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{{Short description|Language family}}
{{for|the Kra–Dai language Nung|Nung language (Tai)}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Nungish
|region=[[Yunnan Province]] of China, [[Burma]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]]
|glotto=nung1293
|glottorefname=Nungish
|child1=[[Derung language|Trung]]
|child2=[[Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)|Anong]]
|child3=[[Rawang language|Rawang]]
}}

The '''Nung''' or '''Nungish languages''' are a poorly described family of uncertain affiliation within the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken in [[Yunnan]], China and [[Burma]]. They include:
*[[Derung language|Derung]] (Trung, Dulong, Drung, Tvrung)
*[[Rawang language|Rawang]] (Răwang, Rvwang)
*[[Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)|Nung]] (Anong, Along, Anung)

The Chinese name ''Ālóng'' 阿龙, sometimes misread ''Ayi'', refers to Nung (Anong). Two other languages were formerly included under Nungish in the Ethnologue, namely Nor(r)a and Lama; however, they have recently been removed, as Nora is another name for the moribund [[Khamyang language|Khamyang Tai language]] of Assam,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-18 |title=Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2012/2012-034.pdf |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[ISO 639-3]]}}</ref> and [[Laemae language|Lama]] (or Laemae) is a northern Bai variety that has been subsumed into the Lisu ethnic group in China.<ref name=":0" />

==History of classification==
Grierson (1928:24) tentatively put Nung (referring to the whole Nungish family, based on what was probably a Waqdamkong Rawang wordlist from J.T.O. Barnard) in the Lolo subgroup of Lolo-Mos'o, remarking, "The language appears to form a bridge between Lolo and Kachin".<ref>Grierson, George Abraham. 1928. ''Linguistic survey of India, vol. 1, pt. 2, Comparative vocabulary''. Calcutta: Government of India Central Publication Branch. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=1-2&pages=381#page/36/mode/1up]</ref>

Luo (2000:325 [1954]) placed Gongshan Qiu (Dulongjiang Dulong) and Gongshan Nu (Nujiang Dulong) in the Tibetan language branch (along with Tibetan, Jiarong, Qiang, and Xibo), but also stated that the person-marking in Qiu and Nu resembles that of languages in Nepal, and suggested that Qiu and Nu might form their own separate branch. Sun (1982:2) postulated a close relationship between Dulong, Jingpho, and Deng; elsewhere (2007:567) he limits this to Dulong and Jingpho. In a more extensive passage (1983:234-247), he still maintains that Dulong and Deng should be included in the Jingpho branch (1983:243), but also concludes that based on the unique characteristics of Dulong, it arguably deserve its own branch of Sino-Tibetan, but it has more similarities with Jingpho than with any other branch (1983:247). Nishida (1987) places Dulong and Nung (a supergroup including Rawang and Anong) together into a group called Lolo-Burmese-Dulong, alongside the Loloish and Burmese branches, but places Nu (Nusu?) directly under the Burmese branch.

In her PhD dissertation, Cui Xia (2009) compares Dulong with Tibetan, Qiangic (Pumi), Burmese-Yi (Zaiwa and Hani), and Jingpho, concluding that Dulong is on a separate branch. The results pertaining to Jingpho are summarized in Dai & Cui 2009.

Matisoff (various places, e.g. 2003:692) likewise postulated a relationship between Nungish and [[Jingpo language|Jingpho]], and a grouping called Jingpho-Nung-Luish, but neither van Driem (2001) nor LaPolla (2003) have been able to find substantiating evidence. Thurgood (2003) and LaPolla (2003) propose that Nungish may be part of a larger "[[Rung languages|Rung]]" group. Matisoff (2013) now agrees that the relationship between Nungish and Jingpho-Luish is due to contact, not a close genetic relationship. He also reiterates a relatively close relationship between Nungish and Lolo-Burmese, particularly the Burmish branch (Matisoff 2013:5). DeLancey (2009) includes Nungish in the Rung group along with rGyalrong, Qiang, Primi, and Tangut, and places Rung tentatively under Burmic, on the same level as Lolo-Burmese-Naxi.

Recently, LaPolla has proposed a group of features that are characteristic of Rawang (LaPolla 2012:126), and also offered a reconstruction of person-marking in Proto-Dulong-Rawang (LaPolla 2013:470).

