. The horse-like [[equid]] ''[[Anchitherium]]'' dispersed into Asia over the latter and is known on the Iberian Peninsula from MN 3 and from Asia Minor in MN 6. It has not been found on the Balkan Peninsula, which suggests that the Balkans were isolated from Asia Minor at that time. In Western Europe, the pig-like suids ''[[Hyotherium]]'' appears in MN 1 and ''[[Xenohyus]]'' in MN 2. The hippo-like [[anthracothere]] ''[[Brachyodus]]'' appears in Western Europe in MN 3 and, while the MN 1-3 fauna is rare in the Eastern Mediterranean, also in Greece from around MN 3-4. The [[Spalacidae|spalacid]] (rodent) ''[[Debruijnia]]'' is known from Asia Minor from MN 3 and from [[Aliveri]], Greece, from early MN 4, suggesting the presence of some kind of early connection between Asia Minor and the Balkans.<ref name="Koufos-etal-2005">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Koufos
| first1 = George D.
| last2 = Kostopoulos
| first2 = Dimitris S.
| last3 = Vlachou
| first3 = Theodora D.
| title = Neogene/Quaternary mammalian migrations in Eastern Mediterranean
| journal = Belgian Journal of Zoology
| volume = 135
| issue = 2
| pages = 182–183
| date = July 2005
| oclc = 716880430
| url = http://www.naturalsciences.be/institute/associations/rbzs_website/bjz/back/pdf/BJZ%20135(2)/Volume%20135(2),%20pp.%20181-190.pdf
| accessdate = November 24, 2012
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{{Gallery
|File:Hyotherium.JPG|''Hyotherium'' mandible
|File:Hyotherium major skull MNHN.jpg|''Hyotherium'' major skull
|File:Hyotherium soemmeringi.JPG|''Hyotherium soemmeringi''
|File:Anchitherium - mandibles - Somosaguas.JPG|''Anchitherium'' mandibles
|File:Anchitherium.jpg|''Anchitherium''
}}

; Middle Orleanian migration {{Mya|18.0|17.0|mya}}
The connection between Eurasia and Africa, known as the "[[Gomphotherium land bridge]]", was re-established at the end of MN 3. However, temporary landbridges appears to have connected Africa to Eurasia before the final closure of the Tethys Seaway, allowing some mammals to emigrate between the landmasses. With the Balkans solidly connected to Asia Minor, the seaways to the [[Paratethys]] were closed, which transformed the shallow sea into an isolated basin with its own endemic fauna.
The ''Gomphotherium''-landbridge provided the African [[Hyracoidae|hyrocoid]] ''[[Pliohyrax]]'' with the opportunity to emigrate to India where it is known from the end of MN 3. It has been found in Turkey from MN 6 and, as the primitive [[Deinotheriidae|deinothere]] (elephant-like) ''[[Prodeinotherium]]'' is known from [[Lesbos]], Greece, it seems likely there was a connection between the regions around 18.4 mya.<ref name="Koufos-etal-2005" />

Emigration occurred in both directions across the landbridge around 20.7 mya. The MN 3 fauna of [[Negev]], Israel,<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Tchernov | first1 = E.
| last2 = Ginsburg | first2 = L.
| last3 = Tassy | first3 = P.
| last4 = Goldsmith | first4 = N. F.
| title = Miocene mammals of the Negev (Israel)
| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | year = 1987
| doi = 10.1080/02724634.1987.10011661
}} (Abstract)</ref> provides a mixture of African and Eurasian [[Taxon|taxa]] representative for this interchange: the elephant-like ''Prodeinotherium'' and ''Gomphotherium'', the carnivorous ''[[Anasinopa]]'', the small ungulate ''[[Dorcatherium]]'', the early pika ''[[Kenyalagomys]]'', and rodent ''[[Megapedetes]]'' from Africa; and the bovid ''[[Eotragus]]'', the suid ''[[Listriodon]]'', and ''[[Rhinocerotidae]]'' from Asia. The first to emigrate from Africa were the [[proboscidea]]ns (elephant-like) ''[[Gomphoteres]]'' and ''[[Deinotheres]]'' who eventually formed part of the [[Bugti Hills|Bugti]] fauna in India around 18.3 mya and are known from the eastern Mediterranean around 18.4 mya and the Iberian Peninsula at the beginning of MN 4, 18 mya. Emigrants from Asia, included the bovid ''Eotragus'', the suid ''[[Bunolistriodon]]'', the [[nimravid]] (cat) ''[[Prosansanosmilus]]'', and rodents such as ''[[Megacricetodon]]'', ''[[Democricetodon]]'', ''[[Cricetodon]]'', and ''[[Eumyarion]]''. The subfamily ''[[Democricetodontinae]]'' appeared in Asia Minor during MN 1-2, in Africa and Asia during MN 3, in America during MN 3-4 and finally in the Balkans and Western Europe during MN 4.<ref name="Koufos-etal-2005" />

{{Gallery
|File:Prodeinotherium bavaricum 1.JPG|''Prodeinotherium bavaricum''
|File:Archaeobelodon filholi skeleton 2.jpg|''Gomphotherium angustidens''
|File:Prosansanosmilus.JPG|''Prosansanosmilus'' mandible
|File:Bunolistriodon.jpg|''Bunolistriodon'' maxilla
|File:Dorcatherium 1.JPG|Dorcatherium
|File:Listriodon splendens.JPG|Mandible of ''Listriodon splendens''
}}

== See also ==
* [[Langhian]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Neogene Footer}}

[[Category:Miocene]]
[[Category:Miocene geochronology]]

Orleanian - Revision history

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