Opcode Systems - Revision history

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2025-11-20T20:42:01Z

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	'''Opcode Systems, Inc.''' was founded in 1985 by Dave Oppenheim and based in and around [[Palo Alto, California]], USA. Opcode produced [[MIDI]] sequencing software for the [[classic Mac OS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]], which would later include [[digital audio]] capabilities, as well as audio and MIDI hardware interfaces. Opcode's MIDIMAC [[music sequencer\|sequencer]], launched in 1986, was one of the first commercially available MIDI sequencers for the Macintosh.		'''Opcode Systems, Inc.''' was an American music [[software]] company founded in 1985 by Dave Oppenheim and based in and around [[Palo Alto, California]], USA. Opcode produced [[MIDI]] [[Music sequencer\|sequencing]] software for the [[classic Mac OS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]], which would later include [[digital audio workstation]] capabilities, as well as [[Audio interface\|audio]] and MIDI [[Music hardware\|hardware]] interfaces. Opcode's MIDIMAC [[music sequencer\|sequencer]], launched in 1986, was one of the first commercially available MIDI sequencers for the Macintosh. In 1998, the company was acquired by [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]], who ceased further development of Opcode products the following year.

	== History ==		== History ==
			In 1985, [[Stanford University]] graduate Dave Oppenheim founded Opcode. Oppenheim, the majority partner, focused on Research & Development, with Gary Briber, the minority partner, focusing on Sales & Marketing. Paul J. de Benedictis, after meeting Ray Spears in San Francisco while he was printing the beta manual for MIDIMAC Sequencer v1.0, joined the company to write product manuals, test products and demo the products. The company introduced its products at the 1985 Summer [[NAMM Show]] in New Orleans (June 22–25) (after which [[Apple, Inc.]] objected to the MIDIMAC name).<ref name=kvr-halaby>{{cite web\|last1=Halaby\|first1=Chris\|title=The Early Days of Software Sequencers\|url=http://www.kvraudio.com/focus/the_early_days_of_software_sequencers_15670\|website=kvraudio\|accessdate=3 July 2014}}</ref> According to composer [[Laurie Spiegel]], the products were publicly available in July.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Spiegel\|first1=Laurie\|title=A short history of intelligent instruments\|url=http://retiary.org/ls/writings/cmj_intelligt_instr_hist.html\|accessdate=3 July 2014}} ("Letter to the Editor, '''Computer Music Journal''', Vol. 11, #3, Fall, 1987.")</ref>

	In ~~1985~~, ~~[[Stanford University]] graduate Dave Oppenheim founded Opcode~~. ~~Dave~~ was the ~~majority partner~~, ~~focusing on Research & Development~~, ~~with Gary Briber the minority partner focusing on Sales & Marketing~~. ~~Paul J. de Benedictis joined the company to write product manuals, test products and demo the products after meeting Ray Spears in San Francisco while he~~ was ~~printing~~ the ~~beta manual~~ for ~~MIDIMAC Sequencer v1.0. The products were announced at~~ the ~~New Orleans Summer~~ [[~~National Association of Music Merchants~~\|~~NAMM~~]] ~~(June 22–25) (after which Apple objected~~ to the name)<ref name=kvr-hallaby>{{cite web\|last1=Hallaby\|first1=Chris\|title=The Early Days of Software Sequencers\|url=http://www.kvraudio.com/focus/the_early_days_of_software_sequencers_15670\|website=kvraudio\|accessdate=3 July 2014}}</ref> and, ~~according to composer~~ [[~~Laurie Spiegel~~]], ~~publicly available in July~~, 1985.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Spiegel\|first1=Laurie\|title=A short history of intelligent instruments\|url=http://retiary.org/ls/writings/cmj_intelligt_instr_hist.html\|accessdate=3 July 2014}} ("Letter to the Editor, '''Computer Music Journal''', Vol. 11, #3, Fall, 1987.~~")</ref>~~		In 1986, two major products were released. One was the MIDIMAC Sequencer, which later became the Opcode Sequencer and, eventually, Vision. The other was the MIDIMAC interface for the [[Compact Macintosh\|Macintosh]] computer. These products allowed musicians to use the Macintosh platform for music sequencing and were utilized by electronic music pioneers such as [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Wendy Carlos]], [[Thomas Dolby]], and others.

