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{{short description|1955 novel by Barbara Pym}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = Less Than Angels
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = LessThanAngels.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Barbara Pym]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Jonathan Cape]]
| release_date = 1955
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]])
| pages = 254 pp (hardback edition)
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Less Than Angels''''' is a novel by [[Barbara Pym]], first published in 1955.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://barbara-pym.org/less-than-angels/|accessdate=18 August 2020|title=Less Than Angels|date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Barbara Pym Society}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Catherine Oliphant is a writer of magazine stories and articles who lives with anthropologist Tom Mallow. Tom begins a romance with a student, Deirdre Swan, and moves out of Catherine's flat. At the same time, she becomes interested in reclusive anthropologist Alaric Lydgate, who has recently returned from Africa and lives next-door to Deirdre and her family.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weld|first=Annette|title=Barbara Pym and the Novel of Manners|location=London|publisher=MacMillan|year=1992|isbn=978-1349216925}}</ref>

A sub-plot involves the activities of Deirdre's fellow-students Mark and Digby, and their attempts to curry favour with influential academics as they seek grants to facilitate the next phase of their careers. Tom departs for Africa, where he is killed during a time of political unrest. Deirdre begins to return Digby's fondness for her, and Catherine seems about to begin a relationship with Alaric.

==Publication history==
''Less Than Angels'' was Pym's fourth novel and was published by [[Jonathan Cape]] in October 1955. It received muted reviews, in contrast to the success of her first two novels in particular.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holt |first=Hazel |date=1990 |title=A Lot to Ask: A Life of Barbara Pym |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |page=171 |isbn=0525249370}}</ref> The novel's 1955 sales totalled 3,092 copies, which the publisher commented "isn't good enough".<ref>letter from Wren Howard to Barbara Pym, December 1955,, published in ''A Few Green Leaves: The Journal of the Barbara Pym Society'', Vol 9, No. 2, November 2003</ref> By the end of the decade, it had sold only 3,569 copies. The book did not lose money for the publisher but was not considered a success.<ref>Holt 1990, p.194</ref>

''Less Than Angels'' was the only Pym novel to be published in [[the United States]] before the 1970s. It was published by [[The Vanguard Press]] in April 1957, selling 1,386 copies, which was considered a failure.<ref>Cocking, Yvonne, ''Less Than Angels: a look at the background of the anthropological novel'', ''Green Leaves: The Journal of the Barbara Pym Society'', Vol 9, No. 2, November 2003</ref> The novel was republished in [[the United States]] by [[E.P. Dutton]] in 1980, alongside the rest of Pym's canon.

In the 1980s, the novel was released as an audiobook by [[AudioGO|Chivers Press]] read by the actress [[Joanna David]]. In 2013, [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] released the novel as an audiobook, narrated by Patience Tomlinson. The novel was published in [[Spain]] as ''Un poco menos que ángeles'', [[Italy]] as ''Un po' meno che angeli'' and in [[France]] as ''Moins que les anges''

==Analysis==
''Less Than Angels'' is set in a period of social change which is subtly represented within the novel's plot and setting.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raz |first1=Orna |title=Social Dimensions in the Novels of Barbara Pym, 1949-1963|year=2007|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press}}</ref> Pym sought to precisely describe life in post-[[World War II|war]] England, with life slowly returning to normal but the impacts of rationing and great loss of life still evident.

The novel is largely concerned with the activities of a group of [[anthropology|anthropologists]], and is to some extent based on the author's own experiences working at the [[International African Institute]] in London. Pym wrote, "It is surely appropriate that anthropologists, who spend their time studying life and behaviour in various societies should be studied in their turn".<ref>Holt 1990, p.168</ref>

The central character, Catherine, is considered by many to represent the author, being a writer of short stories who observes the actions of other characters with an air of detachment. Anne Wyatt-Brown writes that "Catherine represents Pym’s view of the world. She shares her author’s imagination, her amused reaction to anthropologists, and her detachment."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wyatt-Brown|first=Anne M|title=Barbara Pym: A Critical Biography.|url=https://archive.org/details/barbarapymcritic00wyat|url-access=registration|location=Columbia|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0826208200}}</ref>

==Connections to other novels==
Several characters from Pym's earlier novel ''[[Excellent Women]]'' reappear, including Mildred Lathbury, Rocky Napier, Everard Bone, and Esther Clovis. Catherine Oliphant, ''Less Than Angels''' central character, will be mentioned in Pym's ''[[A Glass of Blessings]]'', as a writer. In ''[[No Fond Return of Love]]'' we learn that Deirdre did indeed marry Digby.

==Adaptation==
''Less Than Angels'' was the first Pym novel to be considered for a film adaptation, with [[Twentieth Century Fox]] showing some interest in the 1950s. However, nothing came of this.<ref>Holt 1990, p.171</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Barbara Pym}}

[[Category:1955 British novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Barbara Pym]]
[[Category:Novels about writers]]
[[Category:Jonathan Cape books]]

Less than Angels - Revision history

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