imported>Natg 19: Disambiguating links to Interim Government of Iran (link changed to Interim Government of Iran (1979)) using DisamAssist.

2025-06-18T20:45:39Z

Disambiguating links to Interim Government of Iran (link changed to Interim Government of Iran (1979)) using DisamAssist.

New page

{{Short description|Iranian physicist, politician and guerrilla fighter }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox office holder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Mostafa Chamran
| native_name = {{nobold|مصطفی چمران}}
| native_name_lang = fa
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Mostafa Chamran Portrait 1.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
|office1 = [[Parliament of Iran|Member of the Parliament of Iran]]
|term_start1 = 28 May 1980
|term_end1 = 21 June 1981
|constituency1 = [[Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr (electoral district)|Tehran, Rey and Shemiranat]]
|majority1 = 1,100,842 (51.5%)
|office2 = [[Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran)|Minister of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics]]
|term_start2 = 30 September 1979
|term_end2 = 28 May 1980
|primeminister2 = [[Mehdi Bazargan]]
|predecessor2 = [[Taghi Riahi]]
|successor2 = [[Javad Fakoori]]
|office3 = [[Prime Minister of Iran|Deputy Prime Minister of Iran for Revolutionary Affairs]]
|term_start3 = 29 April 1979
|term_end3 = 30 September 1979
|primeminister3 = [[Mehdi Bazargan]]
|predecessor3 = [[Ebrahim Yazdi]]
|birth_name = Mostafa Chamran Save'ei
|birth_date = 2 October{{fact|date=August 2024}} 1932
|birth_place = [[Tehran]], [[Imperial State of Persia]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1981|6|21|1932|10|2|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Dehlaviyeh]], [[Iran]]
|resting_place = [[Behesht-e Zahra]], Tehran
|nationality = {{ubl|Iranian|American (1960s-1981)<ref>{{cite news|author=Amir Taheri |title=Tehran's Price for "Solidarity"|url=https://nypost.com/2007/10/12/tehrans-price-for-solidarity/|work=New York Post|date=12 October 2007}}</ref>}}
|party = [[Freedom Movement of Iran]] [[Amal Movement]]
|spouse = Tamsen H. Parvaneh (1961– div. 1973) Ghadeh Jaber (1977–1981)
|relations =
|children = 4
|alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Tehran]] (BS)|[[Texas A&M University]] (MS)|[[UC Berkeley]] (PhD)}}
|occupation =
|profession = [[Scientist]]
|cabinet =
|nickname = Jamal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1609&doc_cat=16|title=IICHS - Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies|website=iichs.org}}</ref>
| allegiance = {{flag|Iran}} {{flag|Lebanon}}<ref name="Sepehr Zabih 84–94">{{cite journal|author=Sepehr Zabih|title=Aspects of Terrorism in Iran|journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|date=September 1982|volume=463|series=International Terrorism|pages=84–94|doi=10.1177/0002716282463001007|jstor=1043613|s2cid=145391253}}</ref>
| branch = [[Lebanese Resistance Regiments]] [[Irregular Warfare Headquarters]] [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]]
| serviceyears = {{ubl|1975–1979|1979–1981}}
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = {{ubl|[[Lebanese Civil War]]|[[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979 Kurdish rebellion]]|[[Iran–Iraq War]]{{KIA}}}}
| awards =
}}
'''Mostafa Chamran Save'ei''' ({{langx|fa|مصطفی چمران ساوه‌ای}}) (2 October{{fact|date=August 2024}} 1932 – 21 June 1981) was an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[physicist]], [[politician]], [[commander]] and [[guerrilla]] fighter who served as the first [[defense minister]] of post-revolutionary Iran and a [[Majlis of Iran|member of parliament]] as well as the commander of paramilitary volunteers in [[Iran–Iraq War]], known as "[[Irregular Warfare Headquarters]]". He was killed during the Iran–Iraq War.

==Early life and education==
Chamran was born into a religious family on 2 October{{fact|date=August 2024}} 1932 in Tehran.<ref name=vida>{{cite web|author=Vida Moezzinia|title=Dr. Mostafa Chamran|url=http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1609&doc_cat=16|publisher=IICHS|access-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227045553/http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1609&doc_cat=16|archive-date=27 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Dominique Avon|author2=Anaïs-Trissa Khatchadourian|title=Hezbollah. A History of the "Party of God"|date=2012|publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=9780674067523|page=198|url=https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674067523|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674067523}}</ref> He received religious education from [[Ayatollah Taleqani]] and [[Morteza Motahari]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shahid Mostafa Chamran has been known for his life of sacrifices|url=http://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&Id=193400|access-date=17 February 2013|work=ABNA|date=26 June 2010|archive-date=13 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413000942/http://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&Id=193400|url-status=dead}}</ref> He studied at [[Alborz High School]] and then graduated from [[University of Tehran]] with a bachelor's degree in [[electromechanics]].<ref name=vida/>