	In 1986, two major products were released. One was the MIDIMAC Sequencer, which later became the Opcode Sequencer and, eventually, Vision. The other was the MIDIMAC interface for the Macintosh computer. These products allowed musicians to use the Macintosh platform for music ~~sequencing and were utilized by electronic music pioneers such as~~ [[~~Herbie Hancock~~]]~~, [[Wendy Carlos]],~~ [[~~Thomas Dolby]],~~ and ~~others.~~		In 1986, music software programmer [[David Zicarelli]] licensed his [[MIDI#Editors and librarians\|Editor/Librarian]] for the [[Yamaha DX-7]] to Opcode, which published this product. At its peak, Opcode would market over ten separate Editor/Librarians, software programs designed to facilitate the editing of [[Synthesizer patch\|sound patches]] for synthesizers and the storage and organization of those patches on a personal computer.

	~~In 1986, music software programmer David Zicarelli licensed his~~ Editor/Librarian for the [[Yamaha DX-7]] to Opcode, which published this product. At its peak, Opcode would market over ten separate Editor/Librarians, software programs designed to facilitate the editing of sound patches for ~~digital~~ synthesizers and the storage and organization of those patches on a personal computer.

	In 1987, Gary Briber sold his portion of the company to Chris Halaby, with ~~Chris~~ assuming the position of Chief Executive Officer and Marketing ~~and Sales~~ responsibilities falling upon ~~Paul J.~~ de Benedictis ~~and Keith Borman~~, respectively. ~~Paul de~~ Benedictis was also the product manager for many of the products including the new version of Opcode's sequencer, Vision.		In 1987, Gary Briber sold his portion of the company to Chris Halaby, with Halaby assuming the position of Chief Executive Officer, and Sales & Marketing responsibilities falling upon Keith Borman and de Benedictis, respectively. De Benedictis was also the product manager for many of the products, including the new version of Opcode's sequencer, Vision.

	In 1989, Opcode introduced Vision, its award-winning sequencing platform for the Macintosh (and, eventually, Windows ~~computers as well~~). A simplified version, EZ Vision, was soon released.<ref>[R.L. Blevins, Computer Music Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, New Performance Interfaces 1 (Spring, 1990), pp. 82-85]</ref> EZ Vision's successor, MusicShop, included a simple notation view - a first in a sequencing product in that price range (roughly $100 US).		In 1989, Opcode introduced Vision, its award-winning sequencing platform for the Macintosh (and, eventually, Windows). A simplified version, EZ Vision, was soon released.<ref>[R.L. Blevins, Computer Music Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, New Performance Interfaces 1 (Spring, 1990), pp. 82-85]</ref> EZ Vision's successor, MusicShop, included a simple notation view - a first in a sequencing product in that price range (roughly $100 US).

	~~Also in 1989~~, it licensed the computer music authoring system [[Max (software)\|Max]] from [[IRCAM]], where it had been developed academically by [[Miller Puckette]]. Opcode began selling a commercial version of the program in 1990, developed and extended by ~~David~~ Zicarelli. Never a perfect fit for Opcode Systems, active development on the software ceased in the mid-90s~~. The current commercial version of~~ Max ~~has since been maintained and distributed by Zicarelli~~'s ~~company,~~ [[Cycling '74]] ~~(founded~~ in 1997~~), since 1999~~.		The same year, Opcode licensed the [[computer music]] authoring system [[Max (software)\|Max]] from [[IRCAM]], where it had been developed academically by [[Miller Puckette]]. Opcode began selling a commercial version of the program in 1990, developed and extended by Zicarelli. Never a perfect fit for Opcode Systems, active development on the software ceased in the mid-90s before Zicarelli acquired Max's publishing rights and founded [[Cycling '74]] in 1997 to continue the commercial development and distribution of Max.

	In 1990, Opcode introduced Studio Vision (initially called 'Audio Vision'), which added digital audio recording (using Digidesign's digital audio hardware) to Vision's ~~recording~~ and editing platform. Studio Vision was the first-ever commercially available product integrating MIDI sequencing and digital audio editing and recording on a personal computer. Paul J. de Benedictis was the Studio Vision product manager and helped come up with the idea of audio and MIDI in the same product after speaking with Mark Jeffery, a Digidesign employee key to their software development.<ref name="Studio Vision">{{cite web\|last=Petersen\|first=George\|title=Studio Vision\|url=http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/1990_opcode_sequencer/\|publisher=mixonline.com\|accessdate=24 September 2012}}</ref> A version called VisionDSP was released just before the company folded. Caitlin Johnson (currently Caitlin Bini) was Opcode's Senior Tech Writer, and she wrote the Studio Vision, Vision, EZ Vision, and Galaxy user manuals.		In 1990, Opcode introduced Studio Vision (initially called 'Audio Vision'), which added digital audio recording (using Digidesign's digital audio hardware) to Vision's sequencing and editing platform. Studio Vision was the first-ever commercially available product integrating MIDI sequencing and digital audio editing and recording on a personal computer. Paul J. de Benedictis was the Studio Vision product manager and helped come up with the idea of audio and MIDI in the same product after speaking with Mark Jeffery, a Digidesign employee key to their software development.<ref name="Studio Vision">{{cite web\|last=Petersen\|first=George\|title=Studio Vision\|url=http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/1990_opcode_sequencer/\|publisher=mixonline.com\|accessdate=24 September 2012}}</ref> A version called VisionDSP was released just before the company folded. Caitlin Johnson (currently Caitlin Bini) was Opcode's Senior Tech Writer, and she wrote the Studio Vision, Vision, EZ Vision, and Galaxy user manuals.

