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	'''''Mars Global Surveyor''''' ('''MGS''') was an American [[Robotic spacecraft\|robotic]] [[space probe]] developed by [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]. It launched November 1996 and collected data from 1997 to 2006. MGS was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the atmosphere to the surface.<ref name=nasa1/> As part of the larger [[Mars Exploration Program]], ''Mars Global Surveyor'' performed atmospheric monitoring for sister [[orbiter]]s during [[aerobraking]], and helped [[Mars rover]]s and lander missions by identifying potential landing sites and relaying surface telemetry.<ref name=nasa1/>		'''''Mars Global Surveyor''''' ('''MGS''') was an American [[Robotic spacecraft\|robotic]] [[space probe]] developed by [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]. It was launched on November 7, 1996, and collected data in orbit around [[Mars]] from 1997 to 2006. MGS was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the atmosphere to the surface.<ref name=nasa1/> As part of the larger [[Mars Exploration Program]], ''Mars Global Surveyor'' performed atmospheric monitoring for sister [[orbiter]]s during [[aerobraking]], and helped [[Mars rover]]s and lander missions by identifying potential landing sites and relaying surface telemetry.<ref name=nasa1/>

	It completed its primary mission in January 2001 and was in its third extended mission phase when, on 2 November 2006, ~~the spacecraft~~ failed to respond to messages and commands. A faint signal was detected three days later which indicated that it had gone into [[Safe mode (spacecraft)\|safe mode]]. Attempts to recontact the spacecraft and resolve the problem failed, and NASA officially ended the mission in January 2007.<ref name=mgs_lost/> MGS remains in a stable near-polar circular orbit at about 450 km altitude and as of 1996, was expected to crash onto the surface of the planet in 2050.<ref name=latimes1/>		The spacecraft completed its primary mission in January 2001 and was in its third extended mission phase when, on 2 November 2006, it failed to respond to messages and commands. A faint signal was detected three days later which indicated that it had gone into [[Safe mode (spacecraft)\|safe mode]]. Attempts to recontact the spacecraft and resolve the problem failed, and NASA officially ended the mission in January 2007.<ref name=mgs_lost/> An investigation attributed the loss of the spacecraft to a flaw in an update to its system software. MGS remains in a stable near-polar circular orbit at about 450 km altitude and as of 1996, was expected to crash onto the surface of the planet in 2050.<ref name=latimes1/>

	==Objectives==		==Objectives==
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	# Establish the nature of the [[magnetic field]] and map the crustal remnant field.		# Establish the nature of the [[magnetic field]] and map the crustal remnant field.
	# Monitor global [[Climate of Mars\|weather]] and the thermal structure of the [[atmosphere of Mars\|atmosphere]].		# Monitor global [[Climate of Mars\|weather]] and the thermal structure of the [[atmosphere of Mars\|atmosphere]].
	# Study interactions between Mars' surface and the [[Atmosphere of Mars\|atmosphere]] by monitoring surface features, [[Martian polar ice caps\|polar caps]] that expand and recede, the polar energy balance, and dust and clouds as they migrate over a seasonal cycle.		# Study interactions between Mars's surface and the [[Atmosphere of Mars\|atmosphere]] by monitoring surface features, [[Martian polar ice caps\|polar caps]] that expand and recede, the polar energy balance, and dust and clouds as they migrate over a seasonal cycle.

