imported>Simeon: Changing short description from "Japanese manga artist" to "Japanese manga artist (born 1935)"

2024-08-24T11:05:35Z

Changing short description from "Japanese manga artist" to "Japanese manga artist (born 1935)"

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{{Short description|Japanese manga artist (born 1935)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox comics creator
| name_nonEN = 牧美也子
| nonUS = ja
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| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1935|7|29}}
| birth_place = [[Kobe]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture]], Japan
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| manga artist = y
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| spouse = [[Leiji Matsumoto]]
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{{nihongo|'''Miyako Maki'''|牧美也子|Maki Miyako|born July 29, 1935}} is a Japanese [[mangaka|manga artist]], and one of the earliest female manga artists. During the 1960s, Maki contributed significantly to the development of [[Shōjo manga|''shōjo'' manga]] ([[manga]] for girls), and became one of the most popular ''shōjo'' authors of her generation. She later became a pioneer in manga for adults, producing ''[[gekiga]]'' and ''[[redikomi]]'' towards the end of that decade.

She is the widow of manga artist [[Leiji Matsumoto]], with whom she has collaborated with on multiple works. Miyako created [[Licca-chan]], a popular Japanese doll manufactured by [[Takara]]. Works by Maki have been awarded the [[Japan Cartoonists Association Award]], the Montreal International Comic Contest prize, and the [[Shogakukan Manga Award]].

==Early life==
Miyako Maki was born July 29, 1935, in [[Kobe]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture]]. She did not discover manga until graduating from high school – her parents started a book distribution company in [[Osaka]] which distributed manga, and Maki became interested by the possibilities of expression offered by the medium.{{sfn|Toku|2015|p=168}}{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|p=83}} After realizing that manga was the best way to express her thoughts, she began her career as a mangaka in 1957.{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|p=83}}

==Career==
===''Shōjo'' manga ===
Maki created her first manga in 1957. She presented it to the director of Tokodo, the publisher of [[Osamu Tezuka]]'s works. Tokodo refused to publish her manga, but provided her with Tezuka's original manuscript for ''Red Snow'' to develop her craft.{{sfn|Toku|2015}} Maki then created her second manga, {{nihongo|''Haha Koi Warutsu''|母恋いワルツ}}, which was accepted for publication. She moved to Tokyo and began work for major publishers such as [[Kodansha]], [[Kobunsha]] and [[Shogakukan]].{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|p=83}}

During her early career, Maki took inspiration from Tezuka's graphic and narrative style from his books as well his lectures. In 1958, [[Macoto Takahashi]] published his first manga, ''Arashi o koete''. In it, Takahashi pioneered the graphic style of ''sutairu-ga'', a decorative style that magnifies the emotions of the characters, as opposed to Tezuka's dynamic techniques which focus on the action of the characters. Maki was among the first waves of artists to embrace ''sutairu-ga'', starting with her manga ''Shōjo Sannin'' that was published in August 1958. ''Sutairu-ga'' was quickly established in ''shōj''o manga and became a distinctive quality of shōjo as compared to [[Shōnen manga|''shōnen'' manga]] (manga for boys).{{sfn|Fujimoto|2012|p=41}}{{sfn|Shamoon|2012|p=96}}{{sfn|Hébert|2010|p=21}}

Common topics and themes of Maki's shōjo manga include ballet, the search for family love (a genre known as ''haha-mono''), and the pursuit of dreams. These ideas were taken from Maki's young girlish feelings, while frustrated by the shortages caused by [[World War II]].{{sfn|Toku|2007|pp=23–24}} These works are distinguished by their contemporary Japanese settings, contrasting mainstream ''shōjo'' manga of the era that often depicted a fantasized and [[Western culture|idealized West]].{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|p=82}}

===Collaborations with Leiji Matsumoto===
Maki became acquainted with multiple manga artists in Tokyo, including Tezuka, [[Leiji Matsumoto]] and [[Tetsuya Chiba]]. Maki married Matsumoto in 1961, and they began to collaborate on manga together. At the time, Matsumoto specialised in ''shōjo'' manga featuring cute animal characters, though he wanted to orient himself towards ''shōnen'' and animation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