	In July 1995,<ref name=helmsetter>{{cite book \| last=Helmstetter \| first=Anthony \| date=1996 \| url=https://archive.org/details/webdevelopersgui0000helm/page/146/ \| title=Web Developer's Guide to Sound & Music \| publisher=Coriolis Group Books \| page=147 \| isbn=1883577950 \| via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> Opcode acquired Music Quest, Inc., makers of [[MPU-401]]-compatible expansion cards and peripheral boxes, such as the PC MIDI Card, the MQX-16s, the MQX-32m, and the MIDIEngine.<ref>{{cite book \| last=Heywood \| first=Brian \| date=1996 \| url=https://archive.org/details/pcmusichandbook0000heyw/page/40/ \| title=PC Music Handbook \| publisher=PC Publishing \| pages=40–41, 46–47, 90–92, 95, 201 \| isbn=1870775422 \| via=the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| last=Rubenking \| first=Janet \| date=March 12, 1991 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GF_6VuE4h2MC&pg=PT366 \| title=Add a Musical Dimension to Your PC with MIDI \| work=PC Magazine \| publisher=Ziff-Davis \| volume=10 \| issue=5 \| page=355–366 \| via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp\|355}} Opcode continued to sell Music Quest's hardware following the acquisition.<ref name=helmsetter /> Opcode's hardware products also included a line of serial MIDI interfaces which included the Studio 3, Studio 4, Studio 5, Studio 64X<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr98/articles/studio64xtc.html\|title=Opcode Studio 64XTC\|work=Sound On Sound\|date=April 1998\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915005347/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr98/articles/studio64xtc.html\|archivedate=15 September 2014}}</ref> and 128X,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep98/articles/opcode.html\|title=Opcode Studio128X\|work=Sound On Sound\|date=September 1998\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607013256/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep98/articles/opcode.html\|archivedate=7 June 2015}}</ref> as well as [[USB]] interfaces including the DATport, SONICport, MIDIport and STUDIOport lines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070814140014/http://www.harmony-central.com/Newp/WNAMM99/Opcode/New-USB-Products.html Harmony Central]</ref>		In July 1995,<ref name=helmsetter>{{cite book \| last=Helmstetter \| first=Anthony \| date=1996 \| url=https://archive.org/details/webdevelopersgui0000helm/page/146/ \| title=Web Developer's Guide to Sound & Music \| publisher=Coriolis Group Books \| page=147 \| isbn=1883577950 \| via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> Opcode acquired Music Quest, Inc., makers of [[MPU-401]]-compatible expansion cards and peripheral boxes, such as the PC MIDI Card, the MQX-16s, the MQX-32m, and the MIDIEngine.<ref>{{cite book \| last=Heywood \| first=Brian \| date=1996 \| url=https://archive.org/details/pcmusichandbook0000heyw/page/40/ \| title=PC Music Handbook \| publisher=PC Publishing \| pages=40–41, 46–47, 90–92, 95, 201 \| isbn=1870775422 \| via=the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| last=Rubenking \| first=Janet \| date=March 12, 1991 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GF_6VuE4h2MC&pg=PT366 \| title=Add a Musical Dimension to Your PC with MIDI \| work=PC Magazine \| publisher=Ziff-Davis \| volume=10 \| issue=5 \| page=355–366 \| via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp\|355}} Opcode continued to sell Music Quest's hardware following the acquisition.<ref name=helmsetter /> Opcode's hardware products also included a line of serial MIDI interfaces which included the Studio 3, Studio 4, Studio 5, Studio 64X<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr98/articles/studio64xtc.html\|title=Opcode Studio 64XTC\|work=Sound On Sound\|date=April 1998\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915005347/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr98/articles/studio64xtc.html\|archivedate=15 September 2014}}</ref> and 128X,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep98/articles/opcode.html\|title=Opcode Studio128X\|work=Sound On Sound\|date=September 1998\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607013256/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep98/articles/opcode.html\|archivedate=7 June 2015}}</ref> as well as [[USB]] interfaces including the DATport, SONICport, MIDIport and STUDIOport lines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070814140014/http://www.harmony-central.com/Newp/WNAMM99/Opcode/New-USB-Products.html Harmony Central]</ref>

