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Reverted 1 edit by 82.11.150.113 (talk) to last revision by Johnpacklambert

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{{short description|Duchess of Saxony and Bavaria}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{More sources|date=January 2025}}{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Matilda
| image = Matildaofengland.jpg
| caption = Matilda depicted at her wedding in the [[Gospels of Henry the Lion]]
| succession = [[List of royal consorts of Saxony|Duchess consort of Saxony]] and [[List of Bavarian consorts|Bavaria]]
| reign = 1 February 1168 – 1180
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Henry the Lion]]|1168|}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[Matilda of Saxony (1172-1209/10)|Matilda, Countess of Perche]]|[[Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine]]|[[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]|[[William, Lord of Lüneburg]]}}
| house = [[Plantagenet]] / [[Angevin kings of England|Angevin]]{{refn|group=note|{{Angevin}}}}
| father =[[Henry II of England]]
| mother =[[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]
| birth_date = June 1156
| birth_place = [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| death_date = June/July 1189 (aged 32–33)
| death_place = [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]], [[Duchy of Saxony]]
| place of burial = [[Brunswick Cathedral]], Lower Saxony
}}
'''Matilda of England''' (June 1156{{snd}}June/July 1189) was an English princess of the [[House of Plantagenet]]{{efn|Historians are divided in their use of the terms "Plantagenet" and "Angevin" in regards to Henry II and his sons. Some class Henry II to be the first Plantagenet King of England; others refer to Henry, Richard and John as the Angevin dynasty, and consider Henry III to be the first Plantagenet ruler.}} and by marriage [[List of royal consorts of Saxony|Duchess consort of Saxony]] and [[List of Bavarian consorts|Bavaria]] from 1168 until her husband's deposition in 1180.

==Life==
Matilda was born in or around June 1156 in [[London]] or, less likely, at [[Windsor Castle]],{{sfn|Weir|2011|p=62}} as third child and eldest daughter of King [[Henry II of England]] and [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]];{{sfn|Weir|2011|p=62}}{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}}{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=58}} named after her paternal grandmother, [[Empress Matilda]], she was baptized shortly after birth in [[Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate]] by [[Theobald of Bec]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. In 1160, Queen Eleanor and her daughter joined the King who was in [[Normandy]] and stayed there presumably until 1163.{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=58}}

Upon the disputed [[Papal election, 1159|Papal election of 1159]] and the succeeding [[schism]], King Henry II established closer ties to the [[Holy Roman Empire]], particularly when he himself came into conflict with the [[Kingdom of England|English]] clergy led by [[Thomas Becket]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]; this was reflected at the beginning of 1165, when [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]] sent an embassy led by [[Rainald of Dassel]], [[Electorate of Cologne|Archbishop of Cologne]] to the English court, with the purpose of arranging a double marriage between the two daughters of Henry II, Matilda and [[Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile|Eleanor]], with the Emperor's son [[Frederick V, Duke of Swabia]] and [[Henry the Lion]], [[Duke of Saxony]] (the Emperor's cousin and one of the most powerful German princes of his time) respectively.{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=58}} There was conflict during the negotiations, however, when [[Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester]] refused to greet the German archbishop, alleging him to be a schismatic and a supporter of the anti-pope, [[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Victor IV]].