In their collaborations, Maki was tasked with drawing the female characters while Matsumoto drew the male and animal characters.{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|p=85}} Their collaborations integrate elements typical of both ''shōjo'' and ''shōnen'', as in ''Watashi no Eru'' (1964), which incorporates both the cinematic style typical of ''shōnen'' and the more decorative style based on ''sutairu-ga'' and ''shōjo''.{{sfn|Kálovics|2016|pp=16–17}}

In pursuit of Matsumoto's dream of creating animation, they shot {{nihongo|''Gin no Kinoko''|銀のきのこ|The Silver Mushroom}} like an animation, frame-by-frame.{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|p=82}}{{sfn|Toku|2015|p=173}} Through these collaborations, Maki influenced Matsumoto to design strong and combative female characters, on par with male characters, becoming one of the first artists to develop such characters in ''shōnen''.{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|p=85}}

===Licca-chan===
The success of Miyako Maki's characters caught the attention of the toy maker, [[Takara]]. Takara was inspired by the faces and proportions of Maki's characters to create the [[Licca-chan]] doll. The first Licca-chan was sold in 1967 and accompanied by a brochure with an illustration by Maki.{{sfn|Okazaki|2017|}} The doll was successful and dominated the market for the following decades. While Maki is credited as the originator of the doll's prototype, she does not own any copyright to it.{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|p=85}}

===Gekiga and manga for adults===
Maki's interests evolved over time, and she began to abandon romantic stories aimed at young girls to write manga with realistic narratives aimed at an adult female audience. These stories were not suitable for the ''shōjo'' magazines which she worked at, however.{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|p=84}} In 1968, magazines dedicated to a male audience of young adults approached Maki and asked her to create manga for them. The first magazine to do so was ''Bessatsu Action'' who were looking for a manga artist team to redraw the works of [[Masaki Tsuji]].{{sfn|Toku|2015|p=171}} Following this project, she decided to create her own manga in the ''[[gekiga]]'' style: ''Mashūko Banka'' (1968) published in the women's magazine ''Josei Seven''. Subsequently, she continued to write ''gekiga'' for women's and men's magazines.{{sfn|Toku|2015|p=171}}

To create her ''gekiga'', Maki was inspired by the work of [[Kazuo Kamimura]], in particular his atmosphere and his stories centered on the lives of strong women. In her stories, she strived to represent women who seek freedom, especially sexual freedom, from the taboos of the time.{{sfn|Beaujean|2015|pp=84–85}}

In 1975, the city of [[Montreal|Montreal, Canada]] organised the Montreal International Comic Contest. Japanese critic [[Kōsei Ono (comics researcher)|Kōsei Ono]], a member of the jury, asked several Japanese authors to participate in the competition, including Maki. The jury assessed a single comic strip on the quality of the drawing. Maki sent a sheet of the story ''The Narcissus with Red Lips'' from her gekiga ''Seiza no onna'' and won first prize of the competition, becoming the first manga to be internationally awarded.{{sfn|Maki|2015|pp=6–7}}

With Miyako Maki being the first woman to write manga for an adult audience, she paved the way for the creation of [[Josei manga|redikomi]] with the help of authors like [[Masako Watanabe]] or [[Hideko Mizuno]] who joined her shortly afterwards.{{sfn|Toku|2007|p=25}}