2601:646:4200:4410:D0F9:3B5D:2BB6:4486 at 01:49, 29 June 2024

2024-06-29T01:49:02Z

New page

{{Short description|American music software company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Opcode Systems, Inc.
| logo = Opcode Systems Inc Logo.svg
| type =
| industry = Software Development
| fate = Acquired by [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1985}} in [[Palo Alto, California]], [[United States]]
| founder = Dave Oppenheim
| defunct = {{End date|1998}}
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country =
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products = {{unbulletedlist|
* Vision (a MIDI-only sequencer)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan99/articles/opcode477.htm|title=Opcode Vision DSP v4.1|work=Sound On Sound|date=January 1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607012258/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan99/articles/opcode477.htm|archivedate=7 June 2015}}</ref>
* Studio Vision (a full sequencer, including digital audio)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/mar96/opcodesv3.html|title=Opcode Studio Vision Pro v3.0|work=Sound On Sound|date=March 1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607010619/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/mar96/opcodesv3.html|archivedate=7 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/oct98/articles/studiovision.html|title=Opcode Studio Vision Pro 4|work=Sound On Sound|date=October 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606111957/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/oct98/articles/studiovision.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=6 June 2015}}</ref>
* Galaxy (a patch editor and librarian)
* [[Open Music System|OMS]] (a MIDI-interface environment)
* [[Max (software)|Max]] (a graphical development environment)
* [[Overture (software)|Overture]] (music notation and hybrid DAW software, now published by Sonic Scores)
}}
| owner =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year =
| parent =
| website =
}}
'''Opcode Systems, Inc.''' was founded in 1985 by Dave Oppenheim and based in and around [[Palo Alto, California]], USA. Opcode produced [[MIDI]] sequencing software for the [[classic Mac OS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]], which would later include [[digital audio]] capabilities, as well as audio and MIDI hardware interfaces. Opcode's MIDIMAC [[music sequencer|sequencer]], launched in 1986, was one of the first commercially available MIDI sequencers for the Macintosh.

== History ==

In 1985, [[Stanford University]] graduate Dave Oppenheim founded Opcode. Dave was the majority partner, focusing on Research & Development, with Gary Briber the minority partner focusing on Sales & Marketing. Paul J. de Benedictis joined the company to write product manuals, test products and demo the products after meeting Ray Spears in San Francisco while he was printing the beta manual for MIDIMAC Sequencer v1.0. The products were announced at the New Orleans Summer [[National Association of Music Merchants|NAMM]] (June 22–25) (after which Apple objected to the name)<ref name=kvr-hallaby>{{cite web|last1=Hallaby|first1=Chris|title=The Early Days of Software Sequencers|url=http://www.kvraudio.com/focus/the_early_days_of_software_sequencers_15670|website=kvraudio|accessdate=3 July 2014}}</ref> and, according to composer [[Laurie Spiegel]], publicly available in July, 1985.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spiegel|first1=Laurie|title=A short history of intelligent instruments|url=http://retiary.org/ls/writings/cmj_intelligt_instr_hist.html|accessdate=3 July 2014}} ("Letter to the Editor, '''Computer Music Journal''', Vol. 11, #3, Fall, 1987.")</ref>

In 1986, two major products were released. One was the MIDIMAC Sequencer, which later became the Opcode Sequencer and, eventually, Vision. The other was the MIDIMAC interface for the Macintosh computer. These products allowed musicians to use the Macintosh platform for music sequencing and were utilized by electronic music pioneers such as [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Wendy Carlos]], [[Thomas Dolby]], and others.

In 1986, music software programmer David Zicarelli licensed his Editor/Librarian for the [[Yamaha DX-7]] to Opcode, which published this product. At its peak, Opcode would market over ten separate Editor/Librarians, software programs designed to facilitate the editing of sound patches for digital synthesizers and the storage and organization of those patches on a personal computer.