In the late 1950s, he moved to [[the United States]] for higher education, obtaining an M.S. degree from the [[Texas A&M University]].<ref>{{cite book|title=An integrator based on motion and electrostatic charge. (Book, 1959)|publisher=[WorldCat.org]|oclc=5974555}}</ref> He then went on to obtain his PhD in electrical engineering and [[plasma physics]] in 1963 from the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/Dissertations/Years/1963.html|title=PhD Dissertations; EECS at UC Berkeley|publisher=CS|date=9 January 2013|access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref>

In the book ''Self-construction and development'' he said he was hired as a research staff scientist at [[Bell Laboratories]] and [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] in the 1960s.<ref name=bezahra/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lib.ir/book/80662307/Selfconstruction-and-development/|title=Self-construction and development (author Mostafa Chamran) - کتابخانه تخصصی جهاد و شهادت (موسسه فرهنگی روایت سیره شهدا)|last=دارالحدیث|first=موسسه علمی فرهنگی|website=www.lib.ir|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref>

==Career and activities==
Chamran was one of the senior members of [[Freedom Movement of Iran|the Freedom Movement]] led by [[Mehdi Bazargan]] in the 1960s.<ref name=vida/><ref>{{cite web|title=Mehdi Bazargan's biography|url=http://www.bazargan.info/la_english/english.htm|work=Bazargan website|access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref> He was part of the radical external wing together with [[Ebrahim Yazdi]], [[Sadegh Ghotbzadeh]] and [[Ali Shariati]].<ref name=disrel>{{cite book|author1=Houchang Chehabi|author2=Rula Jurdi Abisaab|author3=Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain)|title=Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elHww0W0ZO4C&pg=PA182|date=2 April 2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-561-7|pages=182}}</ref>

Following graduation, Chamran went to Cuba to receive military training.<ref name=zabih>{{cite journal|author=Sepehr Zabih|title=Aspects of Terrorism in Iran|journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|date=September 1982|volume=463|series=International Terrorism|pages=84–94|doi=10.1177/0002716282463001007|jstor=1043613|s2cid=145391253}}</ref> In December 1963, he along with Ghotbzadeh and Yazdi left the US for [[Egypt]] where he was trained in guerilla warfare.<ref name=yehudit>{{cite web|last=Barsky|first=Yehudit|title=Hizballah|url=http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/Hizballah_052003.pdf|work=The American Jewish Committee|access-date=5 August 2013|format=Terrorism Briefing|date=May 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184824/http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/Hizballah_052003.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=abaw>{{cite journal|author=Abbas William Samii|title=The Shah's Lebanon policy: the role of SAVAK|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|year=1997|volume=33|issue=1|pages=66–91|doi=10.1080/00263209708701142}}</ref> They met the Egyptian authorities to establish an anti-Shah organization in the country, which was later called SAMA, special organization for unity and action.<ref name=disrel/> Chamran was chosen as its military head.<ref name=disrel/> Upon his return to the US in 1965 he founded a group, Red Shiism, in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] with the aim of training militants.<ref name=yehudit/> His brother, [[Mehdi Chamran|Mehdi]], was also part of the group.<ref name=yehudit/> In 1968, he founded another group, the Muslim Students' Association of America (MSA), and it was led by Ebrahim Yazdi.<ref name=yehudit/> The group managed to establish branches in the United Kingdom and France.<ref name=yehudit/>

In 1971 Chamran left the US for [[Lebanon]]<ref name=yehudit/> and joined the camps of [[the Palestine Liberation Organization]] and [[Amal Movement|the Amal movement]].<ref name=zabih/> He became a leading and founding member of the Islamic revolutionary movement in the Middle East, organizing and training guerrillas and revolutionary forces in [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Syria]]. During [[Lebanese Civil War|the civil war]] in Lebanon he actively cooperated with [[Musa al-Sadr|Musa Al Sadr]], founder of the Amal movement.<ref name=ostovar>{{cite thesis|author=Afshon P. Ostovar|title=Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Ideology, Politics, and the Development of Military Power in Iran (1979–2009)|url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/64683/afshon_1.pdf;jsessionid=DF7BFA33BF18FF73E9117CB0504F14E1?sequence=1|location=University of Michigan|degree=PhD|year=2009}}</ref> Chamran also became an Amal member and "right-hand man of Sadr".<ref>{{cite news|title=Musa al Sadr: The Untold Story|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2008/05/article55258754|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=31 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019131923/http://www.aawsat.net/2008/05/article55258754|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=ata>{{cite journal|author=Mohammad Ataie|title=Revolutionary Iran's 1979 endeavor in Lebanon|journal=Middle East Policy|date=Summer 2013|volume=XX|issue=2|doi=10.1111/mepo.12026|pages=137–157|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Chamran along with Sadegh Ghotbzadeh was part of the faction, called the "Syrian mafia", in the court of Khomeini, and there was a feud between his group and the Libya-friendly group, led by [[Mohammad Montazeri]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gayn|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Gayn|title=Into the depths of a boiling caldron|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DCNlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1340,5195980&dq=mohammad+montazeri&hl=en|access-date=27 July 2013|newspaper=Edmonton Journal|date=20 December 1979}}</ref>

