imported>Natg 19: Disambiguating links to Domain (link changed to Domain (taxonomy)) using DisamAssist.

2026-06-01T23:26:29Z

Disambiguating links to Domain (link changed to Domain (taxonomy)) using DisamAssist.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:26, 1 June 2026
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	The natural [[genetic variability\|genetic variation]] within a population of organisms means that some individuals will survive more successfully than others in their current [[ecosystem\|environment]]. Factors which affect reproductive success are also important, an issue which [[Charles Darwin]] developed in his ideas on [[sexual selection]].		The natural [[genetic variability\|genetic variation]] within a population of organisms means that some individuals will survive more successfully than others in their current [[ecosystem\|environment]]. Factors which affect reproductive success are also important, an issue which [[Charles Darwin]] developed in his ideas on [[sexual selection]].

	Natural selection acts on the [[phenotype]], or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the [[Genetics\|genetic]] (heritable) basis of any phenotype which gives a reproductive advantage will become more common in a population (see [[allele frequency]]). Over time, this process can result in [[adaptation]]s that specialize organisms for particular [[ecological niche]]s and may eventually result in the speciation (the emergence of new species).		Natural selection acts on the [[phenotype]], or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the [[Genetics\|genetic]] (heritable) basis of any phenotype which gives a [[reproductive advantage]] will become more common in a population (see [[allele frequency]]). Over time, this process can result in [[adaptation]]s that specialize organisms for particular [[ecological niche]]s and may eventually result in the speciation (the emergence of new species).

	Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern [[biology]]. The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'',<ref name=origin>Darwin C (1859) ''[[The Origin of Species\|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life]]'' John Murray, London; modern reprint {{cite book\|author1=Charles Darwin \|author2=Julian Huxley \|year = 2003\|title = The Origin of Species\| publisher = Signet Classics\|isbn = 978-0-451-52906-0}} Published online at [http://darwin-online.org.uk/ The complete work of Charles Darwin online]: [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=side&pageseq=2 On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life].</ref> in which natural selection was described by analogy to [[artificial selection]], a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of [[heredity]]; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional [[Darwinism\|Darwinian evolution]] with subsequent discoveries in [[classical genetics\|classical]] and [[molecular genetics]] is termed the ''[[Extended evolutionary synthesis\|modern evolutionary synthesis]]''. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for [[adaptive evolution]].		Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern [[biology]]. The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'',<ref name=origin>Darwin C (1859) ''[[The Origin of Species\|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life]]'' John Murray, London; modern reprint {{cite book\|author1=Charles Darwin \|author2=Julian Huxley \|year = 2003\|title = The Origin of Species\| publisher = Signet Classics\|isbn = 978-0-451-52906-0}} Published online at [http://darwin-online.org.uk/ The complete work of Charles Darwin online]: [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=side&pageseq=2 On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life].</ref> in which natural selection was described by analogy to [[artificial selection]], a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of [[heredity]]; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional [[Darwinism\|Darwinian evolution]] with subsequent discoveries in [[classical genetics\|classical]] and [[molecular genetics]] is termed the ''[[Extended evolutionary synthesis\|modern evolutionary synthesis]]''. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for [[adaptive evolution]].