In 1987, Gary Briber sold his portion of the company to Chris Halaby, with Chris assuming the position of Chief Executive Officer and Marketing and Sales responsibilities falling upon Paul J. de Benedictis and Keith Borman, respectively. Paul de Benedictis was also the product manager for many of the products including the new version of Opcode's sequencer, Vision.

In 1989, Opcode introduced Vision, its award-winning sequencing platform for the Macintosh (and, eventually, Windows computers as well). A simplified version, EZ Vision, was soon released.<ref>[R.L. Blevins, Computer Music Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, New Performance Interfaces 1 (Spring, 1990), pp. 82-85]</ref> EZ Vision's successor, MusicShop, included a simple notation view - a first in a sequencing product in that price range (roughly $100 US).

Also in 1989, it licensed the computer music authoring system [[Max (software)|Max]] from [[IRCAM]], where it had been developed academically by [[Miller Puckette]]. Opcode began selling a commercial version of the program in 1990, developed and extended by David Zicarelli. Never a perfect fit for Opcode Systems, active development on the software ceased in the mid-90s. The current commercial version of Max has since been maintained and distributed by Zicarelli's company, [[Cycling '74]] (founded in 1997), since 1999.

In 1990, Opcode introduced Studio Vision (initially called 'Audio Vision'), which added digital audio recording (using Digidesign's digital audio hardware) to Vision's recording and editing platform. Studio Vision was the first-ever commercially available product integrating MIDI sequencing and digital audio editing and recording on a personal computer. Paul J. de Benedictis was the Studio Vision product manager and helped come up with the idea of audio and MIDI in the same product after speaking with Mark Jeffery, a Digidesign employee key to their software development.<ref name="Studio Vision">{{cite web|last=Petersen|first=George|title=Studio Vision|url=http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/1990_opcode_sequencer/|publisher=mixonline.com|accessdate=24 September 2012}}</ref> A version called VisionDSP was released just before the company folded. Caitlin Johnson (currently Caitlin Bini) was Opcode's Senior Tech Writer, and she wrote the Studio Vision, Vision, EZ Vision, and Galaxy user manuals.

In July 1995,<ref name=helmsetter>{{cite book | last=Helmstetter | first=Anthony | date=1996 | url=https://archive.org/details/webdevelopersgui0000helm/page/146/ | title=Web Developer's Guide to Sound & Music | publisher=Coriolis Group Books | page=147 | isbn=1883577950 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> Opcode acquired Music Quest, Inc., makers of [[MPU-401]]-compatible expansion cards and peripheral boxes, such as the PC MIDI Card, the MQX-16s, the MQX-32m, and the MIDIEngine.<ref>{{cite book | last=Heywood | first=Brian | date=1996 | url=https://archive.org/details/pcmusichandbook0000heyw/page/40/ | title=PC Music Handbook | publisher=PC Publishing | pages=40–41, 46–47, 90–92, 95, 201 | isbn=1870775422 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Rubenking | first=Janet | date=March 12, 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GF_6VuE4h2MC&pg=PT366 | title=Add a Musical Dimension to Your PC with MIDI | work=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=10 | issue=5 | page=355–366 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|355}} Opcode continued to sell Music Quest's hardware following the acquisition.<ref name=helmsetter /> Opcode's hardware products also included a line of serial MIDI interfaces which included the Studio 3, Studio 4, Studio 5, Studio 64X<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr98/articles/studio64xtc.html|title=Opcode Studio 64XTC|work=Sound On Sound|date=April 1998|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915005347/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr98/articles/studio64xtc.html|archivedate=15 September 2014}}</ref> and 128X,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep98/articles/opcode.html|title=Opcode Studio128X|work=Sound On Sound|date=September 1998|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607013256/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep98/articles/opcode.html|archivedate=7 June 2015}}</ref> as well as [[USB]] interfaces including the DATport, SONICport, MIDIport and STUDIOport lines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070814140014/http://www.harmony-central.com/Newp/WNAMM99/Opcode/New-USB-Products.html Harmony Central]</ref>

In 1998, Opcode was bought by [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]]. Development on Opcode products ceased in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.harmony-central.com/News/1999/Opcode-Changes.html |title=Harmony Central News |access-date=2007-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027094815/http://news.harmony-central.com/News/1999/Opcode-Changes.html |archive-date=2007-10-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/dave-oppenheim Dave Oppenheim Interview] at [[NAMM Oral History Program|NAMM Oral History Collection]] (2012)
*[https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/paul-de-benedictis Paul de Benedictis Interview] at NAMM Oral History Collection (2009)

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:MIDI]]
[[Category:Orphaned technology]]
[[Category:Defunct software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]