	''Mars Global Surveyor'' also achieved the following goals of its extended mission:<ref name=nasa1/>		''Mars Global Surveyor'' also achieved the following goals of its extended mission:<ref name=nasa1/>
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	* The '''[[Mars Orbiter Camera]]''' ('''MOC''') operated by [[Malin Space Science Systems]] – The [[Mars Orbiter Camera]] (MOC), originally known as Mars Observer Camera,<ref name=Malin_1991/><ref name=nssdc7/> used 3 instruments: a narrow angle camera that took (black-and-white) high resolution images (usually 1.5 to 12 m per pixel) and red and blue wide angle pictures for context (240 m per pixel) and daily global imaging (7.5 km per pixel). MOC returned more than 240,000 images spanning portions of 4.8 Martian years, from September 1997 and November 2006.<ref name=Malin_2010/>		* The '''[[Mars Orbiter Camera]]''' ('''MOC''') operated by [[Malin Space Science Systems]] – The [[Mars Orbiter Camera]] (MOC), originally known as Mars Observer Camera,<ref name=Malin_1991/><ref name=nssdc7/> used 3 instruments: a narrow angle camera that took (black-and-white) high resolution images (usually 1.5 to 12 m per pixel) and red and blue wide angle pictures for context (240 m per pixel) and daily global imaging (7.5 km per pixel). MOC returned more than 240,000 images spanning portions of 4.8 Martian years, from September 1997 and November 2006.<ref name=Malin_2010/>
	*The '''[[Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter]]''' ('''MOLA''') – MOLA was designed to determine Mars' global topography. It operated as an altimeter until a portion of the laser reached end-of-life in June 2001. The instrument then functioned as a radiometer until October 2006.<ref name=nssdc2/>		*The '''[[Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter]]''' ('''MOLA''') – MOLA was designed to determine Mars's global topography. It operated as an altimeter until a portion of the laser reached end-of-life in June 2001. The instrument then functioned as a radiometer until October 2006.<ref name=nssdc2/>
	[[File:Mars topography (MOLA dataset) with poles HiRes.jpg\|none\|thumb\|High resolution topographic map of Mars based on the ''Mars Global Surveyor'' [[Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter\|laser altimeter]] research led by [[Maria Zuber]] and David Smith. North is at the top. Notable features include the [[Tharsis]] volcanoes in the west (including [[Olympus Mons]]), [[Valles Marineris]] to the east of Tharsis, and [[Hellas Planitia\|Hellas basin]] in the southern hemisphere.]]		[[File:Mars topography (MOLA dataset) with poles HiRes.jpg\|none\|thumb\|High resolution topographic map of Mars based on the ''Mars Global Surveyor'' [[Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter\|laser altimeter]] research led by [[Maria Zuber]] and David Smith. North is at the top. Notable features include the [[Tharsis]] volcanoes in the west (including [[Olympus Mons]]), [[Valles Marineris]] to the east of Tharsis, and [[Hellas Planitia\|Hellas basin]] in the southern hemisphere.]]
	* The '''[[Thermal Emission Spectrometer]]''' ('''TES''') – This instrument mapped the mineral composition of the surface by scanning thermal emissions.<ref name=nssdc3/>		* The '''[[Thermal Emission Spectrometer]]''' ('''TES''') – This instrument mapped the mineral composition of the surface by scanning thermal emissions.<ref name=nssdc3/>
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	</gallery>		</gallery>

	* The Thermal Emission Spectrometer observed in infrared for atmospheric studies and mineralogy.<ref name=Smith_2001/><ref name=Hinson_2004/><ref name=Smith_2008/> TES found that Mars' planetary climate has cooled since the Viking mission,<ref name=Clancy_2000/> and almost all of the surface of Mars is covered with volcanic rock.		* The Thermal Emission Spectrometer observed in infrared for atmospheric studies and mineralogy.<ref name=Smith_2001/><ref name=Hinson_2004/><ref name=Smith_2008/> TES found that Mars's planetary climate has cooled since the Viking mission,<ref name=Clancy_2000/> and almost all of the surface of Mars is covered with volcanic rock.

	<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">		<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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	\| year= 2000		\| year= 2000
	\| title= Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-1618 Release		\| title= Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-1618 Release
	\| url= ~~http~~://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2006/12/06/gullies/sirenum_crater/index.html		\| url= https://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2006/12/06/gullies/sirenum_crater/index.html
	\| journal= [[Science (journal)\|Science]]		\| journal= [[Science (journal)\|Science]]
	\| volume= 288		\| volume= 288
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	\| title= Mars Global Surveyor - NASA Science		\| title= Mars Global Surveyor - NASA Science
	\| website= science.nasa.gov		\| website= science.nasa.gov
			\| date= 20 December 2017
	\| publisher= [[NASA]]		\| publisher= [[NASA]]
	\| access-date= 1 December 2022 }}		\| access-date= 1 December 2022 }}
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	<ref name="nasa20030521">{{cite web		<ref name="nasa20030521">{{cite web
	\| url= ~~http~~://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2003/05/21/index.html		\| url= https://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2003/05/21/index.html
	\| title= Two Mars Years of South Polar Change		\| title= Two Mars Years of South Polar Change
	\| id= MGS-MOC2-367 Release		\| id= MGS-MOC2-367 Release
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	\| title= Views of Spirit's Rover Tracks and Athabasca Vallis Flood Features		\| title= Views of Spirit's Rover Tracks and Athabasca Vallis Flood Features
	\| id= MGS-MOC2-862 Release		\| id= MGS-MOC2-862 Release
	\| url= ~~http~~://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2004/09/27/		\| url= https://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2004/09/27/
	\| date= 27 September 2004		\| date= 27 September 2004
	\| access-date= 1 January 2021		\| access-date= 1 January 2021
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	\| website= nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov		\| website= nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
	\| publisher= [[NASA]]		\| publisher= [[NASA]]
	\| access-date= 16 July 2024 }}		\| access-date= 16 July 2024
	</ref>		\| archive-date= 12 August 2019
			\| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190812111741/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-062A
			\| url-status= dead
			}}</ref>

	<ref name="nssdc2">{{cite web		<ref name="nssdc2">{{cite web

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