It was not possible to immediately agree on the marriage of Eleanor with the Duke of Swabia, but a decision was made about an alliance between the Duke of Saxony and Matilda, who at the time of negotiations was staying with her mother in Normandy and returned to England only in autumn 1166;{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=58}} there is also a version that Matilda was originally chosen as the wife of the Emperor's son and not her sister, but it was not possible to agree on the marriage.{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}} Preparations for the wedding began shortly after Matilda's return and the departure of the embassy, which is probably recorded in the register of English knights-tenants and their possessions, contained in the "red" and "black" books of the treasury, and drawn up in order to assess the aid collected by the King for the marriage of his daughter. At the beginning of 1167, the Duke of Saxony sent an embassy to deliver the bride to him; Matilda, accompanied by her mother, sailed from [[Dover]] to Normandy on [[Michaelmas|Michael's Day]] (29 September), and from there, probably after [[Christmas]], set off for [[Germany]]. Henry the Lion met his bride in [[Minden]], where they were married in the local [[Minden Cathedral|Cathedral]] by Bishop Werner{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=58}} on 1 February 1168.{{sfn|Weir|2011|p=62}}{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}}
[[File: Heinrich der Löwe und Mathilde von England.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|left|Coronation of Henry the Lion and Matilda, from the [[Gospels of Henry the Lion]] ({{circa|1188}})]]
Matilda's husband was 27 years older than her and was already married long before her birth: Henry the Lion divorced with his first wife, [[Clementia of Zähringen]], in 1162. As the ruling Duke of Bavaria, Saxony and Brunswick, reportedly everything belonged to him "''from the [[Elbe]] to the [[Rhine]], from the [[Harz]] to the sea''". The official residence of the Duke was located in Brunswick, where the newlyweds had a wedding feast. In Brunswick, the first child of Matilda and Henry the Lion was born in 1172 during the absence of her father, who was on a pilgrimage to the [[Holy Land]],{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}} a daughter, named Richenza after her paternal grandmother [[Richenza of Northeim]]. In the following years Matilda became the mother of at least four more children. James Panton writes that in the early years of marriage, despite her youth, Matilda ruled the vast estates of her husband in his absence.{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}} Back in Germany, Henry the Lion and his wife held a magnificent court at [[Dankwarderode Castle]]. They had [[Brunswick Cathedral]] erected from 1173 onwards and initiated the ''[[Lucidarius]]'', the first original German-language work in prose, as well as the [[Gospels of Henry the Lion]], a masterpiece of Romanesque book illumination.

In 1180, the latent conflict that had arisen a few years earlier between Henry the Lion and Emperor Frederick I finally reached its climax when the Duke of Saxony was [[Trial in absentia|tried ''in absentia'']] for insubordination by a court of bishops and princes at [[Würzburg]] in 1180 and stripped of his lands and declared an outlaw.{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}} The reason for the conflict was the refusal of Henry the Lion in 1174 to go with the Emperor on an expedition to [[Duchy of Normandy]] —domain belonging to Matilda's father; when the campaign failed, the Emperor bitterly blamed this on Henry the Lion, who refused to support his overlord, and declared that that Imperial law overruled traditional German law.{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}} Henry the Lion refused to submit, and the Emperor laid siege to Brunswick, within the walls of which Matilda just gave birth to her second son, named Lothair. She addressed the emperor as a knight, but he only sent Matilda a keg of wine and continued the siege. At the end of November 1181, Henry the Lion finally obeyed the Imperial decision and left the country for three years. Emperor Frederick I provided Matilda with income from the lands that she would have received as a widow, and invited her to stay in one of the castles located on these lands, but she decided to go into exile to the court of her father with her husband. In exile, Matilda and Henry the Lion were accompanied by their children, except one of the youngest, Lothair, who remained in Germany as hostage.{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}}

By the summer of 1182, the couple reached [[Argentan]] in Normandy, where Matilda probably gave birth a son who died shortly after;{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=58}} during their stay there, she became acquainted with the troubadour [[Bertran de Born]], who, calling her "Elena" or "Lana", made Matilda the object of his desire in two of his poems of "courtly love".{{sfn|Diggelmann|2005|pp=1–16}} On 12 June 1184, Matilda left for England, where in the same year in [[Winchester]] she gave birth another son, named William. In November, Matilda was in [[London]] with her husband and they celebrated Christmas in [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]] with the English royal family. In 1185, when the three-year term of banishment of Henry the Lion ended, King Henry II achieved the restitution of the [[allodial]] lands of Brunswick for his daughter and her family, after which Matilda returned there with her husband and children. In the spring of 1189, the Emperor ordered Henry the Lion either to accompany him on the [[Third Crusade]] or go into exile before his return, and he chose exile: he went to the court of his father-in-law, while Matilda and her children remained in Brunswick to defend the interests of her husband,{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}} where she died, according to various sources, on 8 June,{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}} 20 June,{{sfn|Weir|2011|p=63}} 28 June,{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}}{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}} 3 July{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}} or 13 July 1189{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}} and was buried in [[Brunswick Cathedral]].{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}}{{sfn|Weir|2011|p=63}}