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	Hybridization is, however, an important means of speciation in plants, since [[polyploidy]] (having more than two copies of each chromosome) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals.<ref name=Wendel>{{cite journal \|author=Wendel J \|title=Genome evolution in polyploids \|journal=Plant Mol. Biol. \|volume=42 \|issue=1 \|pages=225–49 \|year=2000 \|pmid=10688139 \|doi=10.1023/A:1006392424384 \|s2cid=14856314 }}</ref><ref name=Semon>{{cite journal \|author=Sémon M, Wolfe KH \|title=Consequences of genome duplication \|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development \|volume=17 \|issue=6 \|pages=505–12 \|year=2007 \|pmid=18006297 \|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2007.09.007 \|last2=Wolfe }}</ref> Polyploidy is important in hybrids as it allows reproduction, with the two different sets of chromosomes each being able to pair with an identical partner during meiosis.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Comai L \|title=The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid \|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics \|volume=6 \|issue=11 \|pages=836–46 \|year=2005 \|pmid=16304599 \|doi=10.1038/nrg1711 \|s2cid=3329282 }}</ref> Polyploid hybrids also have more genetic diversity, which allows them to avoid [[inbreeding depression]] in small populations.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Soltis P, Soltis D \|title=The role of genetic and genomic attributes in the success of polyploids \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=97 \|issue=13 \|pages=7051–7 \|date=June 2000 \|pmid=10860970 \|pmc=34383 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.97.13.7051 \|last2=Soltis \|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.7051S \|doi-access=free }}</ref>		Hybridization is, however, an important means of speciation in plants, since [[polyploidy]] (having more than two copies of each chromosome) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals.<ref name=Wendel>{{cite journal \|author=Wendel J \|title=Genome evolution in polyploids \|journal=Plant Mol. Biol. \|volume=42 \|issue=1 \|pages=225–49 \|year=2000 \|pmid=10688139 \|doi=10.1023/A:1006392424384 \|s2cid=14856314 }}</ref><ref name=Semon>{{cite journal \|author=Sémon M, Wolfe KH \|title=Consequences of genome duplication \|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development \|volume=17 \|issue=6 \|pages=505–12 \|year=2007 \|pmid=18006297 \|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2007.09.007 \|last2=Wolfe }}</ref> Polyploidy is important in hybrids as it allows reproduction, with the two different sets of chromosomes each being able to pair with an identical partner during meiosis.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Comai L \|title=The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid \|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics \|volume=6 \|issue=11 \|pages=836–46 \|year=2005 \|pmid=16304599 \|doi=10.1038/nrg1711 \|s2cid=3329282 }}</ref> Polyploid hybrids also have more genetic diversity, which allows them to avoid [[inbreeding depression]] in small populations.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Soltis P, Soltis D \|title=The role of genetic and genomic attributes in the success of polyploids \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=97 \|issue=13 \|pages=7051–7 \|date=June 2000 \|pmid=10860970 \|pmc=34383 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.97.13.7051 \|last2=Soltis \|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.7051S \|doi-access=free }}</ref>