[[Scott DeLancey]] (2015)<ref>DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)." ''Cahiers de linguistique - Asie oriental'' 44(2):122-149. December 2015. {{doi|10.1163/19606028-00442p02}}</ref> suggests that Nungish may be part of a wider [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] group.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Cui Xia 崔霞. 2009. Dulongyu xishu bijiao yanjiu 独龙语系属比较研究 [A comparative study of Dulong]. Beijing: Zhongyang Minzu Daxue 中央民族大学 Central Minzu University PhD dissertation.
*Dai Qingxia 戴庆厦 & Cui Xia 崔霞. 2009. Cong Zangmianyu yufa yanbian cengci kan Dulongyu he Jingpoyu qinyuan guanxi de yuanjin 从藏缅语语法演变层次看独龙语和景颇语亲缘关系的远近 [The genetic distance between Dulong and Jingpo from the perspective of grammatical evolution of the Tibeto-Burman languages]. ''Zhongyang Minzu Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban)'' 《中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》 ''[Journal of the Central University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Sciences edition)]'' 2009(3). 132–139.
*DeLancey, Scott. 2009. Sino-Tibetan languages. In Bernard Comrie (ed.), ''The World’s Major Languages'', 693–702. 2nd edition. London & New York: Routledge.
*van Driem, George. 2001. ''Languages of the Himalayas: an ethnolinguistic handbook of the greater Himalayan region.'' Brill.
*Grierson, George Abraham. 1928. ''[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=1-2&pages=381#page/36/mode/1up Linguistic survey of India, vol. 1, pt. 2, Comparative vocabulary]''. Calcutta: Government of India Central Publication Branch.
*LaPolla, Randy J. 2003. Overview of Sino-Tibetan morphosyntax. In Graham Thurgood & Randy J. LaPolla (eds.), ''The Sino-Tibetan languages'', 22–42. (Routledge Language Family Series). London & New York: Routledge.
*LaPolla, Randy J. 2012. Comments on methodology and evidence in Sino-Tibetan comparative linguistics. ''Language and Linguistics'' 13(1). 117–132.
*LaPolla, Randy J. 2013. Subgrouping in Tibeto-Burman: Can an individual-identifying standard be developed? How do we factor in the history of migrations and language contact? In Balthasar Bickel, Lenore A. Grenoble, David A. Peterson & Alan Timberlake (eds.), ''Language typology and historical contingency: In honor of Johanna Nichols'', 463–474. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
*Luo Changpei 罗常培. 2000 [1954]. Guonei shaoshu minzu yuyan wenzi gaikuang 国内少数民族语言文字概况 [An overview of in-country minority languages and writing systems (in China)]. ''Zhongguo Yuwen'' 《中国语文》 ''[Chinese Language and Literature]'' 1954(3). Reprinted in Luo Changpei Wenji Bianweihui (ed.), ''The collected linguistic works of Luo Changpei, vol. 9'' 《罗常培文集(第9卷)》 ''Luo Changpei wenji (di jiu juan)'', 324–341. Jinan: Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
*Matisoff, James A. 2003. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fp8lDQAAQBAJ Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: system and philosophy of Sino-Tibetan reconstruction].'' Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
*Matisoff, James A. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/16300693/Re-examining_the_genetic_position_of_Jingpho_putting_flesh_on_the_bones_of_the_Jinghpho_Luish_Relationship Re-examining the genetic position of Jingpho: putting flesh on the bones of the Jingpho/Luish relationship]. ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 36(2). 1–106.
*Nishida, Tatsuo. 1987. Dokuriugo oyobi Nugo no yiti ni tuite [On the position of the Trung and Nu languages]. ''Toohoogaku Ronshuu'' Fortieth Anniversary Volume. 988–973.
*Shintani, Tadahiko. 2018. ''The Khwingsang language''. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area, no. 113. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
*Shintani, Tadahiko. 2018. ''The Khrangkhu language''. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area, no. 114. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
*Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开. 1982. ''Dulongyu jianzhi'' 《独龙语简志》 ''[A sketch of the Dulong language]''. (Guojia minwei minzu wenti wuzhong congshu 1). Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
*Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开. 1983. Liu jiang liuyu de minzu yuyan ji chi xishu fenlei 六江流域的民族语言及其系数分类 [Minority languages of the “six river valleys” and their respective classifications]. ''Minzu Xuebao'' 《民族学报》 1983(3). 99–274.
*Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开. 2007. Dulongyu 独龙语 [Dulong]. In Sun Hongkai 孙宏开, Hu Zengyi 胡增益 & Huang Xing 黄行 (eds.), ''Zhongguo de yuyan'' 《中国的语言》 ''[The languages of China]'', 567–580. Beijing: The Commercial Press 商务印书馆.
*Thurgood, Graham. 2003. A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: The interaction between language contact, change, and inheritance. In Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla (eds.), ''The Sino-Tibetan languages,'' 3-21. (Routledge Language Family Series). London & New York: Routledge.

==Further reading==
*Straub, Nathan. 2020. ''[https://zenodo.org/record/3996184 Annotated bibliography of Nungish]'' (2016.11.21). Zenodo. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.3996184}}
*Straub, Nathan. 2015. ''[https://www.academia.edu/12175610/Nungish_annotated_bibliography Nungish annotated bibliography]''.

==External links==
*[http://www.tibeto-burman.net/rda/ Rawang-Dulong-Anong language and culture] (by [[Randy LaPolla]])

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}

[[Category:Nungish languages| ]]

Nungish languages - Revision history

imported>DressChimera241: expanded and combined bare refs