==Awards and adaptations==
Maki won the [[Japan Cartoonists Association Award|Japan Cartoonists Association Award for Excellence]] in 1974 for {{nihongo|''Himon no onna''|緋紋の女}}.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:日本漫画家協会賞 1980-1972 |language=ja |trans-title=Japan Cartoonists Association Award 1980-1972 |url=https://www.nihonmangakakyokai.or.jp/index.php?tbl=award&startIndex=40 |access-date=March 13, 2021 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |url-status=dead |quote=3rd - 1974 Outstanding Performance Award - Scarlet Woman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302203122/https://www.nihonmangakakyokai.or.jp/index.php?tbl=award&startIndex=40 }}</ref> In 1975, she won the Montreal International Comic Contest for ''Seiza no onna'' (星座の女) {{sfn|Maki|2015|p=4}} and later received the 1989 [[Shogakukan Manga Award]] (General category) for ''[[Genji Monogatari (manga)|Genji Monogatari]]''.<ref name="ShogakukanAward">{{cite web | url=http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/mangasho/rist.html | script-title=ja:小学館漫画賞：歴代受賞者 | publisher=Shogakukan | language=ja | access-date=February 12, 2009 | archive-date=April 24, 2005 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424231028/http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/mangasho/rist.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Two of her manga, ''Netsu ai'' and ''Akujo seisho'' have been adapted as television series and another, ''Koibito misaki'', was adapted for the cinema.{{sfn|Toku|2015|p=169}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite magazine|last=Beaujean|first= Stéphane |translator= Aurélien Estager|title=Miyako Maki: pionnière du manga|magazine=Kaboom|volume= 8|date= February 2015}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Fujimoto|first1=Yukari|author-link=Yukari Fujimoto|translator=[[Rachel Thorn|Thorn, Rachel]]|title=Takahashi Macoto: The Origin of Shōjo Manga Style|journal=Mechademia|date=2012|volume=7|issue=1|pages=24–55|doi=10.5749/minnesota/9780816680498.003.0002|isbn=9780816680498}}
*{{cite book |last1= Hébert|first1=Xavier |title=Le manga au féminin: articles, chroniques, entretiens et mangas |date=2010 |publisher=Éditions H |location=Versailles |isbn=978-2-9531781-4-2 |chapter=L'esthétique shōjo, de l'illustration au manga: De l'origine des « grands yeux » aux mises en pages éclatées}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kálovics |first1=Dalma |url=http://www.kyoto-seika.ac.jp/researchlab/wp/wp-content/uploads/sa_dalma_kalovics1.pdf |title=The missing link of ''shōjo'' manga history: the changes in 60s ''shōjo'' manga as seen through the magazine ''Shūkan Margaret'' |journal=Kyōto Seika Daigaku Kiyō |issue=49 |publisher=[[Kyoto Seika University]] |date=2016 |archive-date=November 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104101525/http://www.kyoto-seika.ac.jp/researchlab/wp/wp-content/uploads/sa_dalma_kalovics1.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Maki |first1=Miyako, ... |title=La fleur du requiem |date=2015 |publisher=Le Lézard noir |location=Poitiers |isbn=978-2-35348-070-8}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Monden |first1=Masafumi |title=Layers of the Ethereal: A Cultural Investigation of Beauty, Girlhood, and Ballet in Japanese Shōjo Manga |journal=[[Fashion Theory]] |date=June 2014 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=251–295 |doi=10.2752/175174114X13938552557808|s2cid=191664287 }}
*{{cite news |last1=Okazaki |first1=Manami |title=Living doll: Licca-chan's legacy lives on |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/07/08/lifestyle/living-doll-licca-chans-legacy-lives/#.WX3NLSdLfCI |access-date=March 13, 2021 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |date=July 8, 2017}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shamoon |first1=Deborah Michelle |title=Passionate friendship: the aesthetics of girls' culture in Japan |date=2012 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-82483-542-2 |chapter=The formation of postwar Shōjo Manga, 1950–1969}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Toku |first1=Masami |title=Shojo Manga! Girls' Comics! A Mirror of Girls' Dreams |journal=[[Mechademia]] |date=2007 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=19–32 |doi=10.1353/mec.0.0013|s2cid=120302321 }}
* {{cite book |chapter=Profile and Interview with Miyako Maki |editor-last=Toku |editor-first=Masami |title=International Perspectives on Shojo and Shojo Manga: The Influence of Girl Culture |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2015 |pages=168–174 |isbn=978-1-31761-075-5 }}

{{Shogakukan Manga Award - General}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maki, Miyako}}
[[Category:Manga artists from Hyōgo Prefecture]]
[[Category:Women manga artists]]
[[Category:Japanese female comics artists]]
[[Category:Japanese female comics writers]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kobe]]
[[Category:20th-century Japanese women writers]]
[[Category:Gekiga creators]]

Miyako Maki - Revision history

imported>Simeon: Changing short description from "Japanese manga artist" to "Japanese manga artist (born 1935)"