[[File:Fallahi, Chamran and Aghazamani in Paweh.jpg|thumb|[[Valiollah Fallahi]], Chamran and [[Abbas Aghazamani]] after liberation of [[Paveh]]]]
With the [[Islamic Revolution]] taking place in Iran, Chamran returned to Iran.<ref name=Lorentz2010>{{cite book|author=John H. Lorentz|title=The A to Z of Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-rIhengOn0C&pg=PA69|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-7638-5|pages=69}}</ref> In 1979, he served as deputy prime minister in the cabinet of Mehdi Bazargan.<ref name=tpp79>{{cite news|title=Iran Unleashes Might on Kurds|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iuoeAAAAIBAJ&pg=6542,221594&dq=mostafa+chamran&hl=en|access-date=8 August 2013|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=2 September 1979|agency=UPI|location=Tehran}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kurds claim town siege|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UvgiAAAAIBAJ&pg=805,2321889&dq=mostafa+chamran&hl=en|access-date=8 August 2013|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=17 August 1979}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He led the military operations in [[Kurdistan Province|Kurdistan]] where [[Kurds in Iran|Kurds]] rebelled against the [[Interim Government of Iran (1979)|Interim Government of Iran]].<ref name=tpp79/> He served as minister of defense from September 1979 to 1980,<ref>{{cite book|author=Sepehr Zabir|title=The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcjmD51dFFMC&pg=PT277|date=23 April 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-136-81270-5|pages=277}}</ref> being the first civil defense minister of the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gregory F. Rose|title=The Post-Revolutionary Purge of Iran's Armed Forces: A Revisionist Assessment|journal=Iranian Studies|date=Spring–Summer 1984|volume=17|issue=2–3|pages=153–194|doi=10.1080/00210868408701627|jstor=4310440}}</ref>

