Machine tool - Revision history

imported>Genshin67 69: add link

2025-11-24T21:47:02Z

add link

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:47, 24 November 2025
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	==Drive power sources==		==Drive power sources==
	{{blockquote\|[A]ll the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by [[Samuel Slater\|Mr. Slater]] was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power.\|[[David Wilkinson (machinist)\|David Wilkinson]]{{sfn\|Thomson\|2009\|p=24}}}}		{{blockquote\|[A]ll the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by [[Samuel Slater\|Mr. Slater]] was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power.\|[[David Wilkinson (machinist)\|David Wilkinson]]{{sfn\|Thomson\|2009\|p=24}}}}
	Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power (via [[crank (mechanism)\|crank]]s, [[treadle]]s, [[treadmill]]s, or [[treadwheel]]s) were used in the past, as was water power (via [[water wheel]]); however, following the development of high-pressure steam engines in the mid 19th century, factories increasingly used steam power. Factories also used hydraulic and pneumatic power. Many small workshops continued to use water, human and animal power until [[electrification]] after 1900.<ref name = "Hunter&Bryant 1991">		Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power (via [[crank (mechanism)\|crank]]s, [[treadle]]s, [[treadmill]]s, or [[treadwheel]]s) were used in the past, as was water power (via [[water wheel]]); however, following the development of high-pressure [[Steam engine\|steam engines]] in the mid 19th century, factories increasingly used steam power. Factories also used hydraulic and pneumatic power. Many small workshops continued to use water, human and animal power until [[electrification]] after 1900.<ref name = "Hunter&Bryant 1991">
	{{Citation \|title = A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power		{{Citation \|title = A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
	\|last1 = Hunter		\|last1 = Hunter

2A01:5EC0:2825:B0CE:5C75:3227:175E:6DBA: Handling doesn't make sense. Forming is appropriate word

2025-11-01T15:04:11Z

Handling doesn't make sense. Forming is appropriate word

imported>Isalbel Yang: added precision machine tool information

2025-06-25T15:21:47Z

added precision machine tool information

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:21, 25 June 2025
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	American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by [[machine shop]]s as by machine guns.<ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' pp. 87, 112, 121, 146–50, 161, Random House, New York, NY. {{ISBN\|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref><ref>Parker, Dana T. ''Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,'' pp. 5, 7–8, Cypress, CA, 2013. {{ISBN\|978-0-9897906-0-4}}.</ref>		American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by [[machine shop]]s as by machine guns.<ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' pp. 87, 112, 121, 146–50, 161, Random House, New York, NY. {{ISBN\|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref><ref>Parker, Dana T. ''Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,'' pp. 5, 7–8, Cypress, CA, 2013. {{ISBN\|978-0-9897906-0-4}}.</ref>

	The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. ~~Machine tool~~ innovation ~~continues~~ in ~~several~~ public and private research centers ~~worldwide~~.		The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. Not only does innovation continue in machine tools at multiple public and private research centers around the world, but their precision also continues to improve.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Chen Qidi，Hu Xiaolong，Lin Min，Zhang Tao，Zhou Zhixiong \|title=Development Status and Trends of Ultra-precision Machining Machine Tools \|url=https://www.c-ycnc.com/blog/ultra-precision-processing-machine-tools/ \|website=C-YCNC}}</ref>

	==Drive power sources==		==Drive power sources==

imported>Annh07: Reverted 1 edit by Vijesh Gogia (talk): WP:NOTSOURCE

2025-06-05T12:20:42Z

Reverted 1 edit by Vijesh Gogia (talk): WP:NOTSOURCE

← Previous revision	Revision as of 12:20, 5 June 2025
(No difference)

imported>EvanBaldonado: Replace hyphens with en-dashes.

2025-05-17T05:37:03Z

Replace hyphens with en-dashes.