	[[Horizontal gene transfer]] is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Boucher Y, Douady CJ, Papke RT, Walsh DA, Boudreau ME, Nesbo CL, Case RJ, Doolittle WF \|title=Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups \|doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247 \|journal=Annu Rev Genet \|volume=37 \|pages=283–328 \|year=2003 \|pmid=14616063\|last2=Douady \|last3=Papke \|last4=Walsh \|last5=Boudreau \|last6=Nesbø \|last7=Case \|last8=Doolittle \|issue=1 }}</ref> In medicine, this contributes to the spread of [[antibiotic resistance]], as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Walsh T \|title=Combinatorial genetic evolution of multiresistance \|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=476–82 \|year=2006 \|pmid=16942901 \|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.009 }}</ref> Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' and the adzuki bean beetle ''Callosobruchus chinensis'' may also have occurred.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Kondo N, Nikoh N, Ijichi N, Shimada M, Fukatsu T \|title=Genome fragment of Wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=99 \|issue=22 \|pages=14280–5 \|year=2002 \|pmid=12386340 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.222228199 \|pmc=137875 \|last2=Nikoh \|last3=Ijichi \|last4=Shimada \|last5=Fukatsu \|bibcode=2002PNAS...9914280K \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Sprague G \|title=Genetic exchange between kingdoms \|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development \|volume=1 \|issue=4 \|pages=530–3 \|year=1991 \|pmid=1822285 \|doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80203-5}}</ref> An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic [[Bdelloidea\|bdelloid rotifers]], which appear to have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Gladyshev EA, Meselson M, Arkhipova IR \|title=Massive horizontal gene transfer in bdelloid rotifers \|journal=Science \|volume=320 \|issue=5880 \|pages=1210–3 \|date=May 2008 \|pmid=18511688 \|doi=10.1126/science.1156407\|last2=Meselson \|last3=Arkhipova \|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1210G \|s2cid=11862013 \|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3120157 \|type=Submitted manuscript \|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Virus]]es can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across [[~~domain~~ (~~biology~~)\|biological domains]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Baldo A, McClure M \|title=Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts \|journal=J. Virol. \|volume=73 \|issue=9 \|pages=7710–21 \|date=1 September 1999\|pmid=10438861 \|pmc=104298 \|last2=McClure \|doi=10.1128/JVI.73.9.7710-7721.1999 }}</ref> Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of [[eukaryote\|eukaryotic cells]] and prokaryotes, during the acquisition of [[chloroplast]]s and [[Mitochondrion\|mitochondria]].<ref name = "rgruqh">{{cite journal \|author=Poole A, Penny D \|title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes \|journal=BioEssays \|volume=29 \|issue=1 \|pages=74–84 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17187354 \|doi=10.1002/bies.20516 \|last2=Penny }}</ref>		[[Horizontal gene transfer]] is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Boucher Y, Douady CJ, Papke RT, Walsh DA, Boudreau ME, Nesbo CL, Case RJ, Doolittle WF \|title=Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups \|doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247 \|journal=Annu Rev Genet \|volume=37 \|pages=283–328 \|year=2003 \|pmid=14616063\|last2=Douady \|last3=Papke \|last4=Walsh \|last5=Boudreau \|last6=Nesbø \|last7=Case \|last8=Doolittle \|issue=1 }}</ref> In medicine, this contributes to the spread of [[antibiotic resistance]], as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Walsh T \|title=Combinatorial genetic evolution of multiresistance \|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=476–82 \|year=2006 \|pmid=16942901 \|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.009 }}</ref> Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' and the adzuki bean beetle ''Callosobruchus chinensis'' may also have occurred.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Kondo N, Nikoh N, Ijichi N, Shimada M, Fukatsu T \|title=Genome fragment of Wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=99 \|issue=22 \|pages=14280–5 \|year=2002 \|pmid=12386340 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.222228199 \|pmc=137875 \|last2=Nikoh \|last3=Ijichi \|last4=Shimada \|last5=Fukatsu \|bibcode=2002PNAS...9914280K \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Sprague G \|title=Genetic exchange between kingdoms \|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development \|volume=1 \|issue=4 \|pages=530–3 \|year=1991 \|pmid=1822285 \|doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80203-5}}</ref> An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic [[Bdelloidea\|bdelloid rotifers]], which appear to have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Gladyshev EA, Meselson M, Arkhipova IR \|title=Massive horizontal gene transfer in bdelloid rotifers \|journal=Science \|volume=320 \|issue=5880 \|pages=1210–3 \|date=May 2008 \|pmid=18511688 \|doi=10.1126/science.1156407\|last2=Meselson \|last3=Arkhipova \|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1210G \|s2cid=11862013 \|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3120157 \|type=Submitted manuscript \|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Virus]]es can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across [[Domain (taxonomy)\|biological domains]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Baldo A, McClure M \|title=Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts \|journal=J. Virol. \|volume=73 \|issue=9 \|pages=7710–21 \|date=1 September 1999\|pmid=10438861 \|pmc=104298 \|last2=McClure \|doi=10.1128/JVI.73.9.7710-7721.1999 }}</ref> Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of [[eukaryote\|eukaryotic cells]] and prokaryotes, during the acquisition of [[chloroplast]]s and [[Mitochondrion\|mitochondria]].<ref name = "rgruqh">{{cite journal \|author=Poole A, Penny D \|title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes \|journal=BioEssays \|volume=29 \|issue=1 \|pages=74–84 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17187354 \|doi=10.1002/bies.20516 \|last2=Penny }}</ref>