In March 1980, he was elected to the [[Majlis of Iran]] (the Iranian Parliament) as a representative of Tehran.<ref name=Bak1996>{{cite book|author=Bahman Baktiari|title=Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_jPuuxfIv4C&pg=PA79|access-date=27 July 2013|year=1996|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-1461-6|pages=79}}</ref> In May 1980, he was named the Ayatollah's representative to the [[Supreme National Security Council|Supreme Council of National]] Defense.<ref>{{cite news|title=Khomenei's hard-liners triumph|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19800512&id=B1ZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6991,6282811|access-date=4 August 2013|newspaper=The Spokesman Review|date=May 1980|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chamran was married to a woman from Lebanon, Ghadeh Jaber.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mostafa Chamran's Lebanon converted into Arabic|url=http://www.ibna.ir/vdcds90fsyt0k96.em2y.html|access-date=4 August 2013|work=Iran Book News Agency|date=12 December 2012}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Grave of Mostafa Chamran.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Mostafa Chamran in the [[Behesht-e Zahra]] cemetery in Iran]]
Chamran led an infantry unit during the [[Iran–Iraq War]] and received two wounds in his left leg by shrapnel from a mortar shell.<ref name=bezahra/> However, he refused to leave his unit.<ref name=bezahra/> He was killed in [[Dehlaviyeh|Dehlavieh]] on 21 June 1981 as the war was raging on.<ref name=vida/><ref>Bernard Reich, ''Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa '' [https://books.google.com/books?id=3D5FulN2WqQC&dq=%22chamran+died%22&pg=PA466 p.466]</ref><ref>Daniel Brumberg, ''Reinventing Khomeini'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cdjs7HCjIsYC&pg=PA272 p.272]</ref><ref name=ChehabiAbisaab2006>{{cite book|author1=Houchang Chehabi|author2=Rula Jurdi Abisaab|title=Distant Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elHww0W0ZO4C&pg=PA208|access-date=19 February 2013|date=2 April 2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-561-7|pages=208}}</ref><ref>Houchang E. Chehabi, ''Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=JJEIQbUnGyYC&pg=PA293 p.293]</ref> His death was regarded as "suspicious" and the related details have remained unclear.<ref name=Lorentz2010/><ref name=gan2002>{{cite book|author=Manouchehr Ganji|title=Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NboVl-CeYs0C&pg=PA109|access-date=1 August 2013|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97187-8|pages=109}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Augustus R. Norton|title=Hezbollah: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0MZOnnu8qcC&pg=PA30|date=19 January 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14107-7|page=30}}</ref> Chamran was buried in the [[Behesht-e Zahra]] cemetery in Tehran.<ref name=bezahra>{{cite book|author=Scott Peterson|title=Let the Swords Encircle Me: Iran--A Journey Behind the Headlines|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781416597285|url-access=registration|date=21 September 2010|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4165-9739-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781416597285/page/701 701]}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Ayatullah Khomeini publicly proclaimed Chamran as a "proud commander of Islam".<ref name=bezahra/> Chamran was posthumously given a hero status, and many buildings and streets in Iran and Lebanon were named for him, as well as a [[Chamran Expressway|major expressway]].<ref name=bezahra/> In 2012, Mohsen Alavi Pour published Chamran's biography.<ref>{{cite news|title=Martyr Chamran's biography book unveiled|url=http://www.taghribnews.com/vdcevo8o.jh8voik1bj.html|access-date=4 August 2013|work=Taqrib News|date=20 June 2012}}</ref> A [[Anagnorisma chamrani|species of moth]] was named after him in 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal| author1=M. Esfandiari|author2=P. Gyulai|author3=M. Rabieh|author4=A. Seraj|author5=L. Ronkay|title=''Anagnorisma chamrani'' sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Iran|doi=10.3897/zookeys.317.5515|journal=ZooKeys|issue=317| pages=17–25|year=2013|pmid=23950668|pmc=3744136|doi-access=free|bibcode=2013ZooK..317...17G }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New Anagnorisma Moth Species from Beautiful Binaloud Mountain Iran|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130717114500.htm|access-date=8 August 2013|newspaper=Science Daily|date=17 July 2013}}</ref> Nick Robinson published an English biography of Chamran in the United Kingdom in 2013, ''22: Not a new lifestyle for those who thirst for humanity!''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Book on lifestyle of Iranian veteran Chamran published in UK|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/arts-and-culture/109182-book-on-lifestyle-of-iranian-veteran-chamran-published-in-uk|access-date=8 August 2013|newspaper=Tehran Times|date=10 July 2013|location=Tehran|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206164414/http://www.tehrantimes.com/arts-and-culture/109182-book-on-lifestyle-of-iranian-veteran-chamran-published-in-uk|archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2014 a film named ''[[Che (2014 film)|Che]]'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: چ) directed by [[Ebrahim Hatamikia]], was released to honour Chamran; the film portrays two days of Chamran's life after the Islamic Revolution.

In 2017 Iranian film director [[Reza Mirkarimi]] made an animated film about Chamran.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Story Of The Life Of Mostafa Chamran With English Subtitles |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LaHhynI40E |website=Youtube | date=6 January 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Director Mirkarimi animations to be screened |website=IRNA English | url=https://en.irna.ir/amp/2733581/ |date=9 August 2014 | access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Iran|biography}}
* [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran]]
* [[Ali Asghar Vesali Tehrani Fard|Asghar Vesali]]
* [[List of unsolved murders (20th century)|List of unsolved murders]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|fa}} {{official|http://chamran.ir/}}
{{commons category-inline}}
{{Defense and Armed Forces Logistics Ministers of Iran}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chamran, Mostafa}}
[[Category:20th-century Iranian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Iranian politicians]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Alborz High School alumni]]
[[Category:Amal Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Burials at Behesht-e Zahra]]
[[Category:Defence ministers of Iran]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Iran]]
[[Category:Deputies of Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr]]
[[Category:Iranian Irregular Warfare Headquarters guerrillas]]
[[Category:Freedom Movement of Iran MPs]]
[[Category:Iranian military personnel killed in the Iran–Iraq War]]
[[Category:Iranian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Islamic Consultative Assembly]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed by friendly fire]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:National Front (Iran) student activists]]
[[Category:People of the Iranian Revolution]]
[[Category:Texas A&M University alumni]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:University of Tehran alumni]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in Iran]]

Mostafa Chamran - Revision history

imported>Natg 19: Disambiguating links to Interim Government of Iran (link changed to Interim Government of Iran (1979)) using DisamAssist.