imported>Montblamc1: /* History */

2025-04-30T12:29:51Z

History

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{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Mandali
| other_name = Mendelî, Bendink
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| motto =
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| pushpin_map = Iraq
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Iraq
| pushpin_mapsize =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Iraq|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Diyala Governorate|Diyala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Iraq|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandali District]]
| subdivision_type3 =
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| unit_pref = Imperial 
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| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiptopglobe.com/city?n=Mandali&p=29882|title = City (Town) Mandali: Map, population, location}}</ref><ref name="alarabiya">{{cite news |title=Iranian influence seeping into Iraq |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/07/175865.html |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=Al Arabiya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109011120/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/07/175865.html |archive-date=9 November 2011}}</ref>
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| population_total = 29,882-50,000
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| timezone =
| utc_offset = +3
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| coordinates = {{coord|33|44|N|45|33|E|region:IQ|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 104
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'''Mandali''' ({{langx|ar|مندلي}},<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2020 |title=قوات الرد السريع والحشد الشعبي تسيطران على منفذي مندلي والمنذرية |language=ar |work=Rûdaw |url=https://www.rudaw.net/arabic/middleeast/iraq/110720201 |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> {{langx|ku|مەندەلی|translit=Mendelî}}<ref>{{cite news |title=6 polîsên Iraqê li Mendelî hatin kuştin |language=ku |work=ROJ News |url=https://rojnews.news/ku/rojhilata-navin/6-polisen-iraqe-li-mendeli-hatin-kustin-34918 |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=مەندەلی.. تیرۆریستانی داعش هێرشیان کردە سەر هێزێکی سوپای عێراق |url=http://www.basnews.com/index.php/so/news/kurdistan/567598 |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>) is a town in [[Balad Ruz District]], [[Diyala Governorate]] in Iraq, near the [[Iran–Iraq border|Iranian border]]. The town has a [[Feyli (tribe)|Feyli]] [[Kurds|Kurdish]] majority, as well as significant [[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmen]] communities.<ref name="Qassem">{{cite news |last1=Qassem |first1=Fatima |title=Mandali's Clove Dates: A Journey Through Kurdish Culinary Heritage |url=https://kurdistanchronicle.com/babat/2861 |access-date=30 March 2024 |agency=Kurdistan Chronicle |date=30 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mandali |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/mandali.htm |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurds push for Mandali Mayor office |url=https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/69393 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Kirkuknow |language=en}}</ref><ref name="District">{{cite news |last1=Editorial staff |title=Mandali turned into district again |url=https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/69304 |access-date=30 March 2024 |agency=Kirkuk Now |date=13 March 2023}}</ref> Mandali is [[Disputed territories of Northern Iraq|disputed]] between the federal government of Iraq and [[Kurdistan Region]], and experienced [[Arabization]] during the [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam]] era.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Sean |date=2011 |title=Iraq's Disputed Territories |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/128591/PW69.pdf |access-date=24 October 2020 |page=35}}</ref>

==History==
The former name of Mandali was Bendink<ref name="مندلس عبر العصور">{{cite book |last1=المندلاوي |first1=عمران |title=مندلي عبر العصور |date=1985 |publisher=دار الحرية للطباعة |location=العراق |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323253449 |access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> which was the capital of the [[Kurdish chiefdoms|Kurdish principality]] [[Annazids|Bani Ammz]].<ref name=":0">{{citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|pages=57}}</ref>

Kurds constituted 50% of the population in 1947 and the majority continued throughout the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book|author1=C. J. Edmonds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm26AAAAIAAJ|title=Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925|date=1957|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=440|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edmonds|first=C.J.|date=1957|title=The Kurds of Iraq|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322870|journal=Middle East Journal|volume=11|issue=1|pages=52–62|jstor=4322870}}</ref> About 4,000 Kurdish families were deported or fled the town after the collapse of the [[Second Iraqi–Kurdish War|Kurdish movement in 1975.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kane|first=Sean|date=2011|title=Iraq's Disputed Territories|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/128591/PW69.pdf|access-date=24 October 2020|page=67}}</ref>

During September 1980 of the [[Iran–Iraq War]], the town and other nearby villages were attacked by Iranian forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mandali|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/mandali.htm|access-date=24 October 2020|website=Global Security}}</ref> The population of the town was 25,656 in 1977 but decreased to 8,092 in 1987. A republican [[decree]] established Baladruz District in 1987 which Mandali was attached to.<ref name=":0" />

In 1987, Mandali district was abolished by the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist government]] and the area added to the [[Balad Ruz District]]. On 12 March 2023, the district was re-established by the [[Federal government of Iraq|Iraqi government]]. The ministry of planning said that they aim of this was to restore life to neglected districts. It also argued, that the decision to abolish the district was initially issued to hurt the local [[Feyli (tribe)|Feyli Kurds]].<ref name="District" />

[[Muhsin Al-Mandalawi]], deputy speaker of the [[Parliament of Iraq]] at the time and a [[Feyli (tribe)|Feyli Kurd]], who is seen as the mastermind behind the re-establishment of the district, nominated Farid Talib Ibrahim, also a Feyli, for the post of the mayor. This triggered protests from Sunni and Shia Arab tribes from the area, who criticized that Ibrahim, who worked as a lawyer in Baghdad, wasn't established in the community of the city. However, there were no Turkmen or Kurdish tribes present at the tribal meeting that organized the protest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khanaqini |first1=Amir |title=Mandali protesters: We want a mayor living among us |url=https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/69405 |access-date=30 March 2024 |agency=Kirkuk Now |date=6 May 2023}}</ref>

==Cultural and economic significance of date cultivation==
Mandali is known for its [[Arecaceae|palm tree]] [[orchard]]s and [[Date palm|dates]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2014 |title=مندلي مدينة المليون نخلة تستغيث |work=Azzaman |url=https://www.azzaman.com/مندلي-مدينة-المليون-نخلة-تستغيث/ |access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> There are two traditional date variants from the city, "Black Cloves" and "Golden Black", who have become internationally known for their unique taste. The numerous palm orchards of Mandali are surrounded by historic mud walls, some of which date back 200 years. Besides the harvest of the date cloves, the dried leaves of the palm trees are also used to produce mats, baskets, brooms and components for houses.<ref name="Qassem" />

The cultivation of date palms has only recently been revived. During the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist period]], the area was hit by war and faced mass displacement, water scarcity, burning of orchards and neglect. This essentially halted the date production for over three decades. In the 2000s the tradition was revived and infused with modern agricultural practices. By 2010, the orchards yielded a 70% increase in date harvest compared to previous years.<ref name="Qassem" />

==Border trade==
Being located in the vicinity of the Soumar border marketplace, in the Iranian [[Kermanshah province]], there are commercial exchanges with Iran.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://irandaily.ir/News/272100.html?catid=3&title=272100 | title=Iran, Iraq resume trade activity in Mandali border crossing }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sumar, Iran|Sumar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Populated places in Diyala Province]]
[[Category:Iran–Iraq border crossings]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Iraq]]
[[Category:Turkmen communities in Iraq]]

Mandali, Iraq - Revision history

imported>Montblamc1: /* History */