	''Gene flow'' is the transfer of [[alleles]] from one population to another.		''Gene flow'' is the transfer of [[alleles]] from one population to another.

imported>Robertsky: Disambiguating links to Population (link changed to Population (biology)) using DisamAssist.

2026-03-31T12:40:05Z

Disambiguating links to Population (link changed to Population (biology)) using DisamAssist.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:40, 31 March 2026
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	===Selection===		===Selection===
	{{Main\|Natural selection\|Artificial selection}}		{{Main\|Natural selection\|Artificial selection}}
	''Selection'' is the process by which [[heritable]] [[trait (biology)\|traits]] that make it more likely for an [[organism]] to survive and successfully [[reproduction\|reproduce]] become more common in a [[population]] over successive generations.		''Selection'' is the process by which [[heritable]] [[trait (biology)\|traits]] that make it more likely for an [[organism]] to survive and successfully [[reproduction\|reproduce]] become more common in a [[Population (biology)\|population]] over successive generations.

	It is sometimes valuable to distinguish between naturally occurring selection, natural selection, and selection that is a manifestation of choices made by humans, artificial selection. This distinction is rather diffuse. Natural selection is nevertheless the dominant part of selection.		It is sometimes valuable to distinguish between naturally occurring selection, natural selection, and selection that is a manifestation of choices made by humans, artificial selection. This distinction is rather diffuse. Natural selection is nevertheless the dominant part of selection.

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2025-05-24T17:22:05Z

Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

Show changes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:26, 1 June 2026
Line 34:		Line 34:
	The natural [[genetic variability\|genetic variation]] within a population of organisms means that some individuals will survive more successfully than others in their current [[ecosystem\|environment]]. Factors which affect reproductive success are also important, an issue which [[Charles Darwin]] developed in his ideas on [[sexual selection]].		The natural [[genetic variability\|genetic variation]] within a population of organisms means that some individuals will survive more successfully than others in their current [[ecosystem\|environment]]. Factors which affect reproductive success are also important, an issue which [[Charles Darwin]] developed in his ideas on [[sexual selection]].

	Natural selection acts on the [[phenotype]], or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the [[Genetics\|genetic]] (heritable) basis of any phenotype which gives a reproductive advantage will become more common in a population (see [[allele frequency]]). Over time, this process can result in [[adaptation]]s that specialize organisms for particular [[ecological niche]]s and may eventually result in the speciation (the emergence of new species).		Natural selection acts on the [[phenotype]], or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the [[Genetics\|genetic]] (heritable) basis of any phenotype which gives a [[reproductive advantage]] will become more common in a population (see [[allele frequency]]). Over time, this process can result in [[adaptation]]s that specialize organisms for particular [[ecological niche]]s and may eventually result in the speciation (the emergence of new species).

	Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern [[biology]]. The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'',<ref name=origin>Darwin C (1859) ''[[The Origin of Species\|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life]]'' John Murray, London; modern reprint {{cite book\|author1=Charles Darwin \|author2=Julian Huxley \|year = 2003\|title = The Origin of Species\| publisher = Signet Classics\|isbn = 978-0-451-52906-0}} Published online at [http://darwin-online.org.uk/ The complete work of Charles Darwin online]: [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=side&pageseq=2 On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life].</ref> in which natural selection was described by analogy to [[artificial selection]], a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of [[heredity]]; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional [[Darwinism\|Darwinian evolution]] with subsequent discoveries in [[classical genetics\|classical]] and [[molecular genetics]] is termed the ''[[Extended evolutionary synthesis\|modern evolutionary synthesis]]''. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for [[adaptive evolution]].		Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern [[biology]]. The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'',<ref name=origin>Darwin C (1859) ''[[The Origin of Species\|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life]]'' John Murray, London; modern reprint {{cite book\|author1=Charles Darwin \|author2=Julian Huxley \|year = 2003\|title = The Origin of Species\| publisher = Signet Classics\|isbn = 978-0-451-52906-0}} Published online at [http://darwin-online.org.uk/ The complete work of Charles Darwin online]: [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=side&pageseq=2 On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life].</ref> in which natural selection was described by analogy to [[artificial selection]], a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of [[heredity]]; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional [[Darwinism\|Darwinian evolution]] with subsequent discoveries in [[classical genetics\|classical]] and [[molecular genetics]] is termed the ''[[Extended evolutionary synthesis\|modern evolutionary synthesis]]''. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for [[adaptive evolution]].
Line 71:		Line 71:
	Hybridization is, however, an important means of speciation in plants, since [[polyploidy]] (having more than two copies of each chromosome) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals.<ref name=Wendel>{{cite journal \|author=Wendel J \|title=Genome evolution in polyploids \|journal=Plant Mol. Biol. \|volume=42 \|issue=1 \|pages=225–49 \|year=2000 \|pmid=10688139 \|doi=10.1023/A:1006392424384 \|s2cid=14856314 }}</ref><ref name=Semon>{{cite journal \|author=Sémon M, Wolfe KH \|title=Consequences of genome duplication \|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development \|volume=17 \|issue=6 \|pages=505–12 \|year=2007 \|pmid=18006297 \|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2007.09.007 \|last2=Wolfe }}</ref> Polyploidy is important in hybrids as it allows reproduction, with the two different sets of chromosomes each being able to pair with an identical partner during meiosis.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Comai L \|title=The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid \|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics \|volume=6 \|issue=11 \|pages=836–46 \|year=2005 \|pmid=16304599 \|doi=10.1038/nrg1711 \|s2cid=3329282 }}</ref> Polyploid hybrids also have more genetic diversity, which allows them to avoid [[inbreeding depression]] in small populations.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Soltis P, Soltis D \|title=The role of genetic and genomic attributes in the success of polyploids \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=97 \|issue=13 \|pages=7051–7 \|date=June 2000 \|pmid=10860970 \|pmc=34383 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.97.13.7051 \|last2=Soltis \|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.7051S \|doi-access=free }}</ref>		Hybridization is, however, an important means of speciation in plants, since [[polyploidy]] (having more than two copies of each chromosome) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals.<ref name=Wendel>{{cite journal \|author=Wendel J \|title=Genome evolution in polyploids \|journal=Plant Mol. Biol. \|volume=42 \|issue=1 \|pages=225–49 \|year=2000 \|pmid=10688139 \|doi=10.1023/A:1006392424384 \|s2cid=14856314 }}</ref><ref name=Semon>{{cite journal \|author=Sémon M, Wolfe KH \|title=Consequences of genome duplication \|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development \|volume=17 \|issue=6 \|pages=505–12 \|year=2007 \|pmid=18006297 \|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2007.09.007 \|last2=Wolfe }}</ref> Polyploidy is important in hybrids as it allows reproduction, with the two different sets of chromosomes each being able to pair with an identical partner during meiosis.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Comai L \|title=The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid \|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics \|volume=6 \|issue=11 \|pages=836–46 \|year=2005 \|pmid=16304599 \|doi=10.1038/nrg1711 \|s2cid=3329282 }}</ref> Polyploid hybrids also have more genetic diversity, which allows them to avoid [[inbreeding depression]] in small populations.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Soltis P, Soltis D \|title=The role of genetic and genomic attributes in the success of polyploids \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=97 \|issue=13 \|pages=7051–7 \|date=June 2000 \|pmid=10860970 \|pmc=34383 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.97.13.7051 \|last2=Soltis \|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.7051S \|doi-access=free }}</ref>