Henry the Lion returned to Brunswick after the death of Emperor Frederick I in 1191 and himself died in 1195, wishing to rest on the right hand of his wife in order to "sleep next to her both in life and in death". The court of Henry the Lion revered his wife as “the most religious woman, whose memory is honored before God and a man whose good deeds and sweet character enhanced the splendor of the royal family from which she came; a woman with deep piety, with wonderful sympathy for the suffering, who gave a large amount of alms and prayers”.{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}}

==Issue==
[[File:Braunschweig Dom Grabmal Mathilde Plantagenet Kopf (2011).JPG|thumb|Head of a funerary statue of Matilda in [[Brunswick Cathedral]].]]
Sources are at variance concerning Matilda and Henry the Lion's children, including their exact number, their names, and their birth order: [[Alison Weir]] reports ten children of the ducal couple,{{sfn|Weir|2011|pp=62–63}} while Thelma Anna Leese lists only five.{{sfn|Leese|1996|p=42}} Kate Norgate, author of the article about Matilda in the ''Dictionary of National Biography'', reports on the birth of six children by Matilda: a daughter and five sons.{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}} James Panton also writes about the birth of six children by Matilda.{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=342}}

Following nearly contemporary sources (including ''[[Arnoldi Chronica Slavorum]]'', ''Chronicon Montis Serreni'' and ''Chronicon Sancti Michaelis Luneburgensis''), five children are certainly documented as offspring of Matilda and Henry the Lion:

*[[Matilda of Saxony (1172-1209/10)|Richenza]] (1172 – 13 January 1209/10), first-born child and daughter; she accompanied her parents into exile, after which she was known as Matilda,{{sfn|Jordan|1986|p=183}} assuming that this refers to the same daughter, but the question is not beyond all doubt as it is not clear what would have prompted her name change. Betrothed in 1184 to [[William the Lion]], [[King of Scotland]], but the engagement was abandoned because the Pope refused a dispensation on grounds of consanguinity;{{sfn|Jordan|1986|p=185}} married firstly in 1189 to [[Geoffrey III, Count of Perche]] and secondly in 1204 to [[Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy]].{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}}
*[[Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine|Henry]] (1173/1174 – 28 April 1227), named after his father and probably also after his maternal grandfather King Henry II of England; he campaigned with King Henry VI of Germany in Italy in 1190, but deserted in southern Italy and was outlawed at Worms in May 1192{{sfn|Jordan|1986|pp=192–194}} and only restored to favour in January 1194 at Würzburg following his marriage.{{sfn|Jordan|1986|p=197}} Inherited Brunswick after his father's death in 1195 and became [[Electoral Palatinate|Count Palatine of the Rhine]] ''[[jure uxoris]]'' in the same year. Married secretly between December 1193/January 1194 to [[Agnes of Hohenstaufen]], heiress of the County Palatine of the Rhine and first cousin of [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry VI]]; thanks to this union, the long-feud between the Houses of [[House of Welf|Welf]] and [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufen]] was finally settled.
*Lothair (1174/1175 – 15 October 1190). He remained in Saxony when his parents went in exile to England in 1182{{sfn|Jordan|1986|p=183}} as hostage to Henry VI King of the Romans to guarantee his father's agreement to the terms of his banishment and later as a guarantee of Henry the Lion's performance with the peace terms agreed at Fulda in July 1190.{{sfn|Jordan|1986|p=192}} He died in adolescence while still a hostage.<ref>''Chronicon Sancti Michaelis Luneburgensis'', [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]] SS XXIII, p. 397.</ref>
*[[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto]] (1175/1176 – 19 May 1218), [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Earl of York]], and later, as Otto IV, [[King of Germany]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]].{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}} Married firstly on 23 July 1212 to [[Beatrice of Swabia|Beatrice]], eldest daughter of his enemy and rival King [[Philip of Swabia]] and secondly on 19 May 1214 to [[Maria of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress|Maria of Brabant]].
*[[William of Winchester, Lord of Lunenburg|William]] (July 1184 – 12 December 1213), Lord of [[Lüneburg]]. Married [[Helena of Denmark]]. All subsequent Dukes of Brunswick and Luneburg, as well as the current British royal house,{{sfn|Norgate|1894|p=59}} descended from them. Also there is a direct line from William to the current King of Denmark, Frederik X.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}<references group="note" />
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{cite journal |last=Diggelmann|first=Lindsay|title=Exile and the Poetic Standpoint of the Troubadour Bertran de Born|publisher=Australian and New Zealand Association of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (Inc.)|journal=Parergon|year=2005|volume=22|doi=10.1353/pgn.2005.0018|pages=1–16|s2cid=145553555}}
*{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=J.S. |title=The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty |date=2010 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-4411-5712-6 |location=London |ol=28013041M}}
*{{cite book |last=Jordan|first=Karl|others=Falla, P. S. (trans.) |title=Henry the Lion: A Biography|publisher= Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1986|isbn=978-0198219699}}
*{{cite book |last=Leese|first=Thelma Anna|title=Blood Royal: Issue of the Kings and Queens of Medieval England, 1066-1399 : the Normans and Plantagenets|publisher= Heritage Books|year=1996|isbn=978-0788405259}}
* {{Cite DNB|wstitle= Matilda (1156-1189) |volume= 37 |last= Norgate |first= Kate Norgate |author-link= Kate Norgate |pages= 58-59 |year= 1894|short=}}
*{{cite book |last=Weir|first=Alison|title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy|publisher=Random House|year=2011|pages=62–63|isbn=978-0810874978}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wheeler|first1=Bonnie|last2=Parsons|first2=John Carmi|title=Eleanor of Aquitaine : Lord and Lady (The New Middle Ages)|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0230602366}}
*{{cite book |last=Panton|first=James|title=Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=342|year=2011|isbn=978-0810874978}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Matilda of England}}
*Betran de Born, {{cite web| url=http://www.trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem8.php |title=Casutz sui de mal en pena| access-date=2018-05-28 }}
*Bertran de Born, {{cite web| url=http://www.trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem9.php |title=Ges de disnar non-for'oimais maitis |access-date=2018-05-28 }}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Plantagenet]]|c.|1156|13 July|1189|[[House of Châteaudun|House of Anjou]]}}
{{S-roy|de}}
|-
{{S-vac|rows=2|last=[[Clementia of Zähringen]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Saxon consorts|Duchess consort of Saxony]]|years=1168–1180}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Judith of Poland, Duchess of Saxony|Judith of Poland]]}}
|-
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Bavarian consorts|Duchess consort of Bavaria]]|years=1168–1180}}
{{S-vac|next=[[Agnes of Loon]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{House of Plantagenet}}
{{Duchesses of Bavaria by marriage}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matilda Of England}}
[[Category:1156 births]]
[[Category:1189 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:12th-century English women]]
[[Category:English princesses]]
[[Category:House of Plantagenet]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Saxony]]
[[Category:House of Anjou]]
[[Category:12th-century German nobility]]
[[Category:12th-century German women]]
[[Category:Children of Henry II of England]]
[[Category:Burials at Brunswick Cathedral]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors]]

Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony - Revision history

imported>Remsense: Reverted 1 edit by 82.11.150.113 (talk) to last revision by Johnpacklambert