Show changes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:04, 1 November 2025
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	{{short description\|Machine for ~~handling~~ or machining metal or other rigid materials}}		{{short description\|Machine for forming or machining metal or other rigid materials}}
	[[File:Conventional-lathe.jpg\|thumb\|A [[metal lathe]] is an example of a machine tool.]]		[[File:Conventional-lathe.jpg\|thumb\|A [[metal lathe]] is an example of a machine tool.]]
	A '''machine tool''' is a [[machine]] for handling or [[machining]] metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, [[Boring (manufacturing)\|boring]], [[grinding (abrasive cutting)\|grinding]], shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the [[workpiece]] and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus, the relative movement between the workpiece and the [[cutting tool]] (which is called the '''toolpath''') is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or "[[wikt:freehand#Adjective\|freehand]]". It is a power-driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material.<ref>{{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190504041958/https://mechanicalsite.com/metal-cutting Define Metal Cutting]}}, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-05-04.</ref>		A '''machine tool''' is a [[machine]] for handling or [[machining]] metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, [[Boring (manufacturing)\|boring]], [[grinding (abrasive cutting)\|grinding]], shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the [[workpiece]] and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus, the relative movement between the workpiece and the [[cutting tool]] (which is called the '''toolpath''') is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or "[[wikt:freehand#Adjective\|freehand]]". It is a power-driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material.<ref>{{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190504041958/https://mechanicalsite.com/metal-cutting Define Metal Cutting]}}, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-05-04.</ref>
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	The narrowest [[colloquial]] sense of the term reserves it only for machines that perform metal cutting—in other words, the many kinds of conventional [[machining]] and [[grinding (abrasive cutting)\|grinding]]. These processes are a type of deformation that produces [[swarf]]. However, [[economist]]s use a slightly broader sense that also includes metal deformation of other types that squeeze the metal into shape without cutting off swarf, such as rolling, stamping with [[die (manufacturing)\|dies]], shearing, [[swaging]], [[rivet]]ing, and others. Thus [[machine press\|presses]] are usually included in the economic definition of machine tools. For example, this is the breadth of definition used by [[Max Holland]] in his history of Burgmaster and [[Houdaille Industries\|Houdaille]],<ref name="Holland1989">{{Harvnb\|Holland\|1989}}.{{page needed\|date=April 2025}}</ref>{{page needed\|date=April 2025}} which is also a history of the machine tool industry in general from the 1940s through the 1980s; he was reflecting the sense of the term used by Houdaille itself and other firms in the industry. Many reports on machine tool [[export]] and [[import]] and similar economic topics use this broader definition.		The narrowest [[colloquial]] sense of the term reserves it only for machines that perform metal cutting—in other words, the many kinds of conventional [[machining]] and [[grinding (abrasive cutting)\|grinding]]. These processes are a type of deformation that produces [[swarf]]. However, [[economist]]s use a slightly broader sense that also includes metal deformation of other types that squeeze the metal into shape without cutting off swarf, such as rolling, stamping with [[die (manufacturing)\|dies]], shearing, [[swaging]], [[rivet]]ing, and others. Thus [[machine press\|presses]] are usually included in the economic definition of machine tools. For example, this is the breadth of definition used by [[Max Holland]] in his history of Burgmaster and [[Houdaille Industries\|Houdaille]],<ref name="Holland1989">{{Harvnb\|Holland\|1989}}.{{page needed\|date=April 2025}}</ref>{{page needed\|date=April 2025}} which is also a history of the machine tool industry in general from the 1940s through the 1980s; he was reflecting the sense of the term used by Houdaille itself and other firms in the industry. Many reports on machine tool [[export]] and [[import]] and similar economic topics use this broader definition.