	[[Horizontal gene transfer]] is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Boucher Y, Douady CJ, Papke RT, Walsh DA, Boudreau ME, Nesbo CL, Case RJ, Doolittle WF \|title=Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups \|doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247 \|journal=Annu Rev Genet \|volume=37 \|pages=283–328 \|year=2003 \|pmid=14616063\|last2=Douady \|last3=Papke \|last4=Walsh \|last5=Boudreau \|last6=Nesbø \|last7=Case \|last8=Doolittle \|issue=1 }}</ref> In medicine, this contributes to the spread of [[antibiotic resistance]], as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Walsh T \|title=Combinatorial genetic evolution of multiresistance \|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=476–82 \|year=2006 \|pmid=16942901 \|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.009 }}</ref> Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' and the adzuki bean beetle ''Callosobruchus chinensis'' may also have occurred.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Kondo N, Nikoh N, Ijichi N, Shimada M, Fukatsu T \|title=Genome fragment of Wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=99 \|issue=22 \|pages=14280–5 \|year=2002 \|pmid=12386340 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.222228199 \|pmc=137875 \|last2=Nikoh \|last3=Ijichi \|last4=Shimada \|last5=Fukatsu \|bibcode=2002PNAS...9914280K \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Sprague G \|title=Genetic exchange between kingdoms \|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development \|volume=1 \|issue=4 \|pages=530–3 \|year=1991 \|pmid=1822285 \|doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80203-5}}</ref> An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic [[Bdelloidea\|bdelloid rotifers]], which appear to have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Gladyshev EA, Meselson M, Arkhipova IR \|title=Massive horizontal gene transfer in bdelloid rotifers \|journal=Science \|volume=320 \|issue=5880 \|pages=1210–3 \|date=May 2008 \|pmid=18511688 \|doi=10.1126/science.1156407\|last2=Meselson \|last3=Arkhipova \|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1210G \|s2cid=11862013 \|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3120157 \|type=Submitted manuscript \|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Virus]]es can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across [[~~domain~~ (~~biology~~)\|biological domains]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Baldo A, McClure M \|title=Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts \|journal=J. Virol. \|volume=73 \|issue=9 \|pages=7710–21 \|date=1 September 1999\|pmid=10438861 \|pmc=104298 \|last2=McClure \|doi=10.1128/JVI.73.9.7710-7721.1999 }}</ref> Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of [[eukaryote\|eukaryotic cells]] and prokaryotes, during the acquisition of [[chloroplast]]s and [[Mitochondrion\|mitochondria]].<ref name = "rgruqh">{{cite journal \|author=Poole A, Penny D \|title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes \|journal=BioEssays \|volume=29 \|issue=1 \|pages=74–84 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17187354 \|doi=10.1002/bies.20516 \|last2=Penny }}</ref>		[[Horizontal gene transfer]] is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Boucher Y, Douady CJ, Papke RT, Walsh DA, Boudreau ME, Nesbo CL, Case RJ, Doolittle WF \|title=Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups \|doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247 \|journal=Annu Rev Genet \|volume=37 \|pages=283–328 \|year=2003 \|pmid=14616063\|last2=Douady \|last3=Papke \|last4=Walsh \|last5=Boudreau \|last6=Nesbø \|last7=Case \|last8=Doolittle \|issue=1 }}</ref> In medicine, this contributes to the spread of [[antibiotic resistance]], as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Walsh T \|title=Combinatorial genetic evolution of multiresistance \|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=476–82 \|year=2006 \|pmid=16942901 \|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.009 }}</ref> Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' and the adzuki bean beetle ''Callosobruchus chinensis'' may also have occurred.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Kondo N, Nikoh N, Ijichi N, Shimada M, Fukatsu T \|title=Genome fragment of Wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=99 \|issue=22 \|pages=14280–5 \|year=2002 \|pmid=12386340 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.222228199 \|pmc=137875 \|last2=Nikoh \|last3=Ijichi \|last4=Shimada \|last5=Fukatsu \|bibcode=2002PNAS...9914280K \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Sprague G \|title=Genetic exchange between kingdoms \|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development \|volume=1 \|issue=4 \|pages=530–3 \|year=1991 \|pmid=1822285 \|doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80203-5}}</ref> An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic [[Bdelloidea\|bdelloid rotifers]], which appear to have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Gladyshev EA, Meselson M, Arkhipova IR \|title=Massive horizontal gene transfer in bdelloid rotifers \|journal=Science \|volume=320 \|issue=5880 \|pages=1210–3 \|date=May 2008 \|pmid=18511688 \|doi=10.1126/science.1156407\|last2=Meselson \|last3=Arkhipova \|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1210G \|s2cid=11862013 \|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3120157 \|type=Submitted manuscript \|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Virus]]es can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across [[Domain (taxonomy)\|biological domains]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Baldo A, McClure M \|title=Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts \|journal=J. Virol. \|volume=73 \|issue=9 \|pages=7710–21 \|date=1 September 1999\|pmid=10438861 \|pmc=104298 \|last2=McClure \|doi=10.1128/JVI.73.9.7710-7721.1999 }}</ref> Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of [[eukaryote\|eukaryotic cells]] and prokaryotes, during the acquisition of [[chloroplast]]s and [[Mitochondrion\|mitochondria]].<ref name = "rgruqh">{{cite journal \|author=Poole A, Penny D \|title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes \|journal=BioEssays \|volume=29 \|issue=1 \|pages=74–84 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17187354 \|doi=10.1002/bies.20516 \|last2=Penny }}</ref>

	''Gene flow'' is the transfer of [[alleles]] from one population to another.		''Gene flow'' is the transfer of [[alleles]] from one population to another.

Microevolution - Revision history

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imported>Robertsky: Disambiguating links to Population (link changed to Population (biology)) using DisamAssist.

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