	The colloquial sense implying conventional metal cutting is also growing obsolete because of changing technology over the decades. The many more recently developed processes labeled "machining", such as [[electrical discharge machining]], [[electrochemical machining]], [[electron beam machining]], [[photochemical machining]], and [[ultrasonic machining]], or even [[plasma cutting]] and [[water jet cutter\|water jet cutting]], are often performed by machines that could most logically be called machine tools. In addition, some of the newly developed [[additive manufacturing]] processes, which are not about cutting away material but rather about adding it, are done by machines that are likely to end up labeled, in some cases, as machine tools. In fact, [[machine tool builder]]s are already developing machines that include both [[subtractive manufacturing\|subtractive]] and [[additive manufacturing]] in one work envelope,<ref name="Zelinski_2013-11-08">{{Citation \|last=Zelinski \|first=Peter \|date=2013-11-08 \|title=Hybrid machine combines milling and additive manufacturing \|journal=[[Modern Machine Shop]] \|url=http://www.mmsonline.com/blog/post/hybrid-machine-combines-milling-and-additive-manufacturing \|postscript=.}}</ref> and retrofits of existing machines are underway.<ref name="Zelinski_2014-02-21">{{Citation \|last=Zelinski \|first=Peter \|date=2014-02-21 \|title=The capacity to build 3D metal forms is a retrofittable option for subtractive CNC machine tools \|journal=Modern Machine Shop Additive Manufacturing Supplement \|url=http://www.additivemanufacturinginsight.com/articles/add-on-additive-manufacturing \|postscript=.}}</ref>		The colloquial sense implying conventional metal cutting is also growing obsolete because of changing technology over the decades. The many more recently developed processes labeled "machining", such as [[electrical discharge machining]], [[electrochemical machining]], [[electron beam machining]], [[photochemical machining]], and [[ultrasonic machining]], or even [[plasma cutting]] and [[water jet cutter\|water jet cutting]], are often performed by machines that could most logically be called machine tools. In addition, some of the newly developed [[additive manufacturing]] processes, which are not about cutting away material but rather about adding it, are done by machines that are likely to end up labeled, in some cases, as machine tools. In fact, [[machine tool builder]]s are already developing machines that include both [[subtractive manufacturing\|subtractive]] and [[additive manufacturing]] in one work envelope,<ref name="Zelinski_2013-11-08">{{Citation \|last=Zelinski \|first=Peter \|date=2013-11-08 \|title=Hybrid machine combines milling and additive manufacturing \|journal=[[Modern Machine Shop]] \|url=http://www.mmsonline.com/blog/post/hybrid-machine-combines-milling-and-additive-manufacturing \|postscript=. \|access-date=2016-07-13 \|archive-date=2014-05-23 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523063329/http://www.mmsonline.com/blog/post/hybrid-machine-combines-milling-and-additive-manufacturing \|url-status=dead }}</ref> and retrofits of existing machines are underway.<ref name="Zelinski_2014-02-21">{{Citation \|last=Zelinski \|first=Peter \|date=2014-02-21 \|title=The capacity to build 3D metal forms is a retrofittable option for subtractive CNC machine tools \|journal=Modern Machine Shop Additive Manufacturing Supplement \|url=http://www.additivemanufacturinginsight.com/articles/add-on-additive-manufacturing \|postscript=. \|access-date=2016-07-13 \|archive-date=2014-03-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322075028/http://www.additivemanufacturinginsight.com/articles/add-on-additive-manufacturing \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
	<!--AS ABOVE:		<!--AS ABOVE:
	The [[natural language]] use of the terms varies, with subtle [[connotation\|connotative]] boundaries. Many speakers resist using the term "machine tool" to refer to [[woodworking machine]]ry (joiners, table saws, routing stations, and so on), but it is difficult to maintain any true logical dividing line, and therefore many speakers accept a broad definition. It is common to hear machinists refer to their machine tools simply as "machines". Usually the [[mass noun]] "machinery" encompasses them, but sometimes it is used to imply only those machines that are being excluded from the definition of "machine tool". This is why the machines in a food-processing plant, such as conveyors, mixers, vessels, dividers, and so on, may be labeled "machinery", while the machines in the factory's tool and die department are instead called "machine tools" in contradistinction.		The [[natural language]] use of the terms varies, with subtle [[connotation\|connotative]] boundaries. Many speakers resist using the term "machine tool" to refer to [[woodworking machine]]ry (joiners, table saws, routing stations, and so on), but it is difficult to maintain any true logical dividing line, and therefore many speakers accept a broad definition. It is common to hear machinists refer to their machine tools simply as "machines". Usually the [[mass noun]] "machinery" encompasses them, but sometimes it is used to imply only those machines that are being excluded from the definition of "machine tool". This is why the machines in a food-processing plant, such as conveyors, mixers, vessels, dividers, and so on, may be labeled "machinery", while the machines in the factory's tool and die department are instead called "machine tools" in contradistinction.
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	American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by [[machine shop]]s as by machine guns.<ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' pp. 87, 112, 121, 146–50, 161, Random House, New York, NY. {{ISBN\|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref><ref>Parker, Dana T. ''Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,'' pp. 5, 7–8, Cypress, CA, 2013. {{ISBN\|978-0-9897906-0-4}}.</ref>		American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by [[machine shop]]s as by machine guns.<ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' pp. 87, 112, 121, 146–50, 161, Random House, New York, NY. {{ISBN\|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref><ref>Parker, Dana T. ''Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,'' pp. 5, 7–8, Cypress, CA, 2013. {{ISBN\|978-0-9897906-0-4}}.</ref>

	The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. Not only does innovation continue in machine tools at multiple public and private research centers around the world, but their precision also continues to improve.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Chen Qidi，Hu Xiaolong，Lin Min，Zhang Tao，Zhou Zhixiong \|title=Development Status and Trends of Ultra-precision Machining Machine Tools \|url=https://www.c-ycnc.com/blog/ultra-precision-processing-machine-tools/ \|website=C-YCNC}}</ref>		The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. Not only does innovation continue in machine tools at multiple public and private research centers around the world, but their precision also continues to improve.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Chen Qidi，Hu Xiaolong，Lin Min，Zhang Tao，Zhou Zhixiong \|title=Development Status and Trends of Ultra-precision Machining Machine Tools \|url=https://www.c-ycnc.com/blog/ultra-precision-processing-machine-tools/ \|website=C-YCNC \|date=22 June 2025 }}</ref>

	==Drive power sources==		==Drive power sources==
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	{{unreferenced section\|date=March 2021}}		{{unreferenced section\|date=March 2021}}
	{{see also\|History of numerical control}}		{{see also\|History of numerical control}}
	Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=What is a CNC machine for natural stone?\|url=https://www.thibaut.fr/en/what-is-a-cnc-machine-for-natural-stone/\|access-date=2020-07-29\|website=Thibaut\|date=23 January 2020 \|language=en}}</ref> Early machines used [[flywheel]]s to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the [[numerical control]] (NC) machine was developed. NC machines used a series of numbers punched on [[paper tape]] or [[punched card]]s to control their motion. In the 1960s, [[computers]] were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as [[computerized numerical control (CNC) machines]]. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2021}}		Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=What is a CNC machine for natural stone?\|url=https://www.thibaut.fr/en/what-is-a-cnc-machine-for-natural-stone/\|access-date=2020-07-29\|website=Thibaut\|date=23 January 2020 \|language=en}}</ref> Early machines used [[flywheel]]s to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the [[numerical control]] (NC) machine was developed. NC machines used a series of numbers punched on [[paper tape]] or [[punched card]]s to control their motion. In the 1960s, [[computers]] were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as [[computerized numerical control (CNC) machines]]. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sonic Young \|date=2023-07-01 \|title=The History of CNC Machines \|url=https://capablemaching.com/blog/the-history-of-cnc-machines/ \|website=Capablemaching}}</ref>

	Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a [[drill]] machine might contain a magazine with a variety of [[drill bit]]s for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer control. These are known as [[machining center]]s, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2021}}		Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a [[drill]] machine might contain a magazine with a variety of [[drill bit]]s for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer control. These are known as [[machining center]]